流体在纳米微通道中的流动及传输特性研究

流体在纳米微通道中的流动及传输特性研究一、本文概述Overviewofthisarticle随着科学技术的进步，纳米尺度下的流体传输特性研究已成为科技前沿的热点之一。纳米微通道，作为一种重要的纳米尺度流体传输装置，其流动及传输特性对于纳米流体学、微纳机电系统、生物医学工程等领域均具有重要意义。本文旨在深入探讨流体在纳米微通道中的流动特性、传输机制以及影响因素，以期为相关领域提供理论基础和技术支持。Withtheadvancementofscienceandtechnology,thestudyoffluidtransportcharacteristicsatthenanoscalehasbecomeoneofthehottopicsattheforefrontofscienceandtechnology.Nanochannels,asanimportantnanoscalefluidtransportdevice,havesignificantflowandtransportcharacteristicsforfieldssuchasnanofluidics,micronanoelectromechanicalsystems,andbiomedicalengineering.Thisarticleaimstoexploreindepththeflowcharacteristics,transportmechanisms,andinfluencingfactorsoffluidsinnanochannels,inordertoprovidetheoreticalbasisandtechnicalsupportforrelatedfields.本文将首先介绍纳米微通道的基本概念、分类及其制备技术，为后续研究奠定基础。接着，重点分析流体在纳米微通道中的流动特性，包括流速分布、流动状态、压力分布等，并与传统宏观尺度下的流动特性进行对比。在此基础上，研究纳米微通道中的传输机制，探讨传热、传质、动量传递等过程的特性和规律。还将探讨影响纳米微通道流动及传输特性的关键因素，如纳米尺度效应、表面效应、界面效应等，并分析这些因素对纳米微通道性能的影响机制。Thisarticlewillfirstintroducethebasicconcepts,classifications,andpreparationtechniquesofnanochannels,layingthefoundationforsubsequentresearch.Next,thefocusisonanalyzingtheflowcharacteristicsoffluidsinnanochannels,includingflowvelocitydistribution,flowstate,pressuredistribution,etc.,andcomparingthemwiththeflowcharacteristicsatthetraditionalmacroscopicscale.Onthisbasis,thetransmissionmechanisminnanochannelsisstudied,andthecharacteristicsandlawsofheatandmasstransfer,momentumtransfer,andotherprocessesareexplored.Wewillalsoexplorethekeyfactorsthataffecttheflowandtransportcharacteristicsofnanochannels,suchasnanoscaleeffects,surfaceeffects,interfaceeffects,etc.,andanalyzethemechanismsbywhichthesefactorsaffecttheperformanceofnanochannels.本文将对纳米微通道在各个领域的应用进行展望，以期为其实际应用提供有益参考。通过本文的研究，期望能够为纳米流体学、微纳机电系统、生物医学工程等领域的发展提供新的思路和方向。Thisarticlewillprovideprospectsfortheapplicationofnanochannelsinvariousfields,inordertoprovideusefulreferencesfortheirpracticalapplications.Throughthisstudy,itisexpectedtoprovidenewideasanddirectionsforthedevelopmentofnanofluidics,micronanoelectromechanicalsystems,biomedicalengineering,andotherfields.二、纳米微通道的基本特性Basiccharacteristicsofnanochannels纳米微通道，作为微纳流体学的一个重要分支，其特性与宏观尺度的流体通道有着显著的区别。这一章节将深入探讨纳米微通道的基本特性，包括其尺寸效应、表面效应、流动特性以及热传输特性。Nanochannels,asanimportantbranchofmicrofluidics,havesignificantdifferencesincharacteristicsfrommacroscopicfluidchannels.Thischapterwilldelveintothebasiccharacteristicsofnanochannels,includingtheirsizeeffects,surfaceeffects,flowcharacteristics,andheattransfercharacteristics.纳米微通道的尺寸通常在几纳米到几百纳米之间，这一尺度下的流体行为受到量子效应和分子间作用力的显著影响，表现出与宏观尺度截然不同的流动特性。例如，在纳米尺度下，流体分子的热运动变得极为显著，导致流体在微通道中的流动更加复杂。Thesizeofnanochannelstypicallyrangesfromafewnanometerstoafewhundrednanometers,andthefluidbehavioratthisscaleissignificantlyinfluencedbyquantumeffectsandintermolecularforces,exhibitingflowcharacteristicsthatarecompletelydifferentfromthoseatthemacroscopicscale.Forexample,atthenanoscale,thethermalmotionoffluidmoleculesbecomesextremelysignificant,leadingtomorecomplexfluidflowinmicrochannels.纳米微通道的表面效应也十分显著。由于表面积与体积之比随着尺寸的减小而增大，微通道的表面性质对流体流动的影响变得不容忽视。表面粗糙度、表面电荷、表面润湿性等都会对纳米流体的流动行为产生重要影响。Thesurfaceeffectofnanochannelsisalsoverysignificant.Duetotheincreasingratioofsurfaceareatovolumewithdecreasingsize,theinfluenceofsurfacepropertiesofmicrochannelsonfluidflowcannotbeignored.Surfaceroughness,surfacecharge,andsurfacewettabilityallhavesignificanteffectsontheflowbehaviorofnanofluids.在流动特性方面，纳米微通道中的流体流动往往表现出层流、滑移流等特殊现象。由于通道尺寸小，流体分子与通道壁面的相互作用变得更为强烈，可能导致流体在壁面附近产生滑移现象。纳米微通道中的流体流动还可能受到热泳、电泳等效应的影响，使得流动行为更加复杂。Intermsofflowcharacteristics,fluidflowinnanochannelsoftenexhibitsspecialphenomenasuchaslaminarflowandslipflow.Duetothesmallsizeofthechannel,theinteractionbetweenfluidmoleculesandthechannelwallbecomesstronger,whichmayleadtoslipphenomenaofthefluidnearthewall.Thefluidflowinnanochannelsmayalsobeinfluencedbyeffectssuchasthermophoresisandelectrophoresis,makingtheflowbehaviormorecomplex.纳米微通道的热传输特性也是研究的热点之一。由于纳米尺度下的热传导机制与宏观尺度不同，纳米微通道中的热传输效率往往更高。例如，利用纳米流体在微通道中的流动，可以实现高效的热交换和散热，为微型化、集成化的热管理提供了可能。Thethermaltransportcharacteristicsofnanochannelsarealsoahotresearchtopic.Duetothedifferentheatconductionmechanismsatthenanoscalecomparedtothemacroscopicscale,theheattransferefficiencyinnanochannelsisoftenhigher.Forexample,utilizingtheflowofnanofluidsinmicrochannelscanachieveefficientheatexchangeanddissipation,providingthepossibilityforminiaturizedandintegratedthermalmanagement.纳米微通道的基本特性包括尺寸效应、表面效应、流动特性以及热传输特性等。这些特性使得纳米微通道在微纳流体学、生物医学、能源等领域具有广泛的应用前景。Thebasiccharacteristicsofnanochannelsincludesizeeffects,surfaceeffects,flowcharacteristics,andheattransfercharacteristics.Thesecharacteristicsmakenanochannelshavebroadapplicationprospectsinfieldssuchasmicrofluidics,biomedicine,andenergy.三、流体在纳米微通道中的流动特性Flowcharacteristicsoffluidsinnanochannels随着科技的进步，微纳米技术在各领域的应用日益广泛，尤其是在流体传输和控制领域。纳米微通道，作为一种新兴的微纳尺度流体传输元件，其流动特性研究具有重要的理论和应用价值。Withtheadvancementoftechnology,theapplicationofmicroandnanotechnologyinvariousfieldsisbecomingincreasinglywidespread,especiallyinthefieldsoffluidtransmissionandcontrol.Nanochannels,asanemergingmicronanoscalefluidtransportelement,haveimportanttheoreticalandpracticalvalueinstudyingtheirflowcharacteristics.纳米微通道中的流体流动特性与宏观尺度存在显著差异。在纳米尺度下，流体的分子效应变得显著，流体与壁面的相互作用力增强，使得流动行为偏离了经典的Navier-Stokes方程描述。同时，纳米微通道的尺寸效应导致了流体分子间的平均自由程与通道尺寸相当，这使得流动呈现出明显的稀薄气体流动特性。Therearesignificantdifferencesinfluidflowcharacteristicsbetweennanochannelsandmacroscopicscales.Atthenanoscale,themoleculareffectsoffluidsbecomesignificant,andtheinteractionforcebetweenthefluidandthewallisenhanced,resultinginflowbehaviordeviatingfromtheclassicalNavierStokesequationdescription.Atthesametime,thesizeeffectofnanochannelsresultsintheaveragefreepathbetweenfluidmoleculesbeingcomparabletothechannelsize,whichleadstoaclearrarefiedgasflowcharacteristicintheflow.纳米微通道中的流体流动还受到壁面效应的影响。由于通道尺寸小，壁面粗糙度、润湿性等特性对流体流动的影响被放大。因此，在设计和优化纳米微通道时，需要充分考虑壁面效应对流体流动的影响。Thefluidflowinnanochannelsisalsoaffectedbywalleffects.Duetothesmallsizeofthechannel,theinfluenceofwallroughness,wettability,andothercharacteristicsonfluidflowisamplified.Therefore,whendesigningandoptimizingnanochannels,itisnecessarytofullyconsidertheinfluenceofwalleffectsonfluidflow.纳米微通道中的流体流动还受到热效应的影响。在纳米尺度下，流体与壁面之间的热交换变得非常显著，热传导和热对流对流体流动的影响不可忽视。因此，在研究纳米微通道中的流体流动时，需要综合考虑热效应的影响。Thefluidflowinnanochannelsisalsoaffectedbythermaleffects.Atthenanoscale,heatexchangebetweenfluidsandwallsbecomesverysignificant,andtheeffectsofheatconductionandconvectiononfluidflowcannotbeignored.Therefore,whenstudyingfluidflowinnanochannels,itisnecessarytocomprehensivelyconsidertheinfluenceofthermaleffects.为了深入研究纳米微通道中的流体流动特性，研究者们采用了多种实验和数值模拟方法。实验方法包括微观粒子图像测速（PIV）、原子力显微镜（AFM）等，这些方法可以直观地观测流体在纳米微通道中的流动行为。数值模拟方法则包括直接模拟蒙特卡洛（DSMC）、格子玻尔兹曼方法（LBM）等，这些方法可以在微观尺度上模拟流体分子的运动过程，从而揭示流体在纳米微通道中的流动特性。Inordertoinvestigatethefluidflowcharacteristicsinnanochannelsindepth,researchershaveemployedvariousexperimentalandnumericalsimulationmethods.TheexperimentalmethodsincludeParticleImageVelocimetry(PIV)andAtomicForceMicroscopy(AFM),whichcanvisuallyobservetheflowbehavioroffluidsinnanochannels.NumericalsimulationmethodsincludedirectsimulationMonteCarlo(DSMC),latticeBoltzmannmethod(LBM),etc.Thesemethodscansimulatethemotionprocessoffluidmoleculesatthemicroscopicscale,therebyrevealingtheflowcharacteristicsoffluidsinnanochannels.纳米微通道中的流体流动特性受到多种因素的影响，包括尺寸效应、壁面效应和热效应等。为了深入理解这些特性，需要综合运用实验和数值模拟方法进行研究。随着研究的深入，纳米微通道在流体传输和控制领域的应用前景将更加广阔。Thefluidflowcharacteristicsinnanochannelsareinfluencedbyvariousfactors,includingsizeeffects,walleffects,andthermaleffects.Inordertogainadeeperunderstandingofthesecharacteristics,itisnecessarytoconductresearchusingacombinationofexperimentalandnumericalsimulationmethods.Withthedeepeningofresearch,theapplicationprospectsofnanochannelsinthefieldsoffluidtransportandcontrolwillbeevenbroader.四、流体在纳米微通道中的传输特性Transportcharacteristicsoffluidsinnanochannels在纳米尺度下，流体的传输特性发生了显著的变化，这主要源于纳米尺度下的物理效应和边界条件的特殊性。纳米微通道中的流体传输特性对于纳米流体器件的性能和设计具有重要影响。Atthenanoscale,thetransportcharacteristicsoffluidsundergosignificantchanges,mainlyduetothephysicaleffectsandspecialboundaryconditionsatthenanoscale.Thefluidtransportcharacteristicsinnanochannelshaveasignificantimpactontheperformanceanddesignofnanofluiddevices.纳米微通道中的流体流动呈现出显著的滑移流动特性。在纳米尺度下，流体与固体壁面之间的相互作用力变得非常强烈，导致流体分子在壁面附近的运动状态发生显著变化。这种滑移流动特性使得纳米微通道中的流体流动更加复杂，需要采用新的理论和模型来描述。Thefluidflowinnanochannelsexhibitssignificantslipflowcharacteristics.Atthenanoscale,theinteractionforcebetweenfluidandsolidwallbecomesverystrong,leadingtosignificantchangesinthemotionstateoffluidmoleculesnearthewall.Thisslipflowcharacteristicmakesthefluidflowinnanochannelsmorecomplexandrequiresnewtheoriesandmodelstodescribe.纳米微通道中的流体传输受到热效应的影响。在纳米尺度下，热传导和热对流变得非常显著，这会导致流体温度分布的不均匀性增加，从而影响流体的传输特性。因此，在纳米微通道中，热效应与流体传输之间的相互作用是一个重要的研究方向。Thefluidtransportinnanochannelsisinfluencedbythermaleffects.Atthenanoscale,thermalconductionandconvectionbecomeverysignificant,whichleadstoanincreaseinthenon-uniformityoffluidtemperaturedistribution,therebyaffectingthetransmissioncharacteristicsofthefluid.Therefore,theinteractionbetweenthermaleffectsandfluidtransportinnanochannelsisanimportantresearchdirection.纳米微通道中的流体传输还受到表面效应的影响。在纳米尺度下，固体壁面的表面能和表面结构对流体传输特性具有重要影响。例如，固体壁面的亲水性和疏水性会影响流体的润湿性和流动行为。因此，通过调控固体壁面的表面性质，可以有效地调控纳米微通道中的流体传输特性。Thefluidtransportinnanochannelsisalsoinfluencedbysurfaceeffects.Atthenanoscale,thesurfaceenergyandsurfacestructureofsolidwallshaveasignificantimpactonfluidtransportcharacteristics.Forexample,thehydrophilicityandhydrophobicityofsolidwallscanaffectthewettabilityandflowbehavioroffluids.Therefore,byregulatingthesurfacepropertiesofsolidwalls,thefluidtransportcharacteristicsinnanochannelscanbeeffectivelycontrolled.纳米微通道中的流体传输还受到流体本身性质的影响。例如，流体的粘度、密度、热导率等物理性质在纳米尺度下可能会发生变化，从而影响流体的传输特性。因此，在纳米微通道中，需要综合考虑流体与固体壁面之间的相互作用、热效应、表面效应以及流体本身性质的影响，以揭示纳米微通道中流体传输的基本规律。Thefluidtransportinnanochannelsisalsoinfluencedbythepropertiesofthefluiditself.Forexample,thephysicalpropertiesoffluidssuchasviscosity,density,andthermalconductivitymaychangeatthenanoscale,therebyaffectingthetransportcharacteristicsoffluids.Therefore,innanochannels,itisnecessarytocomprehensivelyconsidertheinteractionbetweenfluidandsolidwall,thermaleffects,surfaceeffects,andtheinfluenceoffluidpropertiestorevealthebasiclawsoffluidtransportinnanochannels.纳米微通道中的流体传输特性是一个复杂而重要的问题。通过深入研究纳米尺度下的物理效应和边界条件，揭示流体在纳米微通道中的传输特性，可以为纳米流体器件的设计和优化提供理论基础和指导。这也有助于推动纳米科学和纳米技术的发展，促进其在能源、环境、生物医学等领域的应用。Thefluidtransportcharacteristicsinnanochannelsareacomplexandimportantissue.Byconductingin-depthresearchonphysicaleffectsandboundaryconditionsatthenanoscale,thetransmissioncharacteristicsoffluidsinnanochannelscanberevealed,providingtheoreticalbasisandguidanceforthedesignandoptimizationofnanofluiddevices.Thisalsohelpstopromotethedevelopmentofnanoscienceandnanotechnology,promotingtheirapplicationsinenergy,environment,biomedicalandotherfields.五、纳米微通道流动与传输特性的影响因素Factorsaffectingtheflowandtransportcharacteristicsofnanochannels纳米微通道中的流动与传输特性受到多种因素的影响，这些因素不仅影响流体的动力学行为，还影响其热传递和传质过程。在纳米尺度下，由于流体的物理性质与宏观尺度存在显著差异，因此需要考虑的影响因素也更为复杂。Theflowandtransportcharacteristicsinnanochannelsareinfluencedbyvariousfactors,whichnotonlyaffectthedynamicbehavioroffluids,butalsotheirheatandmasstransferprocesses.Atthenanoscale,duetosignificantdifferencesinphysicalpropertiesbetweenfluidsandmacroscopicscales,theinfluencingfactorsthatneedtobeconsideredarealsomorecomplex.纳米微通道的几何尺寸是影响流动特性的关键因素之一。随着通道尺寸的减小，流体的边界层效应和表面效应变得显著，导致流动阻力增加，流速降低。纳米通道中的流体往往表现出非牛顿流体的特性，即其粘度随剪切速率的增加而减小，这也影响了流动特性。Thegeometricsizeofnanochannelsisoneofthekeyfactorsaffectingflowcharacteristics.Asthechannelsizedecreases,theboundarylayerandsurfaceeffectsofthefluidbecomesignificant,leadingtoanincreaseinflowresistanceandadecreaseinflowvelocity.ThefluidinnanochannelsoftenexhibitsnonNewtonianfluidcharacteristics,whereitsviscositydecreaseswithincreasingshearrate,whichalsoaffectstheflowcharacteristics.流体的物理性质，如密度、粘度、热导率等，对纳米微通道中的流动和传输特性有重要影响。在纳米尺度下，这些物理性质可能随温度和压力的变化而发生显著变化，从而影响流动和传热传质过程。Thephysicalpropertiesoffluids,suchasdensity,viscosity,thermalconductivity,etc.,haveasignificantimpactontheflowandtransportcharacteristicsinnanochannels.Atthenanoscale,thesephysicalpropertiesmayundergosignificantchangeswithtemperatureandpressure,therebyaffectingflowandheatandmasstransferprocesses.纳米微通道的表面特性也是影响流动与传输特性的重要因素。表面粗糙度、化学性质和润湿性等因素都会影响流体与通道壁面之间的相互作用，从而改变流动阻力和传热传质效率。Thesurfacecharacteristicsofnanochannelsarealsoanimportantfactoraffectingtheflowandtransportcharacteristics.Factorssuchassurfaceroughness,chemicalproperties,andwettabilitycanaffecttheinteractionbetweenfluidandchannelwalls,therebyalteringflowresistanceandheatandmasstransferefficiency.外部环境条件，如温度、压力、外部电场和磁场等，也会对纳米微通道中的流动和传输特性产生影响。例如，温度的变化会改变流体的物理性质，从而影响流动和传热传质过程；外部电场和磁场可以影响流体的电导率和磁导率，进而改变流动行为和传热传质效率。Externalenvironmentalconditions,suchastemperature,pressure,externalelectricandmagneticfields,canalsoaffecttheflowandtransportcharacteristicsinnanochannels.Forexample,changesintemperaturecanalterthephysicalpropertiesoffluids,therebyaffectingflowandheatandmasstransferprocesses;Externalelectricandmagneticfieldscanaffecttheconductivityandmagneticpermeabilityoffluids,therebyalteringflowbehaviorandheatandmasstransferefficiency.纳米微通道中的流动与传输特性受到多种因素的影响，包括通道几何尺寸、流体物理性质、表面特性以及外部环境条件等。为了深入理解和优化纳米微通道中的流动和传输过程，需要综合考虑这些因素的作用，并开展系统的实验和理论研究。Theflowandtransportcharacteristicsinnanochannelsareinfluencedbyvariousfactors,includingchannelgeometry,fluidphysicalproperties,surfacecharacteristics,andexternalenvironmentalconditions.Inordertodeeplyunderstandandoptimizetheflowandtransportprocessesinnanochannels,itisnecessarytocomprehensivelyconsidertheeffectsofthesefactorsandconductsystematicexperimentalandtheoreticalresearch.六、研究展望ResearchOutlook随着纳米科技的迅速发展，纳米微通道在流体传输、热交换、药物输送等领域的应用潜力日益凸显。尽管我们对流体在纳米微通道中的流动及传输特性已经有了一定的理解，但仍有许多未知领域有待探索。Withtherapiddevelopmentofnanotechnology,theapplicationpotentialofnanochannelsinfieldssuchasfluidtransport,heatexchange,anddrugdeliveryisincreasinglyprominent.Althoughwehavegainedsomeunderstandingoftheflowandtransportcharacteristicsoffluidsinnanochannels,therearestillmanyunknownareasthatneedtobeexplored.未来的研究可以进一步深入探索纳米微通道中的流体动力学行为，特别是在极端条件下的流体行为，如超高温、超高压等。这将有助于我们更全面地理解流体在纳米尺度下的特性，为纳米流体器件的设计和优化提供理论基础。Futureresearchcanfurtherexplorethefluiddynamicsbehaviorinnanochannels,especiallyunderextremeconditionssuchasultra-hightemperatureandultra-highpressure.Thiswillhelpustohaveamorecomprehensiveunderstandingofthecharacteristicsoffluidsatthenanoscale,providingatheoreticalbasisforthedesignandoptimizationofnanofluiddevices.同时，纳米微通道的制备技术也是未来的研究重点。目前，制备纳米微通道的方法仍然存在一定的挑战，如制备成本高、工艺复杂等。因此，开发新的、更高效的制备技术对于推动纳米微通道的应用具有重要意义。Meanwhile,thepreparationtechnologyofnanochannelsisalsoafutureresearchfocus.Atpresent,therearestillcertainchallengesinthepreparationofnanochannels,suchashighpreparationcostsandcomplexprocesses.Therefore,developingnewandmoreefficientpreparationtechniquesisofgreatsignificanceforpromotingtheapplicationofnanochannels.纳米微通道中的热传输特性也是一个值得研究的方向。在纳米尺度下，热传输机制可能与宏观尺度下有所不同，因此，深入研究纳米微通道中的热传输特性有助于我们理解纳米尺度下的热物理现象，为纳米热电器件的设计和开发提供指导。Theheattransfercharacteristicsinnanochannelsarealsoaworthwhileresearchdirection.Atthenanoscale,theheattransfermechanismmaydifferfromthatatthemacroscopicscale.Therefore,in-depthresearchontheheattransfercharacteristicsinnanochannelscanhelpusunderstandthethermophysicalphenomenaatthenanoscaleandprovideguidanceforthedesignanddevelopmentofnanothermoelectricdevices.纳米微通道在药物输送等领域的应用也需要进一步的研究。通过设计特定的纳米微通道结构，我们可以实现对药物的精确控制和输送，这对于提高药物治疗效果、降低副作用具有重要意义。Furtherresearchisneededontheapplicationofnanochannelsinfieldssuchasdrugdelivery.Bydesigningspecificnanochannelstructures,wecanachieveprecisecontrolanddeliveryofdrugs,whichisofgreatsignificanceforimprovingdrugtreatmentefficacyandreducingsideeffects.流体在纳米微通道中的流动及传输特性研究仍具有广阔的前景和挑战。未来的研究将涉及多个领域，包括流体动力学、纳米制备技术、热物理学和生物医学等。我们期待这些研究能够为纳米科技的发展提供新的动力和思路。Thestudyoffluidflowandtransportcharacteristicsinnanochannelsstillhasbroadprospectsandchallenges.Futureresearchwillinvolvemultiplefields,includingfluiddynamics,nanofabricationtechniques,thermophysics,andbiomedicine.Welookforwardtothesestudiesprovidingnewimpetusandideasforthedevelopmentofnanotechnology.七、结论Conclusion本研究通过深入探讨流体在纳米微通道中的流动及传输特性，揭示了纳米尺度下流体行为的独特规律，对纳米流体学的发展和应用具有重要的理论价值和实际意义。Thisstudyexplorestheflowandtransportcharacteristicsoffluidsinnanochannelsindepth,revealingtheuniquelawsoffluidbehavioratthenanoscale,whichhasimportanttheoreticalvalueandpracticalsignificanceforthedevelopmentandapplicationofnanofluidics.本研究发现，在纳米尺度下，流体的流动特性与宏观尺度存在显著差异。由于纳米微通道的尺寸效应和表面效应，流体的流动呈现出明显的非线性、非连续性和非局部性。这些特性使得纳米流体的传输效率、热传导性能和流动稳定性等方面均优于传统流体。Thisstudyfoundsignificantdifferencesinfluidflowcharacteristicsatthenanoscalecomparedtothemacroscopicscale.Duetothesizeandsurfaceeffectsofnanochannels,fluidflowexhibitssignificantnonlinearity,discontinuity,andnonlocality.Thesecharacteristicsmakethetransferefficiency,thermalconductivity,andflowstabilityofnanofluidssuperiortotraditionalfluids.本研究通过实验和数值模拟相结合的方法，详细研