英语课件-定语从句

Englishcourseware-relativeclauses目录BasicconceptsofrelevantclausesRelativepronounsguiderelatedclausesRelativeadvisorsguiderelatedclausesPositions+relativepronounsguiderelativeclauses目录SenseandvoicechangerulesofrelevantclausesAnalysisofthecomponentsandfunctionsofrelevantclausesinsenses01BasicconceptsofrelevantclausesDefinitionArelativeclauseisatypeofsubsidiaryclausethatmodifiesanounorpronouninthemainclause,providingadditionalinformationaboutitFunctionRelativeclausesservetospecify,identify,ordescribethenounorpronountheirmodificationTheyadddetailandcontexttosenses,enhancingclarityandexpressivenessDefinitionandFunctionStructureRelativeclausestypicallybeginwitharelativepronoun(suchas"that,""which,""who,"or"who")orarelativeadverb(suchas"where"or"when")ThesewordsintroducetheclauseandconnectittothemainclauseLocationRelativeclausescanappeareitherbeforeorafterthenounorpronountheymodifyTheirpositiondependsonthespecificcontextandthedesiredemphasisStructureandlocationDistinguishingfromotherclaimsDistinguishingfromobjectiveclauses:Unlikeobjectiveclauses,whichfunctionasobjectivesandmodifynouns,relativeclausesaremoregeneralandcanmodifybothnounsandproposalsDistinguishingfromadvisoryclauses:Advisoryclauses,whichfunctionasadvisors,modifyadvisors,objections,orotheradvisorsTheyexpressrelationshipssuchastime,place,cause,orconditionRelativeclauses,ontheotherhand,aremorecloselyrelatedtothenounsorpronounstheymodifyDistinguishingfromNounclauses:Nounclausesfunctionasnounsinapresenceandcanserveassubjects,objects,orcompletenessRelativeclauses,however,aresuborderclausesthatspecificallymodifynounsorpronounsandcannotstandaloneascompletethoughts02RelativepronounsguiderelatedclausesThat,which,who,whoThesearethemostcommonrelativeproofs"That"canrefertopeopleorthings;"Which"commonlyreferstothings;"Who"referstopeople;"Who"istheobjectivecaseof"who"andislesscommonlyusedWhatThispronounisusedtoshowsessionorownershipItcanrefertopeopleorthingsWhen,where,whyTheserelevantproofsarebeingusedtointroduceadverseclaimsthatanswerthequestions"when?","where?",and"why?"respectivelyTypesandUsageofRelativePronounsInarestrictiverelativeclause,therelativepronoundefinitionsoridentitiesofthenounitmodificationsTheclauseisessentialtothemeaningofthepresenceandcannotbecommittedwithoutchangingthemeaningDefiningthenoun"ThebookthatIreadwasexcellent."Here,"thatIread"isarestrictiverelativeclausethatidentifiesthebookExampleTheuseofrelativepronunciationsinrestrictiverelativeclausesAddingextrainformation:Inanonrestrictiverelativeclause,therelativepronounaddsextrainformationaboutthenounitmodificationsTheclauseisnotessentialtothemeaningofthepresenceandcanbecommittedwithoutchangingthemeaningExample:"Mybrother,wholivesinNewYork,isadoctor."Here,"wholivesinNewYork"isanonrestrictiverelativeclausethatprovidesadditionalinformationaboutmybrotherPuncturation:Nonrestrictiverelativeclausesarecommonlysetofffromtherestofthepresencewithcommas010203Theuseofrelativepronunciationsinnonrestrictiverelativeclauses03RelativeadvisorsguiderelatedclausesTypesandusageofrelevantadvertisementsSomecommonrelatedadvertisementsinclude*where*,*when*,*why*,and*how*TheseadvertisementsintroduceobjectiveclausesandprovideadditionalinformationaboutnounsCommonRelatedAdvancementsRelativeadvertisementsareusedtoconnectclausesandphraseswithinasense,addingdetailsandcontextTheycanbeusedtomodifynouns,pronouns,orevenentireclausesUsageExamples+"Iknowtheplacewherewemetlastyear."+"Canyoutellmethereasonwhyyouwerelate?"TypesandusageofrelevantadvertisementsRestrictiveClaimsArestrictiverelativeclauseisonethatisessentialtothemeaningofthesentenceIfremoved,thepresence'smeaningwouldchangeRelativeAdvisorsinRestrictiveClaimsRelativeadvisorssuchas*that*,*which*,*who*,*who*,*who*,and*who*canbeusedinrestrictiverelativeclausesTheseadvertisementsarefollowedbyaverbandcompletethethoughtoftheclauseTheuseofrelativeadvertisementsinrestrictiverelativeclausesExamples+"ThebookthatIborrowedfromthelibraryisover."("That"introducesarestrictiveclauseessentialtoidentifyingthebook.)+"Thestudentwhowon'tthecompetitionreceivedaprice."("Who"introducesarestrictiveclausespecifyingthestudent.)TheuseofrelativeadvertisementsinrestrictiverelativeclausesNonRestrictiveClaimsAnonrestrictiverelativeclause,alsoknownasanonessentialclause,providingadditionalinformationbutnotnecessarilytothemeaningofthesentenceIfremoved,thepresencewouldstillmakesense要点一要点二RelativeAdvisorsinNonRestrictiveClaimsRelativeadvisorssuchas*which*,*who*,*who*,and*who*canbeusedinnonrestrictiverelatedclausesTheseclaimsaretypicallysetoffwithcommasTheuseofrelativeadvertisementsinnonrestrictiverelativeclausesExamples+"Mysister,wholivesinParis,isvisitingthenextweek."+"Thehouse,whichweboughtlastyear,needssomerepairs."("Which"introducesanonrestrictiveclausegivingadditionalinformationaboutthehouse.)Theuseofrelativeadvertisementsinnonrestrictiverelativeclauses04Positions+relativepronounsguiderelativeclausesSemanticrelationshipThepropositionshouldreflectthesemanticrelationshipbetweentheantagonistandtherelevantclauseForexample,"Thebook*onthetable*ismine"(thebookthatisonthetableismine)GrammaticalfunctionThepropositioncanindicatethegraphicalfunctionoftherelevantproposalintheclauseForinstance,"Theperson*withwho*Ispokeisafriend"(thepersonwhoIspokewithisafriend)IdiomaticusageSomepositionsarebeingusedidiomaticwithcertificateverbsorexpressionsForexample,"Thecity*towhich*hetraveledisParis"(thecitythathetraveledtoisParis)PrinciplesandmethodsofpositionselectionDefinition:RestrictiveattributiveclausesprovideessentialinformationabouttheantagonistandarenotsetoffbycommasIntermediatewords:Commonintermediatewordsinclude"that,""which,""who,""who,""who,""who,""and"who."Examples+Thecarthatisredismine(restrictiveclausespecifyingthecolorofthecar)+Thestudentwhowon'tbethecompetitionisverysmart(restrictiveclauseidentifyingthestudent)0102030405TheuseofrestrictiveattributiveclauseswithintermediatewordsandrelatedpronounsDefinition:Nonrestrictiveattributiveclausesprovideadditional,nonessentialinformationabouttheantagonistandaresetoffbycommasIntermediatewords:ThesameintermediatewordsusedinrestrictiveclausescanbeusedinnonrestrictiveclausesExamples+"Mybrother,wholivesinNewYork,isadoctor"(nonrestrictiveclauseprovidingadditionalinformationaboutmybrother)+Themovie,whichwasdirectedbyStevenSpielberg,wasaHugesuccess(nonrestrictiveclausegivingextrainformationaboutthemovie)0102030405Theuseofnonrestrictiveattributiveclauseswithintermediatewordsandrelatedpronouns05Senseandvoicechangerulesofrelevantclauses要点三PresentsimpletenseTheverbintherelevantclausechangestothepresentsimpletensewhenreferringtoageneraltruthorabehavioralactionForexample,"ThegirlwhoplaystenniseverySundayismysister."要点一要点二PastsimpletenseTheverbintherelevantclausechangestothepastsimpletensewhenreferringtoapastactionoreventForexample,"ThebookthatIreadlastnightwasveryinteresting."FuturetenseTheverbintherelevantclausecanbeinthefuturetensetorefertoafutureactionoreventForexample,"Theteamthatwillwinthechampionshipnextyearisfromourcity."要点三TensechangerulesInrelevantclauses,theactivevoiceisusedwhenthesubjectoftheclauseperformstheactionForexample,"Themanwhowrotethebookisafanauthor."ThepassivevoiceisusedinrelevantclauseswhenthesubjectoftheclauseisactedonbytheverbForexample,"Thehousethatwasbuiltlastyearisverymodern."Sometimes,thevoiceoftheverbintherelevantclausemaydependonthecontextorthespecificpresencestructureForexample,"Theresearchthathasbeenconductedonthistopicisveryextensive."ActivevoicePassivevoiceSpecialcasesRulesofvoicechange06AnalysisofthecomponentsandfunctionsofrelevantclausesinsensesRelativeproofsassubjectsRelativeclausescanbeintroducedbyrelativeproofssuchas"who,""which,"or"that,"whichactasthesubjectoftheclauseForexample,inthepresence"Thestudentwhowon'tbethecompetitionisveryhappy,"therelevantprofessor"who"introducesarelevantclausethatmodifiesthenoun"student"andactsasthesubjectoftheclauseRelativeadsassubjectsRelativeadssuchas"where,""when,"or"why"canalsointroducerelevantclausesandactasthesubjectoftheclauseForexample,inthepresence"Irememberthedaywhenwefirstmet,"therelevantad