商务英语论文-study on chinese-english business etiquette in intercultural communication

ChapterTwoInterculturalCommunicationandBusinessEtiquette2.1DefinitionofInterculturalCommunicationInspecificcommunicativesituations,communicatorswithdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicateorallyusingthesamelanguage(mothertongueortargetlanguage).Itcontainsthefollowingpoints:1.ChinaandtheUKmusthavedifferentculturalbackgrounds2.ChinaandtheUKhavedifferentlanguagesystems.3.Bothpartieshavereal-timeoralcommunication.4.Bothpartiesengageindirectverbalcommunication."Communicationisculture,cultureiscommunication",thetwoareconnected.Semioticexpertssummarizetherelationshipbetweenthetwoas:cultureisfrozencommunication,andcommunicationisaflowingculture.Withoutcommunication,itisdifficulttoformculture,andcultureexistsanddevelopsincommunication.Ithasbeenshownthateffectivecommunicationispossibleonlyifpeopleofthesameculturehavecommonstandardsofbehavior,orifbothpartiesshareacertainculturalstandard.Interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentmainstreamcultures,ofcourse,bothpartiesarerequiredtounderstandeachotherorfolloweachother'sculture,onlyinthiswaycanthecommunicationachievethedesiredgoal.2.2DefinitionofBusinessEtiquetteKimJong-kunanalyzesthedefinitionofbusinessetiquetteinhisbookBusinessEtiquetteBusinessetiquettereferstotheetiquetteinbusinessactivities,inordertoreflectmutualrespect,withone-somecodeofconducttorestrainpeople'sbehaviorinbusinessactivities.Businessetiquettecanbedividedinto:appearanceetiquette,speechandbehavior.Businessetiquettecanbedividedinto:officeetiquette,banquetetiquette,welcomeetiquetteandsoonaccordingtothebusinessactivities.Thepurposeoftheuseofbusinessetiquetteistoimprovepersonalliteracy,servethebusinessnatureofcommunicationandsocialrelations,andmaintaintheimageoftheenterprise.2.3RelationshipsBetweenCross-CulturesandBusinessEtiquetteTherelationshipbetweencross-culturalcommunicationandbusinessetiquetteiscomplementary,businessetiquettehasbothdomesticbusinessetiquetteandinternationalbusinessetiquette,thencross-cultureisveryimportantininternationalbusinessetiquette.Inaspecificbusinesseventscene,peoplehavedifferentculturalbackgrounds,soinordertopromotethesmoothdevelopmentofbusinessactivities,wemustlearndifferentculturesanddifferentbusinessetiquette.ChapterThreeComparativeAnalysisofBusinessEtiquetteBetweenChinaandtheUK3.1SalutationEtiquetteTitleisapredicatethatpeopleuseintheirdailyinteractions.Choosingtherighttitleinbusinessactivitiescanbetterdemonstratethebasicqualitiesofbusinessetiquette.TherearealsobigdifferencesinthetermsofsalutationbetweenChinaandtheUK,whichweneedtopayattentiontoinbusinessactivities.3.1.1RespectfulCallinChinaChinaisanancientcivilizationcountry,knownas"etiquette"title,andEnglish-speakingcountriesundertheinfluenceofEnlightenmentandRenaissancemovement,thepursuitofpersonalityandstatusequalityinlanguage.Therefore,thereareverydifferentwaysofaddressinChineseandEnglish.ThereisarigorousaddresssysteminChinese.Theaddressesofdifferentgenerations,differentpositions,relativesandstrangersmustbeinlinewitheachother'sgenerations,identityandstatus.InEnglish,therearerelativelyfewrulesandregulations,andinmostcasesyoucancalleachother'sname.Ignoretheotherparty'sage,identity,orstatus.KevinBarryBucknallmentionsinhisbookChineseBusinessEtiquetteandCulturethatChineseitiscustomarytouserespectfultitlesinbusinessactivitiesandevenindailylife.Inbusinessactivities,Chinesepeoplewithprofessionaltitles,especiallythosewithseniororintermediateprofessionaltitles,canbecalledsurnamesandprofessionaltitlessuchasProfessorFeng,EngineerChen,etc.Inbusinessmeetings,therearethreemostformaltitles,theadministrativepositionofthepersonyouareinteractingwith,thetechnicaltitle,orthosehonorifictitlesthatcanbewidelyused,suchassir,miss,lady,etc.Chineseinbusinessactivities,fordoctors,professors,judges,lawyers,doctors,etc.,youcanalsoaddthesurname,youcanalsoaddthesir.SuchasProfessorLi,Mr.Judge,Mr.Lawyer,Mr.Dr.Zhang,etc.Thiscanshowrecognitionandrespectforotherpeople'stitles.3.1.2CalledbyItsFirstNameinUKTheBritishcalletiquetteinbusinessistheoppositeofChinese.TheBritisharenotaccustomedtousinghonorificsinbusinessactivities,butdirectlyaddresseachother'snames,whichismorecasual.Usuallyjustsayhello,butalsocalltheotherperson'snametoshowaffection.Itisworthnotingthatinbusinessactivities,Britishpeoplerarelyusethetitleofadministrativepositiontorefertoothers,suchas:director,manager,principal,etc.Addressingsomeonebynamedirectlyinbusinessisconsidereddisrespectfulandbehaviourinouropinion,butitiscommonintheUK.3.2TableMannersTablemanners,asthenamesuggests,refertothecommonsenseofetiquetteatthetablewheneating.Businessactivitiesareinseparablefrombusinessbanquets,andatbusinessbanquetswithothercountries,itisnecessarytobehaveappropriately,whilealsotakingintoaccounttheeatinghabitsofothercountries.3.2.1LivelyandIntimateTableAtmosphereinChinaAccordingtotherecords,asearlyastheZhouDynastyinChina,foodetiquettehasformedafairlycompletesystem.Forexample,thetraditionalHanbanquetetiquetteprocedureis:thehostsendsaninvitationtotheguest,andthehostgreetshimatthedoor.Guestsattendingthemeetingarealsoexpectedtoexchangegreetings,andguestswillsitinthelivingroomandeatsomerefreshmentsbeforethebanquet.Aftertheguestsarrive,theywillbeseatedonebyone,withtheleftasthetop,theoppositeupperseatisthetwoseats,andtheupperseatisthelowerseat.Aftertheguestsareseated,thehostbeginstotoastthedishes.Whentoasting,theeldersandguestsarehonoredfirst,andthehostlast.Thistraditionalbanquetetiquettehasbeenpasseddowninmostplacesinourcountrytothisday,andwecanoftenseeitinfilmandtelevisiondramas.TaboosinChinesetablemanners:WhendiningwithtraditionalChinesefamilies,youmustrespecttheircustomsanddonotviolatetheirtaboos,becauseChineseoftenbelievethateatinganddrinkingiscloselyrelatedtopeople'sfate,andifyoubreaktaboosduringmeals,itwillbringbadluck.Forexample,wheneatingfish,whenyouneedtofliptheothersidewithchopsticksaftereatingonesideofthefish,usuallythedriverwillnotmovethechopstickstoturnit.Theythink:ifyouturnoverthefish,thenitwilloverturnwhendriving.Thesesuperstitiouscustomshavesurvivedtothisday,andtablemannersoccupyafairlyimportantplaceinthelifeofmodernChinese.Diningisnotonlytomeetphysicalneeds,butalsotobeanimportantsocialexperience,reflectingaperson'supbringingandquality.3.2.2QuietandElegantTableAtmosphereinUKWesternfamilieshaveahabitoftreatingthediningtableasaclassroom.Fromthefirstdaytheirchildrenareatthetable,parentscultivatetablemanners.Five-year-oldsarehappytodowhattheycantosetupallthecutlerybeforethemealandcleanupthedishesafterthemeal.Inaddition,theyalsopaygreatattentiontoenvironmentaleducation,sothatchildrenknowwhicharerenewable"environmentallyfriendlytableware"andwhicharenon-renewable"permanentwaste".Teachchildrentouseaslittleaspossibleready-madefoodssuchascans,andpayattentiontosavingwaterandelectricity.Becausetheyunderstandthat"themisuseofresourcesmeanstheinfringementofenvironmentalprotection".TherearealsosomeprecautionsattheWesterntable:suchasnotwearingmakeupatthetable,wipingyournosewithanapkin.Hiccupsduringmealsareano-no,anddon'tburporsneezeatpeopleordishes.Whentakingfood,youcanaskotherstopassonthefoodyoucan'tget,anddon'tstandup.Don'tbringtoomuchfoodtoyourmouthatatime,anddon'ttalkwhilechewing.Donotgobbleupduringmeals.Youshouldnotleaveyourtablehalfwaythroughyourmeal.Itisindeednecessarytoleaveandwhisperhellototheguestsontheleftandright.Whentoasting,evenifyoudon'tdrink,youshouldtouchthemouthoftheglassonyourlipsasasignofrespect.Whensomeonepoursyouadrink,simplysay"No,thanks!"ifyoudon'tneedit!"Orcovertheglasswithyourhandtoshowyourdecline.Duringthemeal,donotunbuttonorundressinpublic.LookingattheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandtheWestintermsoftheuseoftablewareChinesechopsticksareusedtoeat,whileWesternersuseknivesandforks.Inthisregard,ProfessorYouXiulingofZhejiangUniversitybelievesthatthisisrelatedtotheenvironment.Inourcountry,therearemanytreesinthenorthandbamboointhesouth,andthemainrawmaterialsforchopsticksarewoodandbamboo.AndtheoriginofknivesandforksisrelatedtothenomadsofancientEurope,whocarriedkniveswiththem,oftenencounteredprey,cutthemwithknives,cookedthem,andatethemwithknives.Itwasnotuntilaroundthe15thcenturythatforkswereslowlyusedtobeusedinordertochangetheeatingposture.Differenttablewarereflectsdifferentconceptsoflife.InChina,afamilysittingtogetherandeatingtogetherwithchopsticksreflectsthefamilyunitinwhichtheoldandyoungsittogether,whileWesternerseatseparatelyatthebeginning,reflectingtheWesterners'ideaandhabitofbeingindependentandtheirchildrengoingtotheworldindependentlywhentheygrowup.LookingattheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandtheWestfromthediningatmosphereChinesediningisalivelypicture,whileWesternersarequiet.ThereisanoldChinesesayingthat"foodisthesky",Chinesefoodisthejoyoflife,andthesceneissograndthatitisoftenbreathtakinglylively.Chineseeattogether,oftenpersuadeeachothertodrink,puncheachother,andinancienttimesalsopracticewineorders,soastoshowtheenthusiasmandsincerityofthehost.Westerners,ontheotherhand,sitatthetableandquietlyslicetheirplatesofChinesefood,drinkingsoupwithoutmakingasound.Ifthesoupistoohot,youcan'tblowitwithyourmouth,youcanonlywaitforthesouptocoolalittlebeforedrinking.ThisalsoshowsthequietcharacteristicsofWesterners.LookingattheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandtheWestfromthediscourseofthetableChinesewheninvitinggueststodinner,therearemanykindsofvegetablesonthetable.Ifitisafeast,themaincoursewillbemore,andthericherandmoreexpensiveitistoshowthehospitalityofthehostandtheidentityoftheguest.Attheendofthebanquet,thehostwilloftensay"thereisnogoodfoodtoentertaineveryonetoday","thedishisnotdonewell,pleasebemoreinclusive","snubyou"andsoon.Westernfeasts,ontheotherhand,generallyconsistoffourorfivedishes,preferablywheneatenjustenoughorwithalittleleftover.Ifathome,itisbettertoeatallthedishes,sothatthehostesswillbehappy,thinkingthatthisisarecognitionofhercookingskillsthateveryonelikeshercooking.ExaminingthewordsofChineseandWesternmasters,itisnotdifficulttoconcludethatChinesefollowtheprincipleof"demeaningoneselfandrespectingothers",whileWesternersemphasizethevaluesofefficiencyandpragmatism,andpaygreatattentiontotheneedfortheirownfaceincommunication.Forexample,Westernersoftenuseelegantwordsinplaceofdisgustingthingsatbanquets.Askwherethetoiletsays"WherecanIwashmyhand?"Inaddition,greetingsChineseoftenask"Haveyoueaten?""ButinWesterncountries,it'seasytomisunderstandthatyou'reinterestedininvitingeachothertodinner,especiallyforunmarriedmenandwomen,whothinkyou'reinterestedindating."Tosumup,throughtheanalysisofthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterntablemanners,weunderstandthedifferentculturaltraditionsbetweenChinaandtheWest.Masteringthedifferencebetweenthetwoisofgreathelptoustoimproveourownquality,anditalsoplaysaguidingroleinourbetterunderstandingofWesterntablemannersforthedevelopmentofChinesecivilizationandbettercommunicationwithpeople.Thismakesusmorerelaxedintheprocessofinteractingwithpeopleinsocietyinthefuture.3.3DrinkingEtiquetteChinaisthehomelandofwine,anditisthefirstcountryintheworldtohavecompletewinemakingtechnology.Asoneofthemainbeveragesinourdailylife,itisintegratedintoallaspectsofourlivesandaffectsourlives.Thewayofdrinkingatbusinessbanquetsandthechoiceofalcoholvarietiesarealsoworthexploring.3.3.1Respect,HumilityandOrderinChinaInbusiness,peoplevaluethesaketheydrinkdependingonwhatkindofsaketheydrink,andwhattheywantistofullyenjoythedeliciousnessofsake.Generally,inbusinessactivities,toastingshouldstartwiththehost,thehostdoesnotrespecttheending,othersarenotqualifiedtorespect,anddisorderispunished.Thetoastmustbeginwiththemosthonorableguest,andwhenthetoastshouldbefull,itisalsoasignofrespectfortherespectable.Theyoungergenerationshouldtaketheinitiativetotoasttotheirsuperiors,payingattentiontotoastingfirst.Drinkingetiquettesuchasdrinkingordersandguessingisalsoborntomakedrinkersdrinkmorepleasantly.China'swinecultureisdeeplyinfluencedbytraditionalChineseculture,andChinahasintegrateditsculturalheritageintoitsownwineculture.TheetiquetteofdrinkinginWesternersreflectsrespectforalcohol.Westernersusuallytastewineinbusinessactivities,anddrinkingwinemustlookatitscolor,smellit,andtasteit.Enjoywinewithallyoursenses.Drinkingetiquetteintheorder,therearealsocertainrequirements,payattentiontodrinkwhitewinefirst,thendrinkredwine,firstdrinklightwineandthendrinkrichwine,accordingtothechangeoftastelaw,graduallyenjoythechangeofflavorinwine.WineisgenerallythefirstchoiceforBritishpeopleinbusinessactivities.3.3.2PayAttentiontotheTapeofWineinUKThebeginningofabanquetatabusinessevent,thewaiterwillstartpouringthewine,andthewaiterwillpourthewineinorder,atthistime,thedinershouldnotreachforthewineglassormovethewineglass,butputthewineglassonthetableandwaitforthewaitertopourit.Ifyoudon'twantthewaitertopouryouadrink,touchtherimoftheglasswithyourfingertipssothewaiterknowsyoudon'twantit.TheBritishattachgreatimportancetothetasteofwine,sotheyattachgreatimportancetothecorrectholdingposture:inordertoavoidthetemperatureofthehandtoincreasethetemperatureofthewineintheglassandaffecttheflavorofthewine,thecorrectholdingglasspostureistogentlyholdthefootoftheglasswiththreefingers,thatis,usethethumb,middlefingerandindexfingertogentlyholdthefootoftheglass,andthelittlefingerisplacedonthebottomtableoftheglasstofix.AttheBritishbusinessbanquet,itshouldalsobenotedthatyoumustnotusesuckinganddrinkingwhendrinking,andthecorrectdrinkingpostureshouldbetotiltthewineglass,asifputtingwineonthetongue.Whentastingwine,youcangentlyshaketheglasstobringthewineintocontactwiththeairtoincreasethemellowflavorofthewine,butdonotshaketheglassviolently.Whendrinking,avoidthefollowingfauxpas,drinkthewinewhennottoasting,drinkwhiletalkingwhileholdingtheglass,lookatpeoplethroughtheglasswhiledrinking,printlipstickontheedgeoftheglass,etc.Britainhasbeenratedas"themostdrinkingcountry"sotheBritishinveryimportantbusinessactivities,attachgreatimportancetothechoiceofwine,mostbusinessbanquets,theBritishwillchoosetousewineorwhiskeyasthemainwine,buttheBritishwillalsochoosedifferentwinestoentertainguestsaccordingtodifferentbusinessactivities.TheBritishusuallythinkthatwineisasymbolofacountry,sotheyattachgreatimportancetotheselectionofwinevarietiesinforeignactivities.3.4GiftGivingEtiquetteInbusinessexchanges,inordertoexpressrespect,friendshipandotherlegitimategiftstoeachother,canenhancefriendship,maketherelationshipbetweenthetwosidesmoreharmonious,soitisparticularlyimportanttomastertheetiquetteofcertaingifts,choosetherightgift,giveontherightoccasion,themeaningofthegiftwillbemuchgreaterthanthevalueofthegiftitself,thisarticlefromthechoiceofgifts,gifttimingandotheraspectsofthegiftetiquette.3.4.1FormPriortoContentinChinaSinceancienttimes,Chinahashadsayingssuchas"giftsarestillexchanged"and"manypeoplearenotstrange",andgiftgivingisindispensableinpeople'sdailylifeandinterpersonalcommunication.AndBritishersarealsodiligentingivinggifts.ThisarticleselectsChinaandtheUnitedStatestodiscussthedifferencesingift-givingetiquette.InherbookBusinessEtiquette,AnnMarieSabathtalksaboutthedifferencebetweenChineseandBritishbusinessgiftsWhenitcomestogivingandreceivinggifts,themoodofChineseandBritishersisthesame,thegiverhopesthattheotherpartywillliketheirgift,andtherecipientishappytoreceivethegiftfromtheotherparty,buttheactualperformanceofChinaandtheUnitedStatesisverydifferent.Chinesetendtobeverymodestorevendemeaningtheirowngiftswhengivinggifts,evenifthegiftshavebeencarefullyselectedforalongtimeandthepriceisexpensive,theyoftensay:"Alittlethingift,pleasesmile","Buyitcasually,Idon'tknowifyoulikeitornot."Usuallythegiftisnotexplainedtoomuch,letalonepublic,somepeoplesaytotherecipienttohandittohim,andsomepeoplewillevenleavethegiftsomewhereintheroomwithoutsayingaword.Onthecontrary,whenBritishersgivegifts,eveniftheyaresmallgifts,peopleoftenintroduceandexplainthegifts,feelthattheyareverysuitableforeachother,andhopethattheotherpartycanalsolikeit.China'sdebasementofitsowngiftsisincomprehensible.3.4.2ContentPriortoForminUKInbusinessactivities,theBritishusuallypayattentiontothepracticalityofthegiftwhenchoosinggifts,suchastheotherparty'scustomersliketeaverymuch,thentheBritishwillsendsomegoodtea,suchaslikewine,willsendsomegoodwine,theBritishareinfluencedbytheirownculture,willnotpayspecialattentiontothesentimentlikeChinese,especiallycareabouttherowofgifts.Britsdonotfeelthatgiftsarecheapinforeignbusinessactivities,andtheybelievethataslongasthegiftsuitableforthecustomeristhebestgift.Atthesametime,theBritishalsoattachgreatimportancetosometaboosofgift-giving,andhavedifferentrequirementsforthereceiptofgiftsindifferentcountries,suchasinbusinessactivities,bothpartiesgenerallygivegiftsbeforeorafterthetransaction,andrarelygivegiftsinthetransactionprocess.Therightgiftcanfacilitatethesmoothrunningofyourbusinessevent.IntheUK,aslongasitisnotinalargenumberofpublicplaces,whenthehostreceivesthegift,heshouldopenthegiftinfrontofthegiver,admireortasteit,andexpresshislike,gratitude,andsometimesevenwarmlyinviteothergueststowatchittogetherandsharethejoyofreceivingthegiftwitheveryone.Afterreceivingagift,Britishersoftenwriteathank-youemailorcallafewdayslatertothankyou.Englandemphasizeself-worth,personalstruggleandself-actualization,theyaregenerallymoreconfident,excessivemodestywillbeseenashypocrisy,andtheycannotunderstandthedeliberateself-debasement.Therefore,whengivinggifts,aslongastheyarecarefullyselected,theywillgenerallybeconfidentthatthegiftstheychooseareverygoodandsuitableforeachother,sotheyoftenexplainandintroducethegifts.Therecipientwillalsoacceptitwarmlyandgenerously,andexpresshisjoyunabashedly.ChapterFourFactorsAffectingBusinessEtiquetteinChineseandBritishCommunicationinCross-culturalCommunication4.1FaithNowadays,peopleinmanycountriespracticedifferentreligions,andreligiousculturealsosubtlyaffectsthecountry'sritualculture.Whenwedobusinesswithothercountries,weshouldalsobecarefulnottoavoidpracticesthatshowourrespectforothers.4.1.1ConfucianisminChinaTheinfluenceofChineseConfuciancultureonChinese'sthinking,wordsanddeeds,andwayofdoingthingsisunmatchedbyanyculture,andConfuciancultureisalsowelldisplayedinbusinessactivities.AsoneoftheculturalsubjectsthathavebeencirculatinginChinaformorethan2,000years,Confucianismhasrichandprofoundideasandtheories.Confucianismemphasizesrespect,inferiority,andorder,soinbusinessactivities,Chinesepaygreatattentiontotherelationshipbetweenprimaryandsecondary.The"harmony"and"moderation"inConfucianismarealsoperfectlydisplayedinbusinessactivities,especiallyinbusinessnegotiations,Chinesepayattentiontoharmoniousnegotiationsandvaluepeace.TheinfluenceofChineseConfuciancultureonnegotiationactivitiesismainlyreflectedintheguidingroleofnegotiators'ideologicalconcepts.Thosewhoaregoodatbusinessnegotiation,absorbnutrientsfromChinesetraditionalculture,establishcorrectnegotiationideas,masterscientificnegotiationmethods,formrigorousnegotiationthinkingandderivationability,ChineseConfucianismnotonlyhasaveryprofoundimpactonancientbusinessnegotiations,butalsohasaveryimportantsignificanceformodernbusinessnegotiations.4.1.2ChristianityinUKInthefourthcentury,theRomanEmpireestablishedChristianityasthestatereligionofitsowncountry,andsincethenChristianityhasspreadthroughoutEurope,andChristiandoctrineandideashavegraduallybecometheideasandcornerstonesofBritishculture.Atthesametime,BritishcultureinfluencedbyChristianityisalsosubtlyaffectingBritishetiquetteandBritishbusinessetiquette.BritainisinfluencedbyChristianityandwillthinkthatthe13thandFridayareunluckynumbers,soweshouldtrytoavoidthe13thandFridayinbusinessactivitieswiththeBritish,toshowrespectforthisbusinessevent,andtoleaveagoodimpressionontheotherparty.Christianspraybeforemealsatbusinessbanquets,anditisrudeforotherpeoplenottoeatfirstwhileChristianspray.AndwhenChristianityparticipatesinbusinessactivities,itpaysgreatattentiontogrooming,elegantdress,solemndemeanor,andgoodmanners,andweneedtopaymoreattentiontogroomingwhenconductingbusinessactivitieswithChristianstoshowrespect.4.2ExoticCultureWiththediversificationanddevelopmentofworldculture,manyforeigncultureshavepouredintodifferentcountries,andtheetiquettecultureofvariouscountriesisalsodeeplyinfluencedbyforeigncultures.4.2.1IslamicCultureinChinaInthebookonCommunicationEtiquette,LiXuanyouanalyzesthedifferencesbetweenChineseandBritishbusinessetiquettefromtheperspectiveofvalues.Islam,oneoftheworld'sthreemajorreligions,begantobeintroducedfromArabiatoChinaaroundthemiddleoftheseventhcentury.Afteralongperiodofspread,developmentandevolution,IslamwithChinesecharacteristicswasgraduallyformed.Islamfocusesonhumaninteractionandplacesgreatemphasisonetiquette.WhenMuslimsmeet,theyfirstgreeteachotherandthentalk.Islampaysattentiontotitlesandopposestheuseofauspiciouswordsinnaming,suchas"rich","victorious","noble",etc.,andpreferstousewordssuchas"heavenlyservant"and"heavenlymercy".ThereforeChineseinbusinessactivities,theyalsopayattentiontotitles,Chineseoftenusehonorifics,whiletheBritishdonotpaymuchattentiontohowtoaddresseachother.Islamalsohascorrespondingetiquetteintermsofdiet,suchaspeoplewhobelieveinIslamdonoteatpork,manyChinesearealsodeeplyaffectedbythis,anddonoteatpork,sopayattentiontothechoiceoffoodatbusinessbanquets,ifsomeoneisabelieverinIslam,trynottochoosepork.4.2.2RomanCultureinUKDuringtheRomanperiod,RomanculturewasintroducedtoEngland,andtheleadersofthetimepaidgreatattentiontoeducation,advocatedtheuseofLatin,andimitatedthelifestyleoftheRomanaristocracy,andRomancultureandcustomsgraduallyinfluencedtheEnglish.Inbusinessactivities,theBritishareinfluencedbyRomancultureandpayattentiontodressetiquette,andwearthree-piecesuitstoformalbusinessevents.Whentalking,theBritishdon'tliketobestaredatallthetime,whichtheyconsiderimpolite.Atbusinessbanquets,theBritishwereinfluencedbyRomanculture,bothmenandwomenwoulddrink,andatformalbanquets,eachdishwouldbeaccompaniedbyadifferentwine.4.3ValuesTherearegreatdifferencesinvaluesbetweenChinaandtheUK,whichalsoaffectthedifferencesinbusinessetiquettebetweenChinaandtheUK.Forexample,Chinahasalwaysemphasizedcollectivism,whileBritainhasalwaysemphasizedindividualism.4.3.1CenteredontheCollectiveinChinaBusinessactivitiesarenotonlyaneconomicactivity,butalsoaculturalcollisionandcompetition.Culturaldifferencescanleadtothefailureofbusinessactivities.Chinesehasalwaysadvocatedcollectivism,whichisavaluedeeplyrootedinthebloodoftheChinesenation,soitalsoshowswellthedifferencebetweenChinesecollectivismandBritishindividualisminforeignbusinessactivities.Chineseattachesgreatimportancetoetiquetteandethicsinbusinessactivities,andisalsoverycollective,andadvocatesthateveryoneshouldobserveetiquette.Intermsofinterpersonalrelations,Chineseadvocatethatpeoplemaintainakindcharacterandcreateaharmoniousandharmoniousatmosphereofbusinessactivities,soChinararelyhasdisagreementsinbusinessactivities,letalonequarrelswitheachother.Atbusinessbanquets,weoftenadopttheformofreunion,gatheringwithforeignfriendstodiscussplans,andgen