2024届高考英语阅读理解之科普知识类介绍素材

阅读理解之科普知识类题型分析科普知识类说明文是高考阅读理解中的重难点题材，考生往往在这类文章中失分严重，因此，考生需要了解科普知识类文章的主要特点和命题方式。选材：当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。特点：结构严谨、逻辑性强。语言：文章中词汇的意义相对单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩。句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难，常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。命题：主要集中在细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题或词义猜测题，以推理判断题居多。解题策略科普知识类说明文长难句居多，题目往往是推理判断题和主旨大意题。因此，考生在扩大词汇量的同时，还需要努力增强分析长难句的能力，把握文章的主旨。具体答题策略如下：感悟真题·体验技法(2019·全国Ⅰ·C)Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon，themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物测量)technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent，thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive，though.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice(装置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem：asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(节奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser’stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus，thekeyboardcandeterminepeople’sidentities，andbyextension，whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit’sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.Italsodoesn’trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen’talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.Inastudydescribingthetechnology，theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped，withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive，plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。随着数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，对用户信息起防护作用的技术如指纹扫描等的市场正在增长，但这些技术仍然很昂贵。本文介绍了一种具有类似功能的新型低成本设备——智能键盘。28.Whydotheresearchersdevelopthesmartkeyboard?A.Toreducepressureonkeys.B.Toimproveaccuracyintyping.C.Toreplacethepasswordsystem.D.Tocutthecostofe-spaceprotection.细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Atpresent，thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive，though.”和第二段第一句“ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice(装置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem：asmartkeyboard.”可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。29.Whatmakestheinventionofthesmartkeyboardpossible?A.Computersaremucheasiertooperate.B.Fingerprintscanningtechniquesdevelopfast.C.Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.D.Datasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.细节理解题。根据第二段的“Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser’stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus，thekeyboardcandeterminepeople’sidentities...”可知，因为每个人的打字方式不同，使得智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选C。30.Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard?A.It’llbeenvironment-friendly.B.It’llreachconsumerssoon.C.It’llbemadeofplastics.D.It’llhelpspeeduptyping.细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.”可知，研究者们希望智能键盘能早日投入市场销售。故选B。随堂演练Bioprintingismedicallyandbio-technologicallyequalto3Dprinting.Byusingthesameprinciples，theaimistorapidlydeveloplivingstructuressimilartohuman-grownorgansandtissuethatcanbeusedtohealpeopleortestnewdrugs.Ofcourse，printingbiologicaltissueismuchmorecomplexthanbuildingamechanicalpart.Therearecomplexlayersofcellsinlivingtissue.Bioprintersusebioinkmadefromcells，biochemicalnutrientsandbiologicalstandstosupportcellsinanexactorder.Bioinkshavetooperateunderconditionsthataresuitableforliving，growingtissue，sotheycannotreallybeprintedattemperaturesthattopbodytemperature.Perhapsthesimplestformofbioprintingisinkjetprinting.Bioinkissprayedthroughtinytubessoithastobealmostliquidandthislimitsthebiologicalmaterialsthatcanbeprinted.Most3Dprintersoperatebysqueezingmaterialthroughapipeandbioprinterscanusesqueezingtoo，thoughcarehastobetakennottodamagecellsthroughextremeforce.Othertechniquessuchaslaser-assistedbioprintingorelectrospinning(静电纺丝)areincrediblyexactandcanbeusedwiththickerbioinks，buttheyaremoretrickytousewithlivingcellsandnotasrapidorabletocreatelargequantitiesoftissue.Oncethebioprinterhasdoneitswork，thepost-processingstagebegins.Bioreactorsystemsareoftenemployedtohelpthetissuegrowup.Theycanbeusedtocopytheforcesandbiochemicalsupportthattissueneedstogrowanddifferentiatecorrectly.Bioprintingmaybearelativelynewfieldbuttheresultssofarareencouraging.Stemcells，whichhavethepotentialtoturnintoseveraltypesofcells，arebeingusedtocreatebone.Organprintingcanimprovethehealthofsocietyingeneralbywipingouttheproblemofdiseasescausedbyorganfailure，costlytreatmentsandsocialcare.Thatpromisemaybeyearsawayfromrealizationbutrapidprototyping(原型技术)enabledbybioprintingispushingmedicaladvancesforwardatpace.语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍生物打印的所需材料、实施过程和相关用途等告诉读者生物打印的发展很有前景。1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inparagraph2referto?A.Cells. B.Bioinks.C.Nutrients. D.Biologicalstands.代词指代题。根据第二段最后一句可知，生物墨水必须在适合的条件下工作，所以它们不能在高于体表温度的状况下打印。由此可推知，画线词they指代的是生物墨水。故选B。2.Whatshouldwepayattentiontowhenusingbioprinting?A.Thesortofhumanorgans.B.Thethicknessofbioinks.C.Theforceofsqueezing.D.Theorderofcells.细节理解题。根据第三段第三句可知，生物打印机也可以通过挤压原料的方式运作，不过要注意不能过度用力，否则会损坏细胞。故选C。3.Whatcanweinferfrom