西北民族大学学位英语真题

西北民族大学学位英语真题Arapidmeansoflong-distancetransportationbecameanecessityfortheUnitedStatesassettlement(新拓居地)spreadeverfartherwestward.Theearlytrainswereimpracticalcuriosities,andforalongtimetherailroadcompaniesmetwithtroublesomemechanicalproblems.Themostseriousonesweretheconstructionofrailsabletobeartheload,andthedevelopmentofasafe,effectivestoppingsystem.Oncetheseweresolved,therailroadwasestablishedasthebestmeansoflandtransportation.By1860therewerethousandsofmilesofrailroadscrossingtheeasternmountainrangesandreachingwestwardtotheMississippi.Therewerealsoregionalsouthernandwesternlines.Thehighpointinrailroadbuildingcamewiththeconstructionofthefirsttranscontinental,system.In1862CongressauthorizedtwowesternrailroadcompaniestobuildlinesfromNebraskawestwardandfromCaliforniaeastwardtoameetingpoint,soastocompleteatranscontinentalcrossinglinkingtheAtlanticseaboardwiththePacific.TheGovernmenthelpedtherailroadsgenerouslywithmoneyandland.Acturalworkonthisprojectbeganfouryearslater.TheCentralPacificCompany,startingfromCalifornia,usedChineselabor,whiletheUnionPacificemployedcrewsofIrishlabourers.Thetwogroupsworkedatremarkablespeed,eachtryingtocoveragreaterdistancethantheother.In1869theymetataplacecalledPromontoryinwhatisnowthestateofUtah.Manyvisitorscamethereforthegreatoccasion.Therewerejoyouscelebrationsalloverthecountry,withparadesandtheringingofchurchbellstohonorthegreatachievement.TherailroadwasveryimportantinencouragingWestwardMovement.Italsohelpedbuildupindustryandfarmingbymovingrawmaterialsandbydistributingproductsrapidlytodistantmarkets.InlinkingtownsandpeopletooneanotherithelpedunifytheUnitedStates.1.ThemajorproblemswithAmerica‘srailroadsysteminthemid19thcenturylayin_______.A.lackoffinancialsupportfordevelopmentB.poorqualityrailsandunreliablestoppingsystemsC.limitedrailroadlinesD.lackofatranscontinentalrailroad2.Thebuildingofthefirsttranscontinentalsystem________.A.broughtaboutarapidgrowthofindustryandfarminginthewest.B.attractedmanyvisitorstotheconstructionsitesC.attractedlabourersfromEuropeD.encouragedpeopletotravelalloverthecountry3.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe________.A.SettlementsSpreadWestwardB.TheImportanceofRailroadsintheAmericanEconomyC.AmericanRailroadHistoryD.TheCoast-to-CoastRailroad：AVitalLink4.Theconstructionofthetranscontinentalrailroadtook________.A.3yearsB.7yearsC.4yearsD.9years5.Whatmostlikelymadepeoplethinkaboutatranscontinentalrailroad?A.Thepossibilityofgovernmentsupportforsuchatask.B.TheneedtoexploreUtah.C.Theneedtodeveloptherailroadindustryinthewest.D.Theneedtoconnecttheeastcoastwiththewest.IfyoulookcloselyatsomeoftheearlycopiesoftheDeclarationofIndependence,beyondtheflourishedsignatureofJohnHancockandtheother55menwhosignedit,youwillalsofindthenameofonewoman,MaryKatherineGoddard.Itwasshe,aBaltimoreprinter,whopublishedthefirstofficialcopiesoftheDeclaration,thefirstcopiesthatincludedthenamesofitssignersandthereforeheralded(宣布，预示)thesupportofallthirteencolonies.MaryGoddardfirstgotintoprintingattheageoftwenty-fourwhenherbrotheropenedaprintingshopinProvidence,RhodeIsland,in1762.Whenherproceededtogetintotroublewithhispartnersandcreditors,itwasMaryGoddardandhermotherwhowerelefttoruntheshop.In1765theybeganpublishingTheProvidenceGazette,aweeklynewspaper.SimilarproblemsseemedtofollowherbrotherasheopenedbusinessesinPhiladelphiaandagaininBaltimore.EachtimeMs.Goddardwasbroughtintorunthenewspapers.AfterstartingBaltimore‘sfirstnewspaper,TheMarylandJournal,in1773,herbrotherwentbroketryingtoorganizeacolonialpostalservice.Whilehewasindebtor’sprison,MaryKatherineGoddard‘snameappearedinthenewspaper’smasthead(报头)forthefirsttime.WhentheContinentalCongressfledtherefromPhiladelphiain1776,itcommissionedMs.GoddardtoprintthefirstofficialversionoftheDeclarationofIndependenceinJanuary1777.Afterprintingthedocuments,sheherselfpaidthepostriderstodelivertheDeclarationthroughoutthecolonies.DuringtheAmericanRevolution,MaryGoddardcontinuedtopublishBaltimore‘sonlynewspaper,whichonehistorianclaimedwas"secondtononeamongthecolonies."Shewasalsothecity’spostmasterfrom1775to1789——appointedbyBenjaminFranklin–andisconsideredtobethefirstwomantoholdafederalposition.6.Withwhichofthefollowingsubjectsisthepassagemainlyconcerned?A.Theaccomplishmentofafemalepublisher.B.Theweaknessesofthenewspaperindustry.C.Therightsofafemalepublisher.D.ThepublishingsystemincolonialAmerica.7.MaryGoddard‘snameappearsontheDeclarationofIndependencebecause____.A.ShehelpedwritetheoriginaldocumentB.ShepublishedthedocumentC.ShepaidtohavethedocumentprintedD.Herbrotherwasinprison8.Accordingtothepassage,MaryGoddardfirstbecameinvolvedinpublishingwhenshe____.A.wasappointedbyBenjaminFranklinB.signedtheDeclarationofIndependenceC.tookoverherbrother‘sprintingshopD.move