2020年8月自考00600高级英语试题及答案含解析

高级英语年月真题

0060020208

1、【单选题】Manymenfeeltheirbodyshapedoesn’tliveuptothe______ofthe

idealman.

pattern

sample

A:

stereotype

B:

archetype

C:

答D:案：C

解析：liveupto符合，不辜负。stereotype模式化观念或形象；老一套；刻板印象。

句意：很多男人都觉得自己的体形不符合人们心目中惯有的理想男性形象。

2、【单选题】Itisthoughtthatthe______istheworkofamonkanddatesfrom

thetwelfthcentury.

notice

remark

A:

prescription

B:

manuscript

C:

答D:案：D

解析：manuscript手稿，手稿。句意：人们认为，这份手稿可以追溯到十二世纪，是一个

和尚的作品。

3、【单选题】Despite______theWhiteHouse,theSenatevotedtodaytocutoff

theaid.

obligationsof

objectionsby

A:

dedicationsof

B:

demonstrationsby

C:

答D:案：B

解析：句意：尽管白宫反对，参议院今天投票中断援助。

4、【单选题】TheIrishgovernmentannounceditwasto______homosexuality.

legalize

recognize

A:

realize

B:

idealize

C:

答D:案：A

解析：句意：爱尔兰政府宣布将使同性恋合法化。

5、【单选题】Wouldyou______someofyoursalaryformoreholidaytime?

raise

lose

A:

sacrifice

B:

donate

C:

答D:案：C

解析：句意：你愿意牺牲一部分的薪水为了更长的假期吗？

6、【单选题】Giventhe______ofmodernmachines,thereislittlethatcannot

besuccessfullywashedathome.

sophistication

automation

A:

support

B:

efficiency

C:

答D:案：A

解析：句意：鉴于现代机器的先进程度，几乎没有什么东西是在家里洗不了的。

sophistication成熟。

7、【单选题】Fortheexperimenttobevalid,itis______torecordthedata

accurately.

convenient

feasible

A:

essential

B:

tricky

C:

答D:案：C

解析：句意：为了实验的有效性，准确的记录数据是必不可少的。itisessentialto…

做..是必不可少的。

8、【单选题】Anymanufacturerwhodoesnotconformtothestandardscould

be______undertheConsumersProtectionAct,1987.

prosecuted

criticized

A:

executed

B:

blamed

C:

答D:案：A

解析：句意：任何不符合标准的制造商都可以根据1987年《消费者保护法》被起诉。

9、【单选题】Womenstillhavetoovercomemany______togainequality.

bumps

obstacles

A:

conflicts

B:

blockades

C:

答D:案：B

解析：句意：妇女要获得平等仍需克服重重障碍。obstacle障碍。

10、【单选题】Ina______countrylikethis,nooneshouldgohungry.

distant

populous

A:

tyrannical

B:

prosperous

C:

答D:案：D

解析：句意：在这样一个繁荣的国家，没有人会挨饿。prosperous繁荣的。

11、【单选题】Thenewpresidentwasaverystrong,______characterandoneof

themostinspiringpeopleI’veeverseen.

obscure

impressive

A:

odd

B:

ruthless

C:

答D:案：B

解析：impressive令人印象深刻的。

12、【单选题】Companylosseswere50percentworsethaninthe______periodlast

year.

equivalent

corresponding

A:

relative

B:

parallel

C:

答D:案：B

解析：句意：与去年同期相比，公司亏损增加了50%。corresponding相应的，相关的。

13、【单选题】Thedoctorshave______thecauseoftheillnesstoanunknown

virus.

led

directed

A:

given

B:

attributed

C:

答D:案：D

解析：句意：医生们把这种疾病的起因归于一种未知的病毒。attributedto归因于；由

于。

14、【单选题】Herapproachishighly______andmaynotbesuitableforeveryone.

private

selfish

A:

individualistic

B:

independent

C:

答D:案：C

解析：句意：她的方法非常个人化，可能并不适合所有人。individualistic强调独特个

性的。

15、【单选题】Nancywassoabstractedthatshe_____noticedthatthetrainhad

stopped.

immediately

eventually

A:

B:

incidentally

scarcely

C:

答D:案：D

解析：句意：南希想得出了神，几乎没有注意到火车已经停了。scarcely几乎不。

16、【单选题】(1)In2004,whenDannyMeyeropenedaburgerstandnamedShake

ShackinMadisonSquarePark,itdidn'tlooklikethefoundationofaglobal

empire.Therewasjustonelocation,andMeyerwasknownforhigh-endvenues

likeGramercyTavern.Butthelinesbecamelegendary,andin2008other

outletsstartedappearing----firstinNewYork,thenintherestofthecountry,

thenasfarafieldasMoscowandDubai.Today,ShakeShackbringsinatleast

ahundredmilliondollarsayearandisplanninganI.P.O.thatcouldvalue

thecompanyatabilliondollars.Thatseemslikealotofburgers,but

Meyer'sventurewasperfectlytimedtocapitalizeonarevolutioninthefast

foodbusiness,theriseofrestaurantsknowninthetradeas“fast-casual”-

placeslikePanera,FiveGuys,andChipotle.(2)Unliketraditionalfast-food

restaurants.fast-casualsemphasizefresh,natural,andoftenlocallysourced

ingredients.(Chipotle,forinstance,triestouseonlyantibioticfreemeat.)

Perhapsasaresult,theirfoodtendstotastebetter.It'salsomoreexpensive.

TheaverageMcDonald'scustomerspendsaroundfivedollarsavisit;theaverage

Chipotlecheckismorethantwicethat.Fastcasualrestaurantsfirstappearedin

seriousnumbersinthenineteen-nineties,andthoughtheindustryisjusta

fractionofthesizeofthetraditionalfast-foodbusiness,ithasgrown

remarkablyquickly.Today,accordingtothefood-serviceconsultingfirmTechnomic,

itaccountsforthirty-fourbilliondollarsinsales.SinceChipotlewentpublic,

in2006,itsstockpricehasrisenmorethanfifteenhundredpercent.(3)The

riseofChipotleanditspeersisn'tjustabusinessstory.It'sastoryabout

incomedistribution,changesintaste,andadvancesintechnology.Formostofthe

fast-foodindustry'shistory,tastewasasecondaryconsideration.Foodwas

preparedaccordingtofactorymodel,explicitlydesignedtomaximizevolumeand

reducecosts.Chainsreliedonfrozenfoodandassembly-lineproductionmethods,

andtheiringredientscamefromindustrialsuppliers.Theywereabletoserve

enormousamountsoffoodquicklyandcheaply,evenifitwasn'tthathealthyor

tasty,andtheyenjoyedenormoussuccessinthelastquarterofthetwentieth

century.Thenumberofoutletssextupledbetween1970and2000.(4)But,evenas

thebigchainsthrived,othertrendswereemerging.Mostofthegainsfromthe

economicboomoftheeightiesandninetieswenttopeopleatthetopoftheincome

distribution.Thatcreatedacriticalmassofaffluentconsumers.Thesepeopleled

increasinglybusyworklives.Theytypicallylivedaloneorindual-income

households,sotheycookedlessandateoutalot.MichaelSilverstein,asenior

partnerattheBostonConsultingGroupandtheco-authorofthebook“Trading

Up,”hasmadeastudyofthiskindofconsumer.“Thesearen'tpeoplewith

unlimitedresources,buttheyhaveplentyofdisposableincome.Oneofthethings

they'rewillingtospendmoneyonisfoodawayfromhome.”Inthesameperiod,

affluentconsumersdevelopedaseriousinterestinfoodandbecamemore

discriminatingintheirtastes——adevelopmentoftencalled“theAmericanfood

revolution.”Wineconsumptionjumpedfiftypercentbetween1991and2005.After

theU.S.D.A.startedcertifyingfoodasorganic,in1990,salesoforganicfood

rosesteadily,andstoreslikeWholeFoodsexpandedacrossthecountry.(5)

Traditionalfast-foodchainsprettymuchignoredthesechanges.Theywerestill

doinggreatbusiness,andtheirindustrialmodelmadeithardtoappealtoanyone

whowasconcernedaboutnaturalingredientsandfreshness.Thatcreatedanopening

forfast-casualrestaurants.Youhadtensofmillionsofaffluentconsumers.They

ateoutalot.Theywerecomfortablewithfastfood,havinggrownupduringits

heyday,buttheywantedsomethingotherthanthetypicalfactory-madeburger.So,

evenasthefast-foodgiantsfocusedonkeepingpricesdown,placeslikePanera

andChipotlebegancharginghigherprices.Theircustomersneverflinched.(6)It

mightseemthatthesuccessoffast-casualwassimplyamatterofproducingthe

rightproductattherighttime.ButrestaurantslikeChipotleandFiveGuys

didn'tjustrespondtocustomerdemand;theyalsoshapedit.AsDarrenTristano,

ananalystatTechnomic,putit,“Consumersdidn'treallyknowwhattheywanted

untiltheycouldgetit.”ThearchetypeofthismodelisStarbucks.In1990,the

ideaofspendingtwodollarsforacupofcoffeeseemedabsurdtomostAmericans.

ButStarbuckschangedpeople'sideaofwhatcoffeetastedlikeandhowmuch

enjoymentcouldbegotfromit.Thenumberofgourmet-coffeedrinkersnearly

quintupledbetween1993and1999,andmanyofthemhavenowabandonedStarbucks

forevenfancieroptions.(7)AsStarbucksdidforcoffee,ChipotleandShake

Shackhavechangedpeople'sexpectationsofwhatfastfoodcanbe.Thechallenge

fortheoldchainsisthatnewexpectationsspread.Millennials,forinstance,

havebecomedevotedfastfoodcustomers.SoMcDonald'sisnowexperimentingwith

greatercustomization,andhassaidthatitwouldliketorelyentirely

on“sustainablebeef.”Thequestioniswhetheryoucaninjectanemphasis

ontasteandfreshnessintoabusinessbuiltaroundcheapnessand

convenience.Afterdecadesinwhichfast-foodchainsperfectedthe“fast”can

theynowimprovethe“food”?AccordingtoParagraph1,whichofthefollowing

canbestdescribeShakeShack?

Itwasbetterlikedabroad.

Itgotunexpectedsuccess.

A:

Itstartedinasuitableplace.

B:

Itwasopenedatarighttime.

C:

D:

答案：B

解析：由Butthelinesbecamelegendary,得出答案。

17、【单选题】(1)In2004,whenDannyMeyeropenedaburgerstandnamedShake

ShackinMadisonSquarePark,itdidn'tlooklikethefoundationofaglobal

empire.Therewasjustonelocation,andMeyerwasknownforhigh-endvenues

likeGramercyTavern.Butthelinesbecamelegendary,andin2008other

outletsstartedappearing----firstinNewYork,thenintherestofthecountry,

thenasfarafieldasMoscowandDubai.Today,ShakeShackbringsinatleast

ahundredmilliondollarsayearandisplanninganI.P.O.thatcouldvalue

thecompanyatabilliondollars.Thatseemslikealotofburgers,but

Meyer'sventurewasperfectlytimedtocapitalizeonarevolutioninthefast

foodbusiness,theriseofrestaurantsknowninthetradeas“fast-casual”-

placeslikePanera,FiveGuys,andChipotle.(2)Unliketraditionalfast-food

restaurants.fast-casualsemphasizefresh,natural,andoftenlocallysourced

ingredients.(Chipotle,forinstance,triestouseonlyantibioticfreemeat.)

Perhapsasaresult,theirfoodtendstotastebetter.It'salsomoreexpensive.

TheaverageMcDonald'scustomerspendsaroundfivedollarsavisit;theaverage

Chipotlecheckismorethantwicethat.Fastcasualrestaurantsfirstappearedin

seriousnumbersinthenineteen-nineties,andthoughtheindustryisjusta

fractionofthesizeofthetraditionalfast-foodbusiness,ithasgrown

remarkablyquickly.Today,accordingtothefood-serviceconsultingfirmTechnomic,

itaccountsforthirty-fourbilliondollarsinsales.SinceChipotlewentpublic,

in2006,itsstockpricehasrisenmorethanfifteenhundredpercent.(3)The

riseofChipotleanditspeersisn'tjustabusinessstory.It'sastoryabout

incomedistribution,changesintaste,andadvancesintechnology.Formostofthe

fast-foodindustry'shistory,tastewasasecondaryconsideration.Foodwas

preparedaccordingtofactorymodel,explicitlydesignedtomaximizevolumeand

reducecosts.Chainsreliedonfrozenfoodandassembly-lineproductionmethods,

andtheiringredientscamefromindustrialsuppliers.Theywereabletoserve

enormousamountsoffoodquicklyandcheaply,evenifitwasn'tthathealthyor

tasty,andtheyenjoyedenormoussuccessinthelastquarterofthetwentieth

century.Thenumberofoutletssextupledbetween1970and2000.(4)But,evenas

thebigchainsthrived,othertrendswereemerging.Mostofthegainsfromthe

economicboomoftheeightiesandninetieswenttopeopleatthetopoftheincome

distribution.Thatcreatedacriticalmassofaffluentconsumers.Thesepeopleled

increasinglybusyworklives.Theytypicallylivedaloneorindual-income

households,sotheycookedlessandateoutalot.MichaelSilverstein,asenior

partnerattheBostonConsultingGroupandtheco-authorofthebook“Trading

Up,”hasmadeastudyofthiskindofconsumer.“Thesearen'tpeoplewith

unlimitedresources,buttheyhaveplentyofdisposableincome.Oneofthethings

they'rewillingtospendmoneyonisfoodawayfromhome.”Inthesameperiod,

affluentconsumersdevelopedaseriousinterestinfoodandbecamemore

discriminatingintheirtastes——adevelopmentoftencalled“theAmericanfood

revolution.”Wineconsumptionjumpedfiftypercentbetween1991and2005.After

theU.S.D.A.startedcertifyingfoodasorganic,in1990,salesoforganicfood

rosesteadily,andstoreslikeWholeFoodsexpandedacrossthecountry.(5)

Traditionalfast-foodchainsprettymuchignoredthesechanges.Theywerestill

doinggreatbusiness,andtheirindustrialmodelmadeithardtoappealtoanyone

whowasconcernedaboutnaturalingredientsandfreshness.Thatcreatedanopening

forfast-casualrestaurants.Youhadtensofmillionsofaffluentconsumers.They

ateoutalot.Theywerecomfortablewithfastfood,havinggrownupduringits

heyday,buttheywantedsomethingotherthanthetypicalfactory-madeburger.So,

evenasthefast-foodgiantsfocusedonkeepingpricesdown,placeslikePanera

andChipotlebegancharginghigherprices.Theircustomersneverflinched.(6)It

mightseemthatthesuccessoffast-casualwassimplyamatterofproducingthe

rightproductattherighttime.ButrestaurantslikeChipotleandFiveGuys

didn'tjustrespondtocustomerdemand;theyalsoshapedit.AsDarrenTristano,

ananalystatTechnomic,putit,“Consumersdidn'treallyknowwhattheywanted

untiltheycouldgetit.”ThearchetypeofthismodelisStarbucks.In1990,the

ideaofspendingtwodollarsforacupofcoffeeseemedabsurdtomostAmericans.

ButStarbuckschangedpeople'sideaofwhatcoffeetastedlikeandhowmuch

enjoymentcouldbegotfromit.Thenumberofgourmet-coffeedrinkersnearly

quintupledbetween1993and1999,andmanyofthemhavenowabandonedStarbucks

forevenfancieroptions.(7)AsStarbucksdidforcoffee,ChipotleandShake

Shackhavechangedpeople'sexpectationsofwhatfastfoodcanbe.Thechallenge

fortheoldchainsisthatnewexpectationsspread.Millennials,forinstance,

havebecomedevotedfastfoodcustomers.SoMcDonald'sisnowexperimentingwith

greatercustomization,andhassaidthatitwouldliketorelyentirely

on“sustainablebeef.”Thequestioniswhetheryoucaninjectanemphasis

ontasteandfreshnessintoabusinessbuiltaroundcheapnessand

convenience.Afterdecadesinwhichfast-foodchainsperfectedthe“fast”can

theynowimprovethe“food”?Comparedwithtraditionalfast-foodrestaurants,

fast-casuals______.

insistonusingimportedingredients

concentrateonmakingmoremoney

A:

attractcustomerswithnewproducts

B:

providefoodofbettertasteathigherprices

C:

答D:案：D

解析：由Perhapsasaresult,theirfoodtendstotastebetter.It'salso

moreexpensive.得出答案。

18、【单选题】(1)In2004,whenDannyMeyeropenedaburgerstandnamedShake

ShackinMadisonSquarePark,itdidn'tlooklikethefoundationofaglobal

empire.Therewasjustonelocation,andMeyerwasknownforhigh-endvenues

likeGramercyTavern.Butthelinesbecamelegendary,andin2008other

outletsstartedappearing----firstinNewYork,thenintherestofthecountry,

thenasfarafieldasMoscowandDubai.Today,ShakeShackbringsinatleast

ahundredmilliondollarsayearandisplanninganI.P.O.thatcouldvalue

thecompanyatabilliondollars.Thatseemslikealotofburgers,but

Meyer'sventurewasperfectlytimedtocapitalizeonarevolutioninthefast

foodbusiness,theriseofrestaurantsknowninthetradeas“fast-casual”-

placeslikePanera,FiveGuys,andChipotle.(2)Unliketraditionalfast-food

restaurants.fast-casualsemphasizefresh,natural,andoftenlocallysourced

ingredients.(Chipotle,forinstance,triestouseonlyantibioticfreemeat.)

Perhapsasaresult,theirfoodtendstotastebetter.It'salsomoreexpensive.

TheaverageMcDonald'scustomerspendsaroundfivedollarsavisit;theaverage

Chipotlecheckismorethantwicethat.Fastcasualrestaurantsfirstappearedin

seriousnumbersinthenineteen-nineties,andthoughtheindustryisjusta

fractionofthesizeofthetraditionalfast-foodbusiness,ithasgrown

remarkablyquickly.Today,accordingtothefood-serviceconsultingfirmTechnomic,

itaccountsforthirty-fourbilliondollarsinsales.SinceChipotlewentpublic,

in2006,itsstockpricehasrisenmorethanfifteenhundredpercent.(3)The

riseofChipotleanditspeersisn'tjustabusinessstory.It'sastoryabout

incomedistribution,changesintaste,andadvancesintechnology.Formostofthe

fast-foodindustry'shistory,tastewasasecondaryconsideration.Foodwas

preparedaccordingtofactorymodel,explicitlydesignedtomaximizevolumeand

reducecosts.Chainsreliedonfrozenfoodandassembly-lineproductionmethods,

andtheiringredientscamefromindustrialsuppliers.Theywereabletoserve

enormousamountsoffoodquicklyandcheaply,evenifitwasn'tthathealthyor

tasty,andtheyenjoyedenormoussuccessinthelastquarterofthetwentieth

century.Thenumberofoutletssextupledbetween1970and2000.(4)But,evenas

thebigchainsthrived,othertrendswereemerging.Mostofthegainsfromthe

economicboomoftheeightiesandninetieswenttopeopleatthetopoftheincome

distribution.Thatcreatedacriticalmassofaffluentconsumers.Thesepeopleled

increasinglybusyworklives.Theytypicallylivedaloneorindual-income

households,sotheycookedlessandateoutalot.MichaelSilverstein,asenior

partnerattheBostonConsultingGroupandtheco-authorofthebook“Trading

Up,”hasmadeastudyofthiskindofconsumer.“Thesearen'tpeoplewith

unlimitedresources,buttheyhaveplentyofdisposableincome.Oneofthethings

they'rewillingtospendmoneyonisfoodawayfromhome.”Inthesameperiod,

affluentconsumersdevelopedaseriousinterestinfoodandbecamemore

discriminatingintheirtastes——adevelopmentoftencalled“theAmericanfood

revolution.”Wineconsumptionjumpedfiftypercentbetween1991and2005.After

theU.S.D.A.startedcertifyingfoodasorganic,in1990,salesoforganicfood

rosesteadily,andstoreslikeWholeFoodsexpandedacrossthecountry.(5)

Traditionalfast-foodchainsprettymuchignoredthesechanges.Theywerestill

doinggreatbusiness,andtheirindustrialmodelmadeithardtoappealtoanyone

whowasconcernedaboutnaturalingredientsandfreshness.Thatcreatedanopening

forfast-casualrestaurants.Youhadtensofmillionsofaffluentconsumers.They

ateoutalot.Theywerecomfortablewithfastfood,havinggrownupduringits

heyday,buttheywantedsomethingotherthanthetypicalfactory-madeburger.So,

evenasthefast-foodgiantsfocusedonkeepingpricesdown,placeslikePanera

andChipotlebegancharginghigherprices.Theircustomersneverflinched.(6)It

mightseemthatthesuccessoffast-casualwassimplyamatterofproducingthe

rightproductattherighttime.ButrestaurantslikeChipotleandFiveGuys

didn'tjustrespondtocustomerdemand;theyalsoshapedit.AsDarrenTristano,

ananalystatTechnomic,putit,“Consumersdidn'treallyknowwhattheywanted

untiltheycouldgetit.”ThearchetypeofthismodelisStarbucks.In1990,the

ideaofspendingtwodollarsforacupofcoffeeseemedabsurdtomostAmericans.

ButStarbuckschangedpeople'sideaofwhatcoffeetastedlikeandhowmuch

enjoymentcouldbegotfromit.Thenumberofgourmet-coffeedrinkersnearly

quintupledbetween1993and1999,andmanyofthemhavenowabandonedStarbucks

forevenfancieroptions.(7)AsStarbucksdidforcoffee,ChipotleandShake

Shackhavechangedpeople'sexpectationsofwhatfastfoodcanbe.Thechallenge

fortheoldchainsisthatnewexpectationsspread.Millennials,forinstance,

havebecomedevotedfastfoodcustomers.SoMcDonald'sisnowexperimentingwith

greatercustomization,andhassaidthatitwouldliketorelyentirely

on“sustainablebeef.”Thequestioniswhetheryoucaninjectanemphasis

ontasteandfreshnessintoabusinessbuiltaroundcheapnessand

convenience.Afterdecadesinwhichfast-foodchainsperfectedthe“fast”can

theynowimprovethe“food”?ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph3thatthe

successoffast-foodrestaurantsdependson______.

loyalcustomersandefficientservice

highertechnologyandfasterspeed

A:

moreproductionandlowercost

B:

goodqualityandauthentictaste

C:

答D:案：C

解析：由designedtomaximizevolumeandreducecosts.得出答案。

19、【单选题】(1)In2004,whenDannyMeyeropenedaburgerstandnamedShake

ShackinMadisonSquarePark,itdidn'tlooklikethefoundationofaglobal

empire.Therewasjustonelocation,andMeyerwasknownforhigh-endvenues

likeGramercyTavern.Butthelinesbecamelegendary,andin2008other

outletsstartedappearing----firstinNewYork,thenintherestofthecountry,

thenasfarafieldasMoscowandDubai.Today,ShakeShackbringsinatleast

ahundredmilliondollarsayearandisplanninganI.P.O.thatcouldvalue

thecompanyatabilliondollars.Thatseemslikealotofburgers,but

Meyer'sventurewasperfectlytimedtocapitalizeonarevolutioninthefast

foodbusiness,theriseofrestaurantsknowninthetradeas“fast-casual”-

placeslikePanera,FiveGuys,andChipotle.(2)Unliketraditionalfast-food

restaurants.fast-casualsemphasizefresh,natural,andoftenlocallysourced

ingredients.(Chipotle,forinstance,triestouseonlyantibioticfreemeat.)

Perhapsasaresult,theirfoodtendstotastebetter.It'salsomoreexpensive.

TheaverageMcDonald'scustomerspendsaroundfivedollarsavisit;theaverage

Chipotlecheckismorethantwicethat.Fastcasualrestaurantsfirstappearedin

seriousnumbersinthenineteen-nineties,andthoughtheindustryisjusta

fractionofthesizeofthetraditionalfast-foodbusiness,ithasgrown

remarkablyquickly.Today,accordingtothefood-serviceconsultingfirmTechnomic,

itaccountsforthirty-fourbilliondollarsinsales.SinceChipotlewentpublic,

in2006,itsstockpricehasrisenmorethanfifteenhundredpercent.(3)The

riseofChipotleanditspeersisn'tjustabusinessstory.It'sastoryabout

incomedistribution,changesintaste,andadvancesintechnology.Formostofthe

fast-foodindustry'shistory,tastewasasecondaryconsideration.Foodwas

preparedaccordingtofactorymodel,explicitlydesignedtomaximizevolumeand

reducecosts.Chainsreliedonfrozenfoodandassembly-lineproductionmethods,

andtheiringredientscamefromindustrialsuppliers.Theywereabletoserve

enormousamountsoffoodquicklyandcheaply,evenifitwasn'tthathealthyor

tasty,andtheyenjoyedenormoussuccessinthelastquarterofthetwentieth

century.Thenumberofoutletssextupledbetween1970and2000.(4)But,evenas

thebigchainsthrived,othertrendswereemerging.Mostofthegainsfromthe

economicboomoftheeightiesandninetieswenttopeopleatthetopoftheincome

distribution.Thatcreatedacriticalmassofaffluentconsumers.Thesepeopleled

increasinglybusyworklives.Theytypicallylivedaloneorindual-income

households,sotheycookedlessandateoutalot.MichaelSilverstein,asenior

partnerattheBostonConsultingGroupandtheco-authorofthebook“Trading

Up,”hasmadeastudyofthiskindofconsumer.“Thesearen'tpeoplewith

unlimitedresources,buttheyhaveplentyofdisposableincome.Oneofthethings

they'rewillingtospendmoneyonisfoodawayfromhome.”Inthesameperiod,

affluentconsumersdevelopedaseriousinterestinfoodandbecamemore

discriminatingintheirtastes——adevelopmentoftencalled“theAmericanfood

revolution.”Wineconsumptionjumpedfiftypercentbetween1991and2005.After

theU.S.D.A.startedcertifyingfoodasorganic,in1990,salesoforganicfood

rosesteadily,andstoreslikeWholeFoodsexpandedacrossthecountry.(5)

Traditionalfast-foodchainsprettymuchignoredthesechanges.Theywerestill

doinggreatbusiness,andtheirindustrialmodelmadeithardtoappealtoanyone

whowasconcernedaboutnaturalingredientsandfreshness.Thatcreatedanopening

forfast-casualrestaurants.Youhadtensofmillionsofaffluentconsumers.They

ateoutalot.Theywerecomfortablewithfastfood,havinggrownupduringits

heyday,buttheywantedsomethingotherthanthetypicalfactory-madeburger.So,

evenasthefast-foodgiantsfocusedonkeepingpricesdown,placeslikePanera

andChipotlebegancharginghigherprices.Theircustomersneverflinched.(6)It

mightseemthatthesuccessoffast-casualwassimplyamatterofproducingthe

rightproductattherighttime.ButrestaurantslikeChipotleandFiveGuys

didn'tjustrespondtocustomerdemand;theyalsoshapedit.AsDarrenTristano,

ananalystatTechnomic,putit,“Consumersdidn'treallyknowwhattheywanted

untiltheycouldgetit.”ThearchetypeofthismodelisStarbucks.In1990,the

ideaofspendingtwodollarsforacupofcoffeeseemedabsurdtomostAmericans.

ButStarbuckschangedpeople'sideaofwhatcoffeetastedlikeandhowmuch

enjoymentcouldbegotfromit.Thenumberofgourmet-coffeedrinkersnearly

quintupledbetween1993and1999,andmanyofthemhavenowabandonedStarbucks

forevenfancieroptions.(7)AsStarbucksdidforcoffee,ChipotleandShake

Shackhavechangedpeople'sexpectationsofwhatfastfoodcanbe.Thechallenge

fortheoldchainsisthatnewexpectationsspread.Millennials,forinstance,

havebecomedevotedfastfoodcustomers.SoMcDonald'sisnowexperimentingwith

greatercustomization,andhassaidthatitwouldliketorelyentirely

on“sustainablebeef.”Thequestioniswhetheryoucaninjectanemphasis

ontasteandfreshnessintoabusinessbuiltaroundcheapnessand

convenience.Afterdecadesinwhichfast-foodchainsperfectedthe“fast”can

theynowimprovethe“food”?InParagraph4,thephrase“disposableincome”

means______.

moneysetasideforyourpersonaluse

moneyleftafteryouhavepaidyourbills

A:

moneyleftafteryouhavepaidyourincometax

B:

moneygotfromtheextraworkyoudoinyoursparetime

C:

答D:案：C

解析：disposableincome可支配所得是由总所得扣除直接税而得。

20、【单选题】(1)In2004,whenDannyMeyeropenedaburgerstandnamedShake

ShackinMadisonSquarePark,itdidn'tlooklikethefoundationofaglobal

empire.Therewasjustonelocation,andMeyerwasknownforhigh-endvenues

likeGramercyTavern.Butthelinesbecamelegendary,andin2008other

outletsstartedappearing----firstinNewYork,thenintherestofthecountry,

thenasfarafieldasMoscowandDubai.Today,ShakeShackbringsinatleast

ahundredmilliondollarsayearandisplanninganI.P.O.thatcouldvalue

thecompanyatabilliondollars.Thatseemslikealotofburgers,but

Meyer'sventurewasperfectlytimedtocapitalizeonarevolutioninthefast

foodbusiness,theriseofrestaurantsknowninthetradeas“fast-casual”-

placeslikePanera,FiveGuys,andChipotle.(2)Unliketraditionalfast-food

restaurants