语法专题定语从句和状语从句课件高三英语一轮复习

定语从句和状语从句高考专题

定语从句定语从句是修饰主句中某一名词（短语）或代词（有时也可以修饰整个主句或主句的一部分）的从句，被修饰的对象称为先行词，一般由关系词（包括关系代词和关系副词）引导，作用相当于形容词。Ifyouhaveafriend

[

whoknowsyourheart],distancecan'tkeepyoutwoapart.先行词关系词

限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句特点起限定作用，与先行词关系紧密，不可省略，否则会造成句意不完整仅作补充或说明，若省略，句意不发生改变形式一般紧跟先行词，且中间不加逗号用逗号与主句隔开先行词名词（短语）或代词名词（短语）、代词、整个主句或主句的一部分引导词关系代词（作宾语时可省略）、关系副词关系代词（不包括that,且作宾语时不可省略）、关系副词（不包括why）示例Hehastwosisterswhoareworkinginthecity.他有两个在这座城市工作的妹妹。(他可能还有别的不在这座城市工作的妹妹)Hehastwosisters,whoareworkinginthecity.他有两个妹妹,都在这座城市工作。1.

定语从句的分类2.

关系代词关系代词用法示例that只用于引导限制性定语从句,先行词指人或物,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略Heisamanthat/whomeanswhathesays.他是一个说话算数的人。(指人,作主语)Heisnolongertheboythat/whohewastwentyyearsago.他再不是20年前的那个男孩子了。(指人,作表语)Thebook(that/which)youarereadingiswrittenbyMarkTwain.你正在读的那本书是马克·吐温写的。(指物,作宾语)Footballisagamethat/whichislikedbymostboys.足球是大多数男孩喜欢的运动。(指物,作主语)Theman(who/whom/that)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.你刚才遇见的那个人是我的老朋友。(指人,作宾语)which先行词指物,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语,作宾语时可省略who先行词指人,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略whom先行词指人,在从句中作宾语,一般可省略2.

关系代词关系代词用法示例whose先行词指人或物,在从句中作定语(可与ofwhom/which互换)Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivorswhose/ofwhomhomeshadbeendestroyed.工人们为家园被毁的幸存者修建避难所。(指人)Inthisarticle,we'lltalkaboutatypeofcomfortfoodwhose/ofwhichpowermainlyliesintheassociationsitcallstomind.在本文里,我们要讲一类治愈系食物,它的力量主要在于它所唤起的联想。(指物)2.

关系代词关系代词用法示例as引导限制性定语从句时，先行词指人或物，通常与such、thesame等连用，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语；引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词只能是整个主句SuchbooksasIhavereadareclassicalworks.我所读过的书都是些经典著作。(指物,作宾语)Mytroubleisthesameasyoursis.我的困难同你的一样。(指物,作表语)Shebecameangry,asmanycouldsee.她生气了,许多人都看得出。(非限制性定语从句)（1）that和which当先行词指物时，限制性定语从句的引导词既可以用that，又可以用which。但下列几种情况下宜用that不用which：3.

易混关系代词辨析情况示例当先行词是everything、anything、nothing、all、none、few、little、some等不定代词，或被every、any、all、some、no、little、few、much等修饰时Thereislittle

thatIcandoforyou.几乎没有什么我能为你做的了。Haveyoutakendowneverything

thatMr.Lisaid?李老师说的话你都记下来了吗?当先行词被序数词修饰时ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwasBigBen.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。（1）that和which当先行词指物时，限制性定语从句的引导词既可以用that，又可以用which。但下列几种情况下宜用that不用which：3.

易混关系代词辨析情况示例当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.这是我看过的最好的电影。当先行词被thevery、theonly等修饰时Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcarwastheonlythingthat

heowned.家里发生火灾后,那辆旧车是他唯一拥有的东西。当先行词既有人又有物时Theytalkedaboutthepeopleandthings

thattheysawinthatcountry.他们谈论在那个国家见到的人和事。

aswhich从句位置可置于句首、句中、句末从句一般只能置于先行词后先行词只能是整个主句可以是名词或代词,也可以是整个主句或主句的部分内容意义通常表示对主句内容的评论或解释,意为“正如,好像”表示对先行词的补充说明（2）as和whichas、which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，区别如下：3.

易混关系代词辨析

aswhich示例AsAristotlesaid,noonewouldchoosetolivewithoutfriends,evenifhehadallothergoods.正如亚里士多德所说:没有人愿意过百善俱全而独缺朋友的生活。(置于句首)Overeating,asisknowntoall,isthemaincauseof

obesity.众所周知,吃得过多是肥胖症的主要原因。(置于句中)Thenighthasturnedcold,asisusualaroundhere.夜晚变得很冷,这一带经常如此。(置于句末)Inthesameyear,goldwasdiscoverednearSanFrancisco,whichstartedagoldrush.同年,旧金山附近发现黄金,引发了淘金热。(先行词是整个主句)Thesun,whichhadhiddenallday,came

outinfullsplendor.整天躲在云层里的太阳又光芒四射了。(先行词是名词sun)（2）as和which3.

易混关系代词辨析当关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，常将介词置于关系代词前，构成“介词+关系代词”结构，该结构既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。先行词指人时，关系代词常用whom；先行词指物时，关系代词常用which。此时，whom和which不可省略。4.

介词+关系代词which/whomThisisthepenwithwhichIwrotetheletter.这是我写这封信用的那支钢笔。(限制性定语从句)Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasingleperson,towhomshecouldturnforhelp.在黑暗的街道上，她无人可以求助。(非限制性定语从句)关系副词用法示例when先行词通常是表示时间的词语,在从句中作时间状语(可与at/in/on/duringwhich互换)Therecomesatimewhen/inwhichtheoldmustgivewaytothenew.新旧更替的时代已经到来。Autumnistheseasonwhen/inwhichtreesshedtheirleaves.秋天是树木落叶的季节。where先行词通常是表示具体地点的词,也可以是表示抽象地点的词语(如degree、point、situation、stage等),在从句中作地点状语(可与at/inwhich互换)Inmanyoftheplaceswhere/inwhichthebutterflycanbefound,peoplearedestroyingthenaturalenvironment.在许多可以发现这种蝴蝶的地方,人们正破坏那里的自然环境。(具体地点)Shehadgottothepointwhere/atwhichshefeltthatshecould

nottakeanymore.她已经到了忍无可忍的地步。(抽象地点)Hegotintoasituationwhereitishardtodecidewhatisright

andwrong.他陷入了难以判断对错的境地。(抽象地点)5.

关系副词关系副词用法示例why先行词是reason,在从句中作原因状语(可与forwhich互换)Tellmethereasonwhy/forwhichyouwereabsentyesterday.告诉我你昨天缺席的原因。5.

关系副词1.Thestatuesfillonlyonepartoftheemperor'shugetomb,

stillhasnotbeen

completelyunearthed.(人教B1U2)2.Peopleinmoderntimescanreadtheclassicworks

werewrittenbyChinese

inancienttimes.(人教B1U5)3.

theChinesesayinggoes,“Akind-heartedpersonlivesalonglife.”(外研B3U2)4.Afterseveralmonths,Ryanhadraisedthe$2,000,with

awellwasbuilt

nearaprimaryschoolinUganda.(外研B3U2)whichthat/whichAswhich即练即清35.Overtheyears,thesystemdevelopedintodifferentforms,asitwasatime

peopleweredividedgeographically,leadingtomanyvarietiesofdialectsandcharacters.

(人教B1U5)6.InPrague,Wintonsawpeoplelivinginterribleconditionsand

liveswerein

danger.(外研B3U2)7.Thenumberofpeople

werekilledorbadlyinjuredinthequakewasmore

than400,000.(人教B1U4)8.Asyougothroughyourdailylife,youwillencountermanydifficultsituations

thingsmaygowrong.(译林XB4U1)whenwhosethat/whowhere即练即清3状语从句1.

各类状语从句的引导词分类引导词示例时间状语从句when、while、asAsitgrewdarker,itbecamecolder.天渐黑,越发冷起来了。(随着)As/Whenhefinishedthespeech,theaudienceburstintoapplause.他讲话结束的时候,听众掌声雷动。(接短暂性动词,表示动作前后发生)He'sbeenwatchingTVas/when/whilehiswifehasbeenwateringtheflowers.他妻子在浇花的时候,他一直在看电视。(接延续性动词,表示动作同时发生)before、afterHerushedoutoftheofficebeforeIrealizedwhatwashappening.我还没意识到发生了什么事,他就冲出了办公室。Thehousewasemptyaftertheymovedout.他们搬走后,这座房子就空了。四、状语从句1.

各类状语从句的引导词分类引导词示例时间状语从句till/untilShestoodtheretill/untilhepassedoutofsight.她站在那里,直到望不见他的身影。Untiltheyhadfinishedthework,theydidnotgohome.他们直到工作完成了才回家。(置于句首时,一般不用till)sinceIfeelmuchhappiersinceIstartedmynewjob.自从我开始了新工作,我感觉快活多了。onceYoucan'tcancelthecontractonceyou'vesigned.你一旦签了字就不能取消合同。四、状语从句1.

各类状语从句的引导词分类引导词示例时间状语从句assoonas、thefirsttime、themoment等ThesummerheathitmeassoonasIgotofftheflight.一下飞机,就有一股暑热袭来。Mycathaddisappearedthemomentthestormhit.暴风雨袭来的那一刻我的猫就失踪了。IfellinlovewithDream

of

the

Red

Chamber

thefirsttimeIreadit.我第一次读到《红楼梦》时就喜欢上了它。四、状语从句1.

各类状语从句的引导词分类引导词示例条件状语从句if、unlessIfwewantlight,wemustconquerdarkness.如果我们想要光明,就得征服黑暗。Ishallgotomorrowunlessitrains.如果明天不下雨,我就要走了。as/solongas、incaseAslongasyoukeepontrying,youwillsurelysucceed.只要你继续努力,你就必定会成功。IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutit.万一我忘了这件事,请提醒我。giventhat、onconditionthat等GiventhatIhaveenoughmoney,I'lltravelaroundtheworld.鉴于我有足够的钱,我要去周游世界。HeagreedtolendmehiscaronconditionthatIreturnitbytomorrow.他同意借给我他的车,但条件是在明天之前归还。四、状语从句1.

各类状语从句的引导词分类引导词示例原因状语从句because、since、asYoushouldn'tgetangryjustbecausesomepeoplespeakillofyou.不应该仅仅因为有人说你的坏话就生气。(直接原因,语气最强)Sincetheroadiswet,itmusthaverained.路是湿的,一定是下过雨了。(表示附带说明,语气弱于because)Asitwasgettinglate,Idecidedtobookintoahotel.由于天色已晚,我决定去一家旅馆住宿。(语气最弱)四、状语从句1.

各类状语从句的引导词分类引导词示例原因状语从句now(that)、inthat、considering

(that)等Now(that)theygottoknoweachotheralittlebetter,theygetalongjustfine.由于彼此之间有了进一步了解,他们相处得不错。Theoryisvaluableinthatitcanprovideadirectionforpractice.理论之所以有价值,就在于它能给实践指出方向。Considering(that)therearesomanychallengestodealwith,areyoustilloptimisticaboutthefutureofVR?考虑到需要应对这么多挑战,你对虚拟现实的未来还抱有乐观心态吗?四、状语从句1.

各类状语从句的引导词分类引导词示例让步状语从句although、though、as、whileHonestadvicebenefitsconductthough/althoughit'sunpleasanttotheear.忠言逆耳利于行。Happyas/thoughtheywere,therewassomethingmissing.尽管他们很快乐,但总缺少点什么。(as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装,though可倒可不倒)WhileI'mwillingtohelp,Idon'thavemuchtimeavailable.尽管我愿意帮忙,但是没有多少时间。(while通常置于句首)eventhough/ifTheInternethasmadeitpossibleforfriendstokeepintoucheasilyeventhough/iftheyareonoppositesidesoftheworld.即使天各一方,互联网也能使朋友轻松保持联系。四、状语从句1.

各类状语从句的引导词分类引导词示例让步状语从句疑问词+-ever、nomatter+疑问词等Youcanstayintouchwithfriendsnomatterwhereyouareorwhatyouaredoing.无论你在哪里,在做什么,都可以和朋友保持联系。Wecandownloadsoftware,documents,andimageswheneverweneed

them.在任何需要的时候,我们可以下载软件、文档和图片。四、状语从句1.

各类状语从句的引导词分类引导词示例目的状语从句sothat、inorderthatItisveryimportanttoprotectwildlivessothathumankindcanstillliveonearth.保护好野生生物极为重要,这样人类才能继续在地球上生存。(往往有情态动词)Wetalkedquietlyinorderthatweshouldnotdisturbtheotherpassengers.我们小声说话,以免打扰别的旅客。incase、forfearthat等Takeanumbrellawithyouincaseitrains.带把伞,以防下雨。Theyhidthemselvesbehindsomebushesforfearthattheenemyfoundthem.他们躲在树丛后面,以防被敌人发现。四、状语从句1.

各类状语从句的引导词分类引导词示例结果状语从句sothat、so...that、such...that等Hemadeawrongdecision,sothathalfofhislifetimewaswasted.他做了错误的决定,结果毁掉了半生。ShespokesoquietlythatIcouldhardlyhearher.她说话轻得我几乎听不见。Itisexpandingatsucharatethatwecanonlyimaginewhatitwillcompriseinthefuture.它飞速扩张,我们只能想象它将来会包含什么。方式状语从句asDoasyouwouldbedoneby.你要人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人。asif/thoughThelittleboyspokeasifhewereagrown-up.那小男孩说起话来像个大人似的。四、状语从句1.

各类状语从句的引导词分类引导词示例比较状语从句as...as...、notas/so...as...It'snotas/sosmoothasIthought.这没有我想象的那么顺利。thanThetimeavailableislessthanwehadhopedfor.可利用的时间比我们原先希望的少。地点状语从句where、wherever等Wherethereislife,thereishope.有生命就有希望。We'llgowhereveryousay.你说去哪儿我们就去哪。Imaginehersurprisewhenshesawthegoldcoinswherethestonehadbeen!想象一下,当她看到原先石头所在之处的金币时有多么惊讶!情况示例当状语从句主语与主句主语一致,且谓语中含有be动词时,常省略从句主语和be动词When(hewas)askingtheteacher,hewaspolite.他向老师问问题时很有礼貌。Sendthegoodsnowif(theyare)ready.货物如已备好,请立即邮寄。Agreatman,though(heis)dead,yetlives.伟大的人虽死犹生。当从句主语是it,且谓语中含有be动词时,常省略it和be动词I'llgotheremyselfwhen(itis)possible.可能的时候我会亲自去那里。Putacommawhere(itis)needed.在需要的地方加上逗号。Thematter,if(itis)wellhandled,willbenefitusalot.这件事如果处理得好,会对我们大有益处。有些状语从句有时会省略与主句相同的成分Ishallgoshoppingifyoudon't(go).如果你不去购物,我就去。2.

状语从句的省略温馨提示after、before、because引导的状语从句无此用法。1.MyadviserrecommendedthatIshouldsignupforadvancedliterature

IlikeEnglishandI'mgoodatit.(人教B1U1)2.

Chinaplaysagreaterroleinglobalaffairs,anincreasingnumberofinternationalstudentsarebeginningtoappreciateChina'scultureandhistorythroughthisamazinglan-guage.(人教B1U5)3.Hehadmetwonderfulteachersfromsmallvillagesduringhisearlyschoolyearsandhewasinspiredbythemtogoandteach

hewasneededthemost.(北师大B1U1）4.

itisover500yearsold,itlooksasfreshandfulloflifeasthedayitwascreated.(人教XB3U1)5.

wedon'tstopclimatechange,manyanimalsandplantsintheworldwillbe

gone.because/since/asAswhere即练即清4Although/Though/WhileIf1.Andifyoustudyfestivalscarefully,youmaybesurprisedtofind

differentculturesactuallyhavealotincommonafterall.(人教B3U1)2.Overtime,

thepopulationgrew,peoplebegancuttingfoodintosmallpiecessoitwouldcookmorequickly.3.PerhapsthebestexampleisshownbyUNESCO,

runsaprogrammethat

preventsworldculturalheritagesitesaroundtheworldfromdisappearing.(人教B2U1)4.Thesedisastersmadeeveryonesadanddisappointed,butthedesiretoexplorethe

universeneverdied.Thisis

peoplebelieveintheimportanceofcarryingon

spaceexplorationdespitethehugerisks.(人教B3U4)thatas/whenwhichbecause5.Whenthetrainarrivedatthestation,theytookataxitoLakeLouise,

the

bluewaterliterallytooktheirbreathawaywithitsexceptionalbeauty.(人教XB2U4)6.

thestudentscamefromdifferentcountries,theygotalong

quitewellinthesummercamp.7.However,whatweeatisn'tthemostimportantthing.What'simportantis

weeatitwith.(北师大B1U3)8.Itdatesbackseveralthousandyearstotheuseoflonggu—animalbonesandshellson

symbolswerecarvedbyancientChinesepeople.(人教B1U5)whereAlthough/Though/Whilewho/whomwhich9.Thereisconcern

theconstructioncompanythatbuiltthetowerblockhadnotfollowedfiresafetyrules.(译林XB2U1)10.ThemajorityofresidentsinChinatownarestillethnicChinese,manyof

donotspeakEnglishfluently.(人教B3U3)11.Attheinformationdeskattheentrance,Iaskedalady

theshoesection

was.(外研B1U2)12.Ihadbeenwaitingwithmyfellowgraduatingstudentsforthemoment

I

wouldwalkoutontothestagetoreceivemydegreecertificate.(译林XB4U4)13.Shehasthewindowopen,

colditisoutside.thatwhomwherewhenhowever14.Onewomantrippedoverthestone

herwaterpotwentcrashingtotheground.(人教B3U2)15.Theseterraces(梯田)alsoprovideaperfectenvironmentforbirdsandfish,someof

feedoninsectsthatcanharmthericecrops.(外研B1U6)16.Whetherbigorsmall,whatallourchoiceshaveincommonis

theyleadto

specificconsequences.(外研XB4U1)17.TheyarerecordingandcollectingdigitalimagesofculturalrelicsfromtheMogao

Caves,

wereakeystopalongtheSilkRoadthroughoutChina'sancienthistory.(人教B2U1)andwhichthatwhich18.Itremainstobeseen

thenewlyformedcommittee'spolicycanbeputintopractice.19.TheAmazonRiver,from

therainforestgetsitsname,iscloseto6,400kilo-metresinlength.(译林B3U1)20.Putmoresimply,whilepeoplecontinuetoargueover

ornotfattyfoodis

dangerous,wealreadyknowthatsugarisakiller.(人教XB2U3)21.Today,thecavesarejustasinternationalastheywereatthetime

people

travelledtheSilkRoad.(人教B2U1)22.Grandmapointedtothehospitalandsaid,“That's

Iwasborn.”whetherwhichwhetherwhenwhere23.Actually,thefilmyouseeonthescreenistheproductofahugeamountofhardwork,mostof

takesplacebehindthes