2025届新高考英语复习厘清句子成分和基本句型

2025届新高考英语精品复习厘清句子成分和基本句型⁠一、句子成分句子是表达思想的基本单位,句子的主要成分包括主语和谓语,次要成分包括宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语等。1.定义:主语是句子讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。主语是谓语动作的执行者或所处状态的主体。主语一般由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、从句或名词化的形容词等充当。

June

8thwasofficiallynamedbytheUNin2009asWorldOceansDay.

(名词作主语)

2009年,联合国正式将6月8日定为世界海洋日。

It

aimstoraisepeople’sawarenessofprotectingoceans.

(代词作主语)它旨在提高人们保护海洋的意识。

Listening

to

English

songsisthemostpopularway.(动词-ing形式作主语)听英语歌曲是最流行的方式。主

语2.位置:主语一般位于句首,但动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式(短语)、名词性从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在后面。(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷满分作文)Itisourhonourto

invite

you

to

give

us

a

talk

on

how

to

learn

English

well.(It作形式主语)我们很荣幸邀请您给我们做一个关于如何学好英语的访谈。

谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、主语具有的特征或所处的状态,常位于主语之后。谓语主要由动词、动词短语、系表结构等充当。谓语有时态、语态和语气的变化。谓语与主语在“人称”与“数”方面应保持一致,即主谓一致。(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷满分作文)Ibelieveyourexcellentlanguageskillswillallowyoutoshareabundantvaluablesuggestionswithus.(实义动词作谓语)

谓

语我相信您出色的语言能力会让您与我们分享大量宝贵的建议。(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷满分作文)TheEnglishprogrammeis

widely

popularamongusstudents.(系表结构作谓语)

这个英语节目在我们学生中广受欢迎。Firstofall,assmartonlinelearners,wecan

make

full

use

ofthemostextensiveeducationalresourcestobroadenthehorizons.(“情态动词＋动词短语”作谓语)首先,作为聪明的在线学习者,我们可以充分利用最广泛的教育资源来拓宽视野。

(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷满分作文)Ido

expect

Youthcanpublishmoreclassicworksandhaveapromisingfuture.

(实义动词expect前加do强调谓语动词)

我希望《青春》能出版更多的经典作品并有一个美好的未来。

⁠写出加黑部分在句中所作的句子成分。1.The

agedarewelltakencareofinthevillage.

主语

2.Greatchangeshave

taken

placeinChinasince1980.

谓语

3.Iwill

spendthissummerholidayinthecountryside.

谓语

4.Itisimpossibleforhimto

pass

the

test.

主语

主语

谓语

谓语

主语

1.定义:宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、动词不定式或相当于名词的词(短语或从句)来充当,它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么,通常放在及物动词或者介词之后,有时会有双宾语。Wecan’tthrowrubbishespeciallyplasticrubbishthere,becausemanyseaanimalseatthembymistakeandarekilledatlast.

(名词作宾语)

我们不能把垃圾尤其是塑料垃圾扔在那里,因为许多海洋动物错把它们吃掉并最终被杀死。

I’mgladtoknowthat

you’ve

come

to

learn

kung

fu

in

a

school

in

my

hometown.

(从句作宾语)我很高兴知道你来我家乡的一所学校学习功夫。

宾

语Don’tforgetto

praise

your

friendforthedeliciousfoodsheoffers.

(动词不定式短语作宾语)别忘了称赞你朋友提供的美味食物。MrSmithgavehim

a

lot

of

valuable

adviceonhowtoimprovehiswriting.

(him为间接宾语;alotofvaluableadvice为直接宾语)

史密斯先生就如何提高他的写作水平给了他许多有价值的建议。

Doctorsoftenadviseus

to

pay

more

attention

to

our

diets

and

mental

health

and

to

take

regular

examinations.

(us为宾语;topaymoreattention...examinations为宾语补足语)医生经常建议我们多注意饮食和心理健康,并定期进行检查。2.形式宾语:动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式(短语)、名词性从句作宾语,常用it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语放在后面。Somestudentsfinditdifficultto

study

English.(it作形式宾语)一些学生发现英语很难学。Mostofusthinkitnousefighting

against

each

other.(it作形式宾语)我们大多数人认为相互争斗无济于事。1.定义:宾语补足语是对宾语进行补充说明的句子成分,一般放在宾语之后。常用作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词等。“宾语＋宾语补足语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语2.复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)的结构结构注释例句宾语＋名词常用于该结构的动词有name,call,make,find,think,leave等WecalledhimPeter.Theymadehertheir

monitor.宾语＋形容词常用于该结构的动词有keep,think,believe,leave,drive,make,get,want等Wecan’tleavehimalone.Shealwayskeepsourclassroomclean.宾语＋副词常用于该结构的副词有down,up,here,there,home,in,out,anywhere等Myuncledroveushome.Whengettingthere,shefoundhimout.宾语＋介词短语介词短语作宾语补足语常表示宾语所处的状态Wefoundeverything

in

good

order.Iregardhimas

my

best

friend.结构注释例句宾语＋动词不定式三种情况:带to的动词不定式;不带to的动词不定式;带to或不带to皆可的动词不定式Thefarmeraskedusto

have

dinner.Shehelpshermother(to)

do

housework.宾语＋动词-ing形式动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时,宾语即为动词-ing形式逻辑上的主语,与宾语补足语之间为主谓关系Isawherplaying

on

the

playground.IheardTomsinging

in

the

classroom.宾语＋过去分词宾语和宾语补足语之间是动宾关系,动词-ed形式表示被动或完成Ihadmywatchstolenyesterday.Shespokeloudlytomakeherselfheard.形式宾语＋形容词动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式(短语)、名词性从句作宾语时,常用it作形式宾语Hefoundit

impossibletorise.Ithinkit

uselessarguingwithher.【点津】

句型“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”改为被动语态时,宾语补足语就变为主语补足语。The

little

boy

saw

a

girl

go

into

the

building.(省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语)→A

girl

was

seen

to

go

into

the

building

(by

the

little

boy).(动词不定式作主语a

girl的补足语)那个小男孩看见一个女孩进入了那幢大楼。1.表语位于连系动词后,用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态、性质、职业、数量、处所等。2.常见的连系动词主要有下列几种:(1)表示“状态”类:be

(am,

is,

are,

was,

were);(2)表示“持续”类:keep,

stay,

remain,

lie等;(3)表示“表象”类:seem,

appear等;(4)表示“感官”类:look,

sound,

smell,

taste,

feel;(5)表示“渐变”类:grow,

turn,

get,

go,

become,

come,

fall;(6)表示“证明”类:prove。表

语3.常用作表语的有名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词、介词短语、表语从句等。Five

years

later,

he

became

an

engineer.(名词作表语)五年后,他成了一名工程师。This

is

my

dictionary.

That

is

yours.(代词作表语)这是我的词典,那本是你的。We

must

keep

healthy.(形容词作表语)我们必须保持健康。My

aim

is

to

become

a

doctor.(动词不定式短语作表语)我的目标是成为一名医生。The

movie

is

quite

moving.(动词-ing形式作表语)这部电影非常感人。写出加黑部分在句中所作的句子成分。1.He

managed

to

finish

the

work

on

time.

宾语

2.His

wish

is

to

become

a

scientist.

表语

3.Mother

cooks

breakfast

for

us

every

day.

宾语

4.We

found

him

an

honest

person.

宾语补足语

5.He

noticed

a

man

enter

the

room.

宾语补足语

宾语

表语

宾语

宾语补足语

宾语补足语

1.定语是用于对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。单个词作定语常放在被修饰词之前(前置定语),而短语或从句作定语,往往放在被修饰词之后(后置定语)。My

best

friend

was

a

girl

who

was

called

Mary.(形容词best作前置定语,修饰名词friend;who引导的定语从句作后置定语,修饰名词girl)我最好的朋友是一位叫玛丽的姑娘。定

语2.常用作定语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、动词-ed形式、动词不定式、定语从句等。It

provides

us

with

a

good

opportunity

to

have

a

better

command

of

traditional

Chinese

culture.(动词不定式短语作后置定语)它为我们更好地了解中国传统文化提供了一个很好的机会。On

arriving

at

the

farm

located

in

the

suburb

of

our

city,we

saw

the

sea

of

vegetables,

which

included

cucumbers,

tomatoes

and

so

on.(过去分词短语作后置定语)一到位于我们城郊的农场,我们就看到蔬菜的海洋,有黄瓜、西红柿等。1.状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子,用来表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、比较、伴随等。状语一般放在句末,但有时也可以放在句首、句中。Most

of

the

students

really

respect

her

because

she

has

top

teaching

skills.大多数学生确实都很尊敬她,因为她有一流的教学技巧。状

语2.状语一般由副词、介词短语、动词-ing短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式、状语从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。Without

his

help,

we

couldn’t

have

worked

it

out.(介词短语作状语)要是没有他的帮助,我们不会解决它。To

catch

up

with

my

classmates,

I

must

study

hard.(动词不定式短语作状语)为了赶上同班同学,我必须努力学习。(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷满分作文)Youthcoversawidevarietyoftopicstoattractseniorstudents,

leading

us

into

the

outer

world.(动词-ing短语作状语)《青春》题材广泛,吸引了高年级学生,带领我们走进外面的世界。When

I

was

young,Icouldswimwell.(状语从句作状语)年轻时,我游泳很好。Hehelpedmealthough

he

didn’t

know

me.(状语从句作状语)虽然他不认识我,但是他帮助了我。

同位语是对名词或代词的进一步解释说明,且与其前面的名词或代词在语法上处于同等的地位,常位于名词或代词之后。常用作同位语的有名词、名词短语、数词、代词、同位语从句等。You

eachhaveachancetogotocollege.(代词作同位语)你们每个人都有机会上大学。We

studentsshouldputourheartintothestudy.(名词作同位语)我们学生应专心学习。Wordcamethat

our

school

is

going

to

hold

a

class

meetingwhosetopicisrelatedtotraditionalChineseculture.(从句作同位语)消息传来,我们学校将举办一次主题与中国传统文化有关的班会。同位语

单句语法填空1.Shelistenedtomecarefully

(careful)whileweweretalking.2.Thegirlwho/thatiswearingareddressismycousin.3.Hetoldmethenewsthatourteamwonthegame.4.Isthereanyscientificevidencethataperson’scharacterisreflectedintheirwritings?5.Weighing

(weigh)only96grams,theelectronicdictionaryisportableandeasytouse.carefullythatthatWeighingwho/that二、基本句型

英语中有八种基本句型:①主语＋谓语(SV);②主语＋谓语＋宾语(SVO);③主语＋连系动词＋表语(SP);④主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(SVIODO);⑤主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语(SVOC);⑥主语＋谓语＋状语(SVA);⑦主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(SVOA);⑧Therebe句型。Thedooropened.门开了。(SV)SheteachesEnglish.她教英语。(SVO)Theflowersmellssweet.(SP)这朵花闻起来很香。MrSmithlentme

his

car.→MrSmithlent

his

car

tome.(SVIODO)史密斯先生把他的车借给了我。Thenewsmadeus

very

surprised.(SVOC)这则消息使我们很吃惊。Theylivedin

Beijing.(SVA)他们住在北京。Sheputallthebookson

the

desk.(SVOA)她把所有的书都放在桌子上了。There

is

a

small

poolatthefootofthemountain.山脚下有一个小池塘。(Therebe句型)【点津】

(1)S

V

IO

DO句子结构可以是“主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语”或“主语＋谓语＋直接宾语＋to/for＋间接宾语”。(2)There

be句型中,There是引导词,本身无意义。动词be是谓语,有时态变化,也可与情态动词连用。动词be的单复数要和后面就近的主语一致。(3)分辨S

V

IO

DO和SVOC的诀窍:如果宾语与其后的成分之间存在逻辑上的主谓或主系表关系,则该动词接的是复合宾语,否则就是双宾语。写出下列句子的句型结构。1.WeneedtheInternet.

SVO

2.TheMid-AutumnFestivalisaroundthecorner.

SP

3.Thereare45studentsinourclass.

Therebe句型

4.Iwanttohaveacupofteaverymuch.

SVOA

5.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.

SVIODO SVO

SP

Therebe句型

SVOA

SVIODO Ⅰ.分析下列句子的句子成分1.Onedaysomeofmystudentsweretalkingaboutwhatwewouldliketobeinthefuture.分析:One

day作

时间状语

⁠,

some

of

my

students作

主语

⁠,were

talking

about作

谓语

⁠,

what

we

would

like

to

be

in

the

future作

宾语

⁠。2.Themeetingheldyesterdaywasimportant.分析:The

meeting作

主语

⁠;

held

yesterday作

后置定语

⁠;was作

连系动词

⁠;

important作

表语

⁠。时间状语

主语

谓语

宾语

主语

后置定语

连系动词

表语

3.Wordcamethatthemayorwouldpayavisittoourschoolnextweek.分析:本句为主谓结构,Word作

主语

⁠;came作

谓语

⁠;that

the

mayor

would

pay

a

visit

to

our

school

next

week是

同位语

⁠从句,说明主语的内容。4.Duringthesameperiod,tradealongtheSilkRoadalsoboomed.分析:介词短语During

the

same

period作

状语

⁠,

trade作

主语

⁠,介词短语along

the

Silk

Road作

后置定语

⁠,boomed作

谓语

⁠。5.PerhapsthebestwaytounderstandWesternartistolookatthedevelopmentofWesternpaintingoverthecenturies.分析:the

best

way作

主语

⁠,动词不定式短语to

understand

Western

art作

后置定语

⁠,is是

连系动词

⁠;动词不定式短语to

look

at

the

development

of

Western

painting

over

the

centuries作

表语

⁠,整个句子是一个

主系表

⁠结构。主语

谓语

同位语

状语

主语

后置定语

谓语

主语

后置定语

连系动词

表语

主系表

Ⅱ.语法填空Transformingfantasytorealityisaneverlastingthemethroughouthumanculture.InGreeklegend,thesculptorPygmalion’sloveforhisownartworkswas

1

⁠movingthatitbroughtthestatuestolife.ArtificialIntelligence(AI),

2

⁠

(similar),isbreathingnewlifeintopast

3

⁠

(work)ofart.

Recently,thegamedeveloperandartistHuWengu,

4

⁠

(know)asDGSpitzer,hasbeenpostingvideosonmanymediaplatforms,

5

⁠heusesAItechnology

6

⁠

(restore)historicalmaterialsandputhistoricalcharactersinmotion.OneofthemisaterracottawarrionfromtheQinDynasty(221-207BCE).

7

⁠

(combine)differenttypesofAI,hegeneratedarealisticimageof