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高考英语阅读方法:争论文
高考英语阅读方法:争论文
导语:阅读争论文我们要抓住论题、抓住提出的观点、给出的例证及最终得出的结论。下面就由为大家介绍高考英语阅读方法:争论文,大家一起去学习吧!
争论文的阅读方法
争论文也就是说理性的文章,一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。争论文都要提出论题、观点、供应充分的证(evidence),运用肯定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。
阅读争论文我们要抓住论题、抓住提出的观点、给出的例证及最终得出的结论。抓住了论题、抓住了观点,我们就把握了中心,再结合作为论据的.诸多事例和理由之间以及它们和观点/结论之间的内在联系,我们就能理解文章的结构。因此,阅读争论文的关键是:抓论题、抓观点。
看看下面一篇例文:
(05江苏卷E段)
Thetwentiethcenturysawgreaterchangesthananycenturybeforechangesforthebetter,changesfortheworse,changesthatbroughtalotofbenefitstohumanbeings,changesthatputmanindanger.Manythingscausedthechanges,but,inmyopinion,themostimportantwastheprogressinscience.
Scientificresearchinphysicsandbiologyhasvastlybroadenedourviews.Ithasgivenusadeeperknowledgeofthestructureofmatterandoftheuniverse,ithasbroughtusabetterunderstandingofthenatureoflifeandofitscontinuousdevelopment.Technologyintheapplicationofsciencehasmadebigadvancesthathavebenefitedusinnearlyeverypartoflife.
Thecontinuationofsuchactivitiesinthetwenty-firstcenturywillresultinevengreateradvantagestohumanbeings:inpurescience—awideranddeeperknowledgeinallfieldsoflearning;inappliedscience—amorereasonablesharingofmaterialbenefits,andbetterprotectionoftheenvironment.
Sadly,however,thereisanothersidetothepicture.Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamagetomankind.Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandproductionofweaponsofmassdestructionhascreatedarealdangertothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet.Wehaveseenthishappeninthecaseofnuclearweapons,AlthoughtheiractualusehassofaroccurredonlyintheSecondWorldWar,thenumberofnuclearweaponsthatwereproducedandmadereadyforusewassolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeenused,theresultcouldhavebeentheruinofthehumanrace,aswellasofmanykindsofanimals.
WilliamShakespearesaid.“Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn(纱线),goodandilltogether.“Theabovebriefreviewoftheapplicationofonlyonepartofhumanactivities—scienceseemstoprovewhatShakespearesaid.Butdoesithavetobeso?Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar?
解析:在第一段提出论题:Theprogressinsciencecausedthechangesinthetwentiethcentury.接下来,其次、三段提出论据:Theprogressinsciencehasbroughtusadvantagesandthecontinuationoftheprogresswillsurelyresultinevengreateradvantages.第四段从另一方面提出论据:Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamagetomankind.再接下来,按行文结构应当作出结论,但在第五段并没有干脆说出不言自明的结论(Weshouldseparatethegoodfromtheill.),而是用了几个问句:Butdoesithavetobeso?Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar?这样可引起读者对结论的深化思索,引起读者的重视。
看看下面的理解题:
72.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?
73.Fromthefourthparagraph,wecaninferthat.
A.agreatmanynuclearweaponswereactuallyusedforwar
B.alargenumberofnuclearweaponsshouldhavebeenusedforwar
C.theauthorisdoubtfulabouttheruinofhumanbeingsbynuclearweapons
D.theauthorisanxiousaboutthehugenumberofnuclearweaponsontheearth
74.Theunderlinedword“mingled”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans.
A.simpleB.mixedC.sadD.happy
75.Whatdoyouthinktheauthorismostlikelytosuggestifhecontinuestowrite?
A.Furtherapplicationofsciencetowar.
B.MorereadingofWilliamShakespeare.
C.Properuseofscienceinthenewcentury.
D.Effectivewaystoseparatethegoodfromtheill.
(参考答案:ADBD)
(05北京卷C篇)
Howcouldwepossiblythinkthatkeepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments-mostlyforentertainmentpurposes-isfairandrespectful?
Zooofficialssaytheyareconcernedaboutanimals.However,mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats(栖息地).Zoosteachpeoplethatitisacceptabletokeepanimalsbored,lonely,andfarfromtheirnaturalhomes.
Zoosclaim(声称)toeducatepeopleandsaveendangeredspecies(物种),butvisitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanythingmeaningfulabouttheanimals’naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.Zooskeepanimalsinsmallspacesorcages,andmostsignsonlymentionthespecies’name,diet,andnaturalrange(分布区).Theanimals’normalbehaviorisseldomnoticedbecausezoosdon’tusuallytakecareoftheanimals’naturalneeds.
Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,withnoprivacyandlittleopportunityformentalandphysicalexercise.Thisresultsinunusuallyandself-destructivebehaviorcalledzoochosis.Aworldwidestudyofzoosfoundthatzoochosisiscommonamonganimalskeptinsmallspacesorcages.Anotherstudyshowedthatelephantsspend22percentoftheirtimemakingrepeatedheadmovementsorbitingcagebars,andbearsspend30percentoftheirtimewalkingbackandforth,asignofunhappinessandpain.
Furthermore,mostanimalsinzoosarenotendangered.Captivebreeding(圈养繁殖)ofendangeredbigcats.Asianelephants,andotherspecieshasnotresultedintheirbeingsentbacktothewilD.Zoostalkalotabouttheircaptivebreedingprogramsbecausetheydonotwantpeopletoworryaboutaspeciesdyingout.Infact,babyanimalsalsoattractalotofpayingcustomers.Haven’tweseenenoughcompetitionstonamebabyanimals?
Actually,wewillsaveendangeredspeciesonlyifwesavetheirhabitatsandputanendtothereasonspeoplekillthem.Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktoprotectanimals’naturalhabitats.
64.Howwouldtheauthordescribetheanimals’lifeinzoos?
A.Dangerous.B.Unhappy.C.Natural.D.Easy.
65.Inthestateofzoochosis,animals_________.
A.remainincagesB.behavestrangely
C.attackotheranimalsD.enjoymovingaround
66.Whatdoestheauthortrytoargueinthepassage?
A.Zoosarenotworththepublicsupport.
B.Zoosfailintheirattempttosaveanimals.
C.Zoosshouldtreatanimalsashumanbeings.
D.Zoosuseanimalsasameansofentertainment.
67.Theauthortriestopersuadereaderstoaccepthisargumentmainlyby_________.
A.pointingoutthefaultsinwhatzoosdo
B.usingevidencehehascollectedatzoos
C.questioningthewayanimalsareprotected
D.discussingtheadvantagesofnaturalhabitats
68.Althoughhearguesagainstzoos,theauthorwouldstillagreethat__________.
A.zooshavetokeepanimalsinsmallcages
B.mostanimalsinzoosareendangeredspecies
C.someendangeredanimalsarereproducedinzoos
D.it’sacceptabletokeepanimalsawayfromtheirhabitats
(04上海卷C篇)
Weareallinterestedinequality,butwhilesomepeopletrytoprotecttheschoolandexaminationsysteminthenameofequality,other,stillinthenameofequality,wantonlytodestroyit.
Anysocietywhichisinterestedinequalityofopportunityandstandardsofachievementmustregularlytestitspupils.Thestandardsmaybechanged—noexaminationisperfect—buttohavetotestsorexaminationswouldmeantheendofequalityandofstandards.Therearegroupsofpeoplewhoopposethisviewandwhodonotbelieveeitherinexaminationsorinanycontrolsinschooloronteachers.Thiswouldmeanthateverythingwoulddependonlucksinceeverypupilwoulddependontheefficiency,thevaluesandthepurposeofeachteacher.
Withoutexaminations,employerswilllookforemployeesfromthehighlyrespectedschoolsandfromfamiliesknowntothem—aformoffavouritismwillreplaceequality.Atthemoment,thebrightchildfromanill—respectedschoolcanshowcertificatestoproveheorsheissuitableforajob,whilethelakeofcertificateindicatestheunsuitabilityofadullchildattendingawell—respectedschool.Thisdefendofexcellenceandopportunitywoulddisappearifexaminationsweretakenaway,andthebrightchildformapoorfamilywouldbeaprisonerofhisorherschool’sreputation,unabletocompeteforemploymentwiththechildfromthefavouredschool.
Theopponentsoftheexaminationsystemsuggestthatexaminationsareanevilforcebecausetheyshowdifferencesbetweenpupils.Accordingtothesepeople,theremustbenospecial,different,academicclass.Theyhaveevensuggestedthatthereshouldbenoformofdifferenceinsportoranyotherarea:alljobsorpostsshouldbefilledbyunsystematicselection.Theselectionwouldbemadebypeoplewhothemselvesareprobablyselectedbysomecomputer.
82.Theword“favouritism”inparagraph3isusedtodescribethephenomenonthat________.
A.brightchildrenalsoneedcertificatesgogetsatisfyingjobs.
B.childrenfromwell—respectedschoolstendtohavegoodjob
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