2024届高考英语阅读理解高频词汇超详细梳理（灾难类）素材

高考英语阅读理解高频词汇超详细梳理（灾难类）单词详解：1.emerge(vi.)/ɪˈmɜːdʒ/浮现,(由某种状态)脱出,(事实)显现出来例句:Rescueworkersemergedfromtherubblewithasurvivor.(救援人员带着一名幸存者从废墟中出来。)同义词:appear,surface,comeout,rise反义词:disappear,submerge搭配:emergefromsomething(从…中浮现)拓展词组:emergency(n.紧急情况),emergent(adj.紧急的)易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"immerge"(v.沉浸)混淆。例句辨析:Emerge:指从隐藏或被遮蔽的状态中出现或变得可见。Appear:指变得可见或显现出来，强调突然出现。Surface:指从水下或其他隐藏的地方浮出水面或出现。2.collapse(n.&vi.)/kəˈlæps/崩溃,倒塌,暴跌,倒塌,崩溃,瓦解,折叠例句:Thebuildingcollapsedaftertheearthquake,trappingmanypeopleinside.(地震后，这座建筑倒塌了，许多人被困在里面。)同义词:(n.)breakdown,downfall,(vi.)crumble,fallapart反义词:(n.)rise,success,(vi.)build,strengthen搭配:collapseofabuilding(建筑物倒塌),economiccollapse(经济崩溃)拓展词组:collapsible(adj.可折叠的),collapseinto(陷入)易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"collapse"(v.折叠)混淆。例句辨析:Collapse(n.):指突然的倒塌、崩溃或衰败。Collapse(v.):指倒塌、崩溃或衰弱。Breakdown:指机器、系统或人的功能失效。Downfall:指从高位或成功状态的堕落。3.infect(vt.)/ɪnˈfekt/传染,感染例句:Thevirusinfectedthousandsofpeople,causingaglobalpandemic.(这种病毒感染了成千上万的人，引发了全球大流行。)同义词:contaminate,pollute,poison反义词:disinfect,sterilize搭配:infectsomeonewithsomething(使某人感染…)拓展词组:infection(n.感染),infectious(adj.传染性的)易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"affect"(v.影响)混淆。例句辨析:Infect:指将疾病或有害物质传播给他人或物体。Contaminate:指使事物变得不纯净或不安全。Pollute:指污染环境或使环境变得不洁净。4.wreck(n.&vt.)/rek/失事,残骸,破坏,健康受损的人,破坏,造成...失事例句:Thestormcausedashipwreck,leavingthesurvivorsstrandedonadesertedisland.(风暴导致了一艘船失事，幸存者被困在一个荒岛上。)同义词:(n.)wreckage,ruins,(v.)destroy,damage反义词:(v.)build,repair搭配:shipwreck(n.海难),carwreck(n.车祸)拓展词组:wreckage(n.残骸),wrecked(adj.失事的)易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"wrack"(n.海藻)混淆。例句辨析:Wreck(n.):指失事船只或其他交通工具的残骸，或指被严重损坏的物体。Wreck(v.):指摧毁或严重损坏某物。Destroy:指彻底摧毁某物，使其无法修复。Damage:指对某物造成损害，但可能可以修复。5.spread(n.&v.)/spred/传布,伸展,扩延的,传布,推广,伸出例句:Thewildfirespreadrapidlythroughthedryforest,destroyingeverythinginitspath.(野火迅速蔓延到干燥的森林中，摧毁了沿途的一切。)同义词:(n.)extent,range,(v.)distribute,disseminate反义词:(v.)collect,gather搭配:spreadnews(传播新闻),spreaddisease(传播疾病)拓展词组:widespread(adj.普遍的),spreadout(展开)易错点拨:注意"spread"作为名词和动词的用法和含义。例句辨析:Spread(n.):指事物的范围或延伸。Spread(v.):指展开、延伸或传播。Distribute:指分发或散布。Disseminate:指传播信息或思想。6.claim(n.&vt.)/kleɪm/要求,要求权;主张,断言,声称;要求物,要求,请求；主张,声称,断言例句:Theearthquakeclaimedthelivesofthousandsofpeople.(地震夺走了成千上万人的生命。)同义词:(n.)demand,assertion,(vt.)assert,declare反义词:(vt.)deny,refute搭配:claimresponsibility(声称负责),claimcompensation(要求赔偿)拓展词组:claimant(n.索赔人),claimtofame(成名原因)易错点拨:注意"claim"作为名词和动词的用法和含义。例句辨析:Claim(n.):指要求、主张或断言。Claim(vt.):指要求、主张或声称。Demand:指强烈的要求或坚持。Assert:指自信地陈述或维护某事。7.survive(vt.&vi.)/sərˈvaɪv/比…活得长,幸免于难,艰难度过,活着,继续存在例句:Onlyafewpeoplesurvivedtheplanecrash.(只有少数人从飞机失事中幸存下来。)同义词:live,endure,outlast反义词:die,perish搭配:surviveadisaster(在灾难中幸存),survivalskills(生存技能)拓展词组:survivor(n.幸存者),survival(n.生存)易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"survive"(v.存活)混淆。例句辨析:Survive:指在危险或困难的情况下存活下来。Live:指活着，强调生命的存在。Endure:指忍受或经受住困难或痛苦。8.injure(v.)/ˈɪndʒər/伤害,使...受冤屈例句:Manypeoplewereinjuredintheexplosion.(许多人在爆炸中受伤。)同义词:hurt,wound,damage反义词:heal,cure搭配:injureoneself(受伤),beinjuredinanaccident(在事故中受伤)拓展词组:injury(n.伤害),injurious(adj.有害的)易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"ensure"(v.确保)混淆。例句辨析:Injure:指对身体造成伤害或损害。Hurt:指造成身体或情感上的痛苦。Wound:指造成伤口或伤害。9.transmit(vt.&vi.)/trænzˈmɪt/传输,传送,代代相传,传达,(以无线电或有线电的方式)发送信号例句:Thediseaseistransmittedthroughcontaminatedwater.(这种疾病通过污染的水传播。)同义词:send,convey,communicate,broadcast反义词:receive搭配:transmitinformation(传递信息),transmitadisease(传播疾病)拓展词组:transmission(n.传播),transmitter(n.发射器)易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"transform"(v.改变)混淆。例句辨析:Transmit:指发送或传递信息、能量或疾病。Send:指将某物或某人从一个地方送到另一个地方。Convey:指传递信息或思想。Communicate:指交流或传递信息。10.rescue(n.&vt.)/ˈreskjuː/援救,解救,营救队,援救,救出,营救例句:Therescueteamworkedtirelesslytosavepeopletrappedinthecollapsedbuilding.(救援队不知疲倦地工作，以拯救被困在倒塌建筑物中的人们。)同义词:save,deliver,liberate反义词:abandon,endanger搭配:rescuesomeonefromsomething(从…中救出某人)拓展词组:rescuer(n.救援人员),rescuemission(救援任务)易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"research"(n.研究)混淆。例句辨析:Rescue:指从危险或困境中拯救某人或某物。Save:指保护某人或某物免受伤害或危险。Deliver:指从危险或困境中解救某人或某物。Liberate:指使某人或某物获得自由。11.donate(vt.&vi.)/ˈdoʊneɪt/捐赠,转移(电子),捐款例句:Manypeopledonatedmoneyandsuppliestohelpthevictimsofthehurricane.(许多人捐款捐物，帮助飓风的受害者。)同义词:give,contribute,offer反义词:receive,take搭配:donatetocharity(向慈善机构捐款),donateblood(献血)拓展词组:donation(n.捐赠),donor(n.捐赠者)易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"denote"(v.表示)混淆。例句辨析:Donate:指无偿给予或贡献某物，通常用于慈善或公益事业。Give:指给予或提供某物，可以是有偿或无偿的。Contribute:指捐献或贡献，通常指为共同目标或事业做出贡献。12.accidental(adj.&n.)/ˌæksɪˈdentl/意外的,偶然的,附属的,偶然,不重要的东西,变调的临时符号例句:Thefirewascausedbyanaccidentalelectricalfault.(火灾是由意外的电路故障引起的。)同义词:unintentional,unplanned,unexpected反义词:intentional,deliberate,planned搭配:accidentaldeath(意外死亡),byaccident(偶然地)拓展词组:accident(n.事故),accidentally(adv.意外地)易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"incidental"(adj.附带的)混淆。例句辨析:Accidental:指意外的、非故意的、偶然发生的。Unintentional:指非故意的、无意的。Unplanned:指没有计划的、意外的。Unexpected:指出乎意料的、未预料到的。13.miserable(adj.)/ˈmɪzərəbl/悲惨的,痛苦的,贫乏的例句:Therefugeeswerelivinginmiserableconditions,withlittlefoodorshelter.(难民们生活在悲惨的环境中，几乎没有食物或住所。)同义词:unhappy,wretched,pitiful反义词:happy,joyful,content搭配:miserablelife(悲惨的生活),feelmiserable(感到痛苦)拓展词组:misery(n.痛苦),miserably(adv.悲惨地)易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"miserable"(adj.吝啬的)混淆。例句辨析:Miserable:指非常不快乐、痛苦或悲惨的。Unhappy:指不快乐或不满意的。Wretched:指极度痛苦或不幸的。Pitiful:指可怜的、值得同情的。14.fatal(adj.)/ˈfeɪtl/致命的,毁灭性的,决定性的例句:Thecaraccidentprovedfatalforthedriver.(这起车祸对司机来说是致命的。)同义词:deadly,lethal,mortal反义词:nonfatal,harmless搭配:fatalinjury(致命伤),fatalerror(致命错误)拓展词组:fatality(n.死亡),fatally(adv.致命地)易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"fateful"(adj.决定命运的)混淆。例句辨析:Fatal:指导致死亡或毁灭的。Deadly:指致命的、危险的、足以致命的。Lethal:指致命的、足以致死的。Mortal:指会死的、终有一死的。15.vulnerable(adj.)/ˈvʌlnərəbl/易受伤害的,有弱点的例句:Thecoastalareasarevulnerabletofloodingduringhurricanes.(沿海地区在飓风期间容易遭受洪水。)同义词:susceptible,exposed,defenseless反义词:invulnerable,protected,safe搭配:vulnerabletosomething(易受…伤害)拓展词组:vulnerability(n.弱点),vulnerably(adv.易受伤害地)易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"valuable"(adj.贵重的)混淆。例句辨析:Vulnerable:指易受伤害、攻击或批评的。Susceptible:指容易受到某种影响或感染的。Exposed:指暴露于危险或伤害之中的。Defenseless:指没有防御能力的、易受攻击的。16.voluntary(adj.&n.)/ˈvɒləntəri/自愿的,志愿的,(教堂礼拜仪式前后或进行期间的)乐器独奏例句:Manyvolunteershelpedtocleanupthedamageaftertheflood.(许多志愿者帮助清理洪水过后的损坏。)同义词:willing,intentional,deliberate,optional反义词:involuntary,forced,compulsory搭配:voluntarywork(志愿工作),voluntaryorganization(志愿组织)拓展词组:volunteer(n.志愿者),voluntarily(adv.自愿地)易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"involuntary"(adj.非自愿的)混淆。例句辨析:Voluntary:指自愿的、主动的、非强迫的。Willing:指乐意的、愿意的、自愿的。Intentional:指故意的、有意的、有目的的。Deliberate:指深思熟虑的、故意的、有计划的。17.disaster(n.)/dɪˈzɑːstər/灾难例句:Theearthquakewasamajordisaster,causingwidespreaddestructionandlossoflife.(地震是一场重大灾难，造成了广泛的破坏和人员伤亡。)同义词:catastrophe,calamity,tragedy反义词:fortune,blessing搭配:naturaldisaster(自然灾害),man-madedisaster(人为灾难)拓展词组:disastrous(adj.灾难性的),disasterrelief(救灾)易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"dessert"(n.甜点)混淆。例句辨析:Disaster:指造成重大破坏或痛苦的事件。Catastrophe:指巨大的灾难或不幸事件。Calamity:指严重的灾难或不幸事件。Tragedy:指悲惨的事件或戏剧。18.famine(n.)/ˈfæmɪn/饥荒,极度缺乏例句:Thedroughtcausedaseverefamine,leavingmanypeoplestarving.(干旱导致了严重的饥荒，许多人挨饿。)同义词:starvation,hunger,scarcity反义词:abundance,plenty搭配:faminerelief(饥荒救济),sufferfromfamine(遭受饥荒)拓展词组:N/A易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"feminine"(adj.女性的)混淆。例句辨析:Famine:指极度缺乏食物，导致widespreadhungeranddeath。Starvation:指因缺乏食物而导致的死亡或极度虚弱状态。Hunger:指对食物的渴望或需求。Scarcity:指缺乏或不足。19.destruction(n.)/dɪˈstrʌkʃən/破坏,毁灭,破坏者例句:Thehurricaneleftatrailofdestructioninitswake.(飓风过后留下一片狼藉。)同义词:devastation,ruin,demolition反义词:construction,creation搭配:causedestruction(造成破坏),massdestruction(大规模毁灭)拓展词组:destructive(adj.破坏性的),destroy(v.摧毁)易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"instruction"(n.指令)混淆。例句辨析:Destruction:指对某物造成严重损害或使其无法修复的行为或过程。Devastation:指大范围的破坏或毁灭。Ruin:指使某物或某人毁灭或衰败的状态。Demolition:指拆除建筑物或其他结构的行为。20.refugee(n.)/ˌrefjuˈdʒiː/难民,流亡者例句:Millionsofrefugeesfledtheirhomesduetothewar.(由于战争，数百万难民逃离家园。)同义词:exile,displacedperson,asylumseeker反义词:citizen,resident搭配:refugeecamp(难民营),seekrefuge(寻求庇护)拓展词组:N/A易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"refuge"(n.避难所)混淆。例句辨析:Refugee:指因战争、迫害或自然灾害而被迫逃离家园的人。Exile:指被流放或被迫离开祖国的人。Displacedperson:指因冲突或灾难而流离失所的人。Asylumseeker:指寻求庇护的人，即寻求在另一个国家获得保护的人。21.strap(n.&vt.)/stræp/绳,皮带,镣铐,皮鞭,用绳索捆扎,系住,鞭笞,磨快例句:Rescueworkersusedstrapstosecuretheinjuredpersontoastretcher.(救援人员用带子将伤者固定在担架上。)同义词:(n.)belt,band,(vt.)fasten,bind反义词:(vt.)unfasten,loosen搭配:leatherstrap(皮带),shoulderstrap(肩带)拓展词组:N/A易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"scrap"(n.碎片)混淆。例句辨析:Strap(n.):指用于捆绑或固定物体的带子或条带。Strap(vt.):指用带子或条带捆绑或固定某物。Belt:指系在腰部的带子，通常用于支撑裤子或裙子。Band:指环绕或捆绑某物的带子或条带。22.foundation(n.)/faʊnˈdeɪʃən/基础；地基；基金会；根据；创立例句:Theearthquakedamagedthefoundationsofmanybuildings.(地震损坏了许多建筑物的地基。)同义词:base,basis,groundwork反义词:N/A搭配:laythefoundation(奠定基础),charitablefoundation(慈善基金会)拓展词组:found(v.建立),founder(n.创始人)易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"fountain"(n.喷泉)混淆。例句辨析:Foundation:指建筑物或其他结构的基础或地基，也可以指组织或机构的基础。Base:指事物的底部或支撑部分。Basis:指事物的基础或根本。Groundwork:指为某事做准备或奠定基础的工作。23.welfare(n.&adj.)/ˈwelfeər/福利,社会保障,幸福,福利的例句:Thegovernmentprovideswelfareassistancetothoseinneed.(政府向有需要的人提供福利援助。)同义词:well-being,prosperity,happiness,socialsecurity反义词:misfortune,hardship搭配:childwelfare(儿童福利),socialwelfare(社会福利)拓展词组:N/A易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"farewell"(n.告别)混淆。例句辨析:Welfare:指健康、幸福和繁荣的状态，也指政府提供的社会福利。Well-being:指身体、精神和社会方面的健康和幸福状态。Prosperity:指繁荣、昌盛或成功的状态。Happiness:指快乐、幸福或满足的状态。24.flame(n.,vi.&vt.)/fleɪm/火焰,火舌,鲜红色,光辉,恋人,怀念,辱骂信息,焚烧,爆发,面红,发辱骂信息,用烟火发信号,用火对待,发辱骂信息例句:Thefirefightersbattledtheflamesforhoursbeforebringingtheblazeundercontrol.(消防队员与火焰搏斗了几个小时，才控制住火势。)同义词:(n.)fire,blaze,(vi.)burn,blaze反义词:(vi.)extinguish,quench搭配:burstintoflames(着火),flamesofpassion(激情的火焰)拓展词组:flamethrower(n.喷火器),flammable(adj.易燃的)易错点拨:注意"flame"作为名词和动词的用法和含义。例句辨析:Flame(n.):指燃烧产生的可见气体，通常呈现红色、橙色或黄色。Flame(v.):指燃烧或着火。Fire:指燃烧的物质或过程。Blaze:指大的、明亮的火焰。25.drought(n.)/draʊt/干旱例句:Thedroughtcausedcropstowitheranddie.(干旱导致庄稼枯萎死亡。)同义词:aridity,dryness,watershortage反义词:flood,downpour搭配:severedrought(严重干旱),drought-strickenarea(受旱灾地区)拓展词组:N/A易错点拨:注意拼写，不要与"draught"(n.气流)混淆。例句辨析:Drought:指长时间的干旱或缺水。Aridity:指气候干燥或土地贫瘠。Dryness:指缺乏水分或湿气的状态。25.collision(kəˈlɪʒən)-名词-碰撞，冲突例句:Thecaraccidentwascausedbyahead-oncollisionbetweentwovehicles.(这起车祸是由两车迎面相撞造成的。)Therewasacollisionofopinionsbetweenthetwogroups,leadingtoaheateddebate.(两组之间意见不合，导致了激烈的辩论。)同义词:crash,impact,clash反义词:agreement,harmony搭配:collisionwith:与...碰撞avoidacollision:避免碰撞causeacollision:造成碰撞拓展词组:mid-aircollision:空中相撞collisioncourse:碰撞的路线，不可避免的冲突易错点拨:collision通常指两个或多个物体之间的物理碰撞，也可用于比喻意见或想法的冲突。近似单词辨析:crash:指突然而猛烈的碰撞，常伴随着巨大的声响和破坏。impact:指碰撞的瞬间或碰撞产生的影响。clash:指意见、利益或文化等方面的冲突。帮助串记的例句:Thecollisionofthetwocarsresultedinaloudcrashandasignificantimpactontraffic.(两辆车的碰撞导致了巨大的声响和对交通的严重影响。)Theclashofculturesledtoacollisionofvaluesandbeliefs.(文化冲突导致了价值观和信仰的冲突。)26.charity(ˈtʃærɪti)-名词-慈善，慈善机构例句:Shedonatedalargesumofmoneytoacharitythathelpshomelesspeople.(她向一个帮助无家可归者的慈善机构捐赠了一大笔钱。)Theorganizationreliesonthecharityofotherstocontinueitswork.(该组织依靠他人的慈善事业来继续其工作。)同义词:philanthropy,benevolence,generosity反义词:selfishness,greed搭配:charityorganization:慈善机构givetocharity:捐赠给慈善机构docharitywork:做慈善工作拓展词组:charityevent:慈善活动charityshop:慈善商店易错点拨:charity既可以指抽象的慈善行为，也可以指具体的慈善机构。近似单词辨析:philanthropy:指对人类福祉的热爱和慷慨捐赠，通常规模较大。benevolence:指善意和乐于助人的品质。generosity:指慷慨大方，乐于给予。帮助串记的例句:Hisactofcharitydemonstratedhisbenevolenceandgenerosity.(他的慈善行为体现了他的善意和慷慨。)Sheisawell-knownphilanthropistwhohassupportedmanycharityorganizations.(她是一位著名的慈善家，曾支持过许多慈善机构。)27.shelter(ˈʃeltər)-名词/动词-庇护所，避难所；庇护，保护例句:Thehomelesspeoplefoundshelterfromthestorminanabandonedbuilding.(无家可归的人们在一栋废弃的建筑物中找到了躲避风暴的庇护所。)Thetreesshelteredthehousefromthestrongwinds.(树木为房屋遮挡了强风。)同义词:(名词)refuge,haven,sanctuary;(动词)protect,shield反义词:(动词)expose搭配:seekshelter:寻求庇护provideshelter:提供庇护takeshelter:躲避拓展词组:animalshelter:动物收容所bombshelter:防空洞易错点拨:shelter既可以指提供庇护的地方，也可以指庇护的行为。近似单词辨析:refuge:指为逃避危险或不愉快的事情而寻求庇护的地方。haven:指安全而平和的地方。sanctuary:指神圣不可侵犯的地方，如教堂或寺庙。帮助串记的例句:Thechurchprovidedsanctuaryforthoseseekingrefugefromthewar.(教堂为那些逃离战争的人们提供了庇护。)Theislandwasapeacefulhavenwheretheycouldfindshelterfromthestormsoflife.(这个岛屿是一个宁静的港湾，在那里他们可以找到躲避生活风暴的庇护所。)28.hazard(ˈhæzərd)-名词/动词-危险，危害;冒险例句:Smokingisaserioushazardtoyourhealth.(吸烟是对健康的一个严重危害。)Hehazardedaguessattheanswer.(他冒险猜了一下答案。)同义词:(名词)danger,risk,threat;(动词)risk,gamble反义词:(名词)safety搭配:hazardtohealth:对健康的危害environmentalhazards:环境危害hazardaguess:冒险猜测拓展词组:healthhazard:健康危害firehazard:火灾隐患易错点拨:hazard既可以指潜在的危险，也可以指冒险的行为。近似单词辨析:danger:指可能造成伤害或损失的直接威胁。risk:指潜在的损失或伤害的可能性。threat:指明示或暗示的伤害或损失的可能性。帮助串记的例句:Thedangerofthesituationwasobvious,buthedecidedtotaketheriskanyway.(情况的危险显而易见，但他还是决定冒险。)Thestormposedaseriousthreattothecoastaltowns,causingsignificanthazardsforresidents.(风暴对沿海城镇构成了严重威胁，给居民带来了重大危害。)练习：一、语法填空(10题):Manypeoplewereleft_____(home)afterthedevastatingearthquake.Therescueworkersaretryingtheirbestto_____(rescue)thetrappedminers.Thevirusquickly_____(spread)throughoutthecommunity.Thestorm_____(wreck)severalboatsintheharbor.Theaccident_____(injure)severalpassengersonthetrain.Thegovernmentisprovidingfoodand_____(shelter)forthefloodvictims.Theorganizationiscollecting_____(donate)tohelpthoseaffectedbythedisaster.Hewasluckyto_____(survive)thecaraccident.Thewarcausedwidespread_____(destroy)anddisplacement.Theriskofwildfiresincreasesduringperiodsof_____(drought).二、完成句子(5题):Thetwoplanescollidedinmid-air,resultinginatragic_____.(碰撞)Therefugeesfledtheirhomestoescapethe_____ofwar.(灾难)Aftertheflood,manypeoplewereforcedtoseek_____intemporaryshelters.(庇护)Thegovernmentissuedawarningaboutthepotential_____ofthechemicalspill.(危害)Thecharityorganizationisdedicatedtoalleviatingthesufferingcausedby_____.(饥荒)三、近义词辨析(5题):Choosethewordthatbestcompletesthesentence:The_____ofthehurricanecausedwidespreaddamage.(A)impact(B)collision(C)crashChoosethewordthatisclosestinmeaningto"hazard":(A)safety(B)risk(C)charityChoosethewordthatisclosestinmeaningto"famine":(A)drought(B)flood(C)starvationChoosethewordthatisoppositeinmeaningto"vulnerable":(A)resistant(B)accidental(C)fatalChoosethewordthatisoppositeinmeaningto"donate":(A)receive(B)claim(C)transmit四、翻译句子(5题):由于干旱，农作物歉收。救援人员正在搜寻幸存者。这场风暴给沿海城镇带来了严重破坏。这个慈善机构为无家可归者提供食物和住所。我们必须采取措施减少自然灾害的风险。五、阅读理解（一）The2010Haitiearthquakewasacatastrophicmagnitude7.0Mwearthquake,withanepicenternearthetownofLéogâne,approximately25kilometers(16miles)westofPort-au-Prince,Haiti'scapital.Theearthquakeoccurredat16:53localtime(21:53UTC)onTuesday,12January2010.By24January,atleast52aftershocksmeasuring4.5orgreaterhadbeenrecorded.Anestimatedthreemillionpeoplewereaffectedbythequake.Deathtollestimatesrangefrom100,000toabout316,000,althoughthesefiguresaredisputed.ThegovernmentofHaitiestimatedthat250,000residencesand30,000commercialbuildingshadcollapsedorwereseverelydamaged.Thenation'shistoryofnationaldebt,prejudicialtradepoliciesbyothercountries,andforeigninterventionintonationalaffairscontributedtotheexistingpovertyandpoorhousingconditionsthatincreasedthedeathtollfromthedisaster.TheearthquakecausedmajordamageinPort-au-Prince,Jacmelandothercitiesintheregion.Notablelandmarkbuildingsweresignificantlydamagedordestroyed,includingthePresidentialPalace,theNationalAssemblybuilding,thePort-au-PrinceCathedral,andthemainjail.AmongthosekilledwereArchbishopofPort-au-PrinceJosephSergeMiot,andoppositionleaderMichaGaillard.TheheadquartersoftheUnitedNationsStabilizationMissioninHaiti(MINUSTAH),locatedinthecapital,collapsed,killingmany,includingtheMission'sChief,HédiAnnabi.1.Whatwasthemagnitudeofthe2010Haitiearthquake?(A)4.5(B)5.2(C)7.0(D)25.02.Wherewastheepicenteroftheearthquakelocated?(A)Port-au-Prince(B)Jacmel(C)Léogâne(D)UnitedStates3.Whatfactorexacerbatedtheimpactoftheearthquake?(A)Haiti'swealthandstronginfrastructure(B)Haiti'shistoryofdebtandpoverty(C)Haiti'slocationinaseismicallyinactivezone(D)Haiti'seffectivedisasterpreparednessplan4.Whatwasoneoftheconsequencesoftheearthquake?(A)ThecollapseofthePresidentialPalace(B)ThestrengtheningofHaiti'seconomy(C)Thedecreaseinaftershocks(D)Theimprovementofhousingconditions5.Whatorganizationsufferedsignificantlossesintheearthquake?(A)TheWorldBank(B)TheRedCross(C)TheUnitedNations(D)TheEuropeanUnion（二）The2004IndianOceanearthquakeandtsunamioccurredat00:58:53UTCon26December,withanepicenteroffthewestcoastofSumatra,Indonesia.TheearthquakewascausedbysubductionandtriggeredaseriesofdevastatingtsunamisalongthecoastsofmostlandmassesborderingtheIndianOcean,killingover230,000peopleinfourteencountries,andinundatingcoastalcommunitieswithwavesupto30meters(100ft)high.Itwasoneofthedeadliestnaturaldisastersinrecordedhistory.Indonesiawasthehardest-hitcountry,followedbySriLanka,India,andThailand.Thedirectresultscausedmajordisruptionstolivingconditionsandcommerceincoastalprovincesofsurroundingcountries,includingAceh(Indonesia),SriLanka,TamilNadu(India),andKhaoLak(Thailand).Theearthquakewasthethird-largesteverrecordedonaseismographandhadthelongestdurationoffaultingeverobserved,betweeneightandtenminutes.Itcausedtheplanettovibrateasmuchas1centimeter(0.4inches)andtriggeredotherearthquakesasfarawayasAlaska.Theplightoftheaffectedpeopleandcountriespromptedaworldwidehumanitarianresponse.Inall,theworldwidecommunitydonatedmorethan$14billion(2004US$)inhumanitarianaid.TheeventisknownbythescientificcommunityastheSumatra–Andamanearthquake.1.Whatcausedthe2004IndianOceantsunami?(A)Avolcaniceruption(B)Ahurricane(C)Alandslide(D)Anearthquake2.Whatcountriesweremostaffectedbythetsunami?(A)Indonesia,SriLanka,India,andThailand(B)Japan,China,andKorea(C)AustraliaandNewZealand(D)UnitedStatesandCanada3.Whatwastheimpactofthetsunamiontheaffectedregions?(A)Improvedinfrastructure(B)Economicgrowth(C)Disruptionstolivingconditionsandcommerce(D)Increasedtourism4.Howdidtheinternationalcommunityrespondtothedisaster?(A)Withindifference(B)Withmilitaryintervention(C)Withhumanitarianaid(D)Withtradesanctions5.Whatwasuniqueaboutthe2004earthquake?(A)Itwasthesmallestearthquakeeverrecorded.(B)Ithadtheshortestdurationoffaultingeverobserved.(C)Itcausedtheplanettoshrink.(D)Ithadthelongestdurationoffaultingeverobserved.（三）TheChernobyldisasterwasanuclearaccidentthatoccurredon26April1986attheNo.4reactorintheChernobylNuclearPowerPlant,nearthecityofPripyatinthenorthoftheUkrainianSSRintheSovietUnion.Itisconsideredtheworstnucleardisasterinhistorybothincostandcasualties.Thedisasterbeganduringasystemstestatlowpower,whichsimulatedastationblackoutpower-failure,inthecourseofwhichbothemergencysafetyandpower-regulatingsystemswereintentionallyturnedoff.Acombinationofinherentreactordesignflawsandthereactoroperatorsarrangingthecoreinamannercontrarytothechecklistforthetest,eventuallyresultedinuncontrolledreactionconditions.Waterflashedintosteamgeneratingadestructivesteamexplosionandasubsequentopen-airgraphitefire.Thefiresentaplumeofhighlyradioactivefalloutintotheatmosphereandoveranextensivegeographicalarea,includingPripyat.TheplumedriftedoverlargepartsofthewesternSovietUnionandEurope.Accordingtoofficialpost-Sovietdata,about60%oftheradioactivefalloutlandedinBelarus.Thedisastercausedthedeathsof31peopleintheimmediateaftermathandforcedtheevacuationof116,000peoplefromthesurroundingareas,creatinga30km(19mi)exclusionzonearoundtheplant.Long-termeffectssuchascancersarestillbeinginvestigatedanddebated.1.WhatcausedtheChernobyldisaster?(A)Anaturaldisasterlikeanearthquake(B)Anuclearaccident(C)Aterroristattack(D)Aplanecrash2.WheredidtheChernobyldisasteroccur?(A)Russia(B)Ukraine(C)Belarus(D)Poland3.Whatweretheimmediateconsequencesofthedisaster?(A)Economicgrowthintheregion(B)Deaths,evacuations,andradioactivefallout(C)Anincreaseintourism(D)Improvedenvironmentalconditions4.Whatisstillbeinginvestigated?(A)Thecauseoftheaccident(B)Thelocationofthepowerplant(C)Theshort-termeffectsofthedisaster(D)Thelong-termhealtheffectsofthedisaster5.WhatwastheChernobyldisasterconsidered?(A)Aminorincidentwithnolastingconsequences(B)Theworstnucleardisasterinhistory(C)Apositiveeventthatledtoadvancementsinnucleartechnology(D)Afictionaleventportrayedinmoviesandbooks参考答案：一、语法填空homeless-形容词，意为“无家可归的”。rescue-动词，意为“营救，救援”。spread-动词，意为“传播，蔓延”。wrecked-动词过去式，意为“破坏，使失事”。injured-动词过去式，意为“伤害”。shelter-名词，意为“庇护所，住所”。donations-名词复数，意为“捐赠，捐款”。survive-动词，意为“幸存，存活下来”。destruction-名词，意为“破坏，毁灭”。drought-名词，意为“干旱”。二、完成句子collision-名词，意为“碰撞”。disaster-名词，意为“灾难”。shelter-名词，意为“庇护，保护”。hazards-名词复数，意为“危险，危害”。famine-名词，意为“饥荒”。三、近义词辨析(A)impact-impact指碰撞产生的影响，强调后果。(B)risk-hazard和risk都有“危险”的意思，但hazard更强调潜在的危险性，risk则强调可能遭受损失的可能性。(C)starvation-famine和starvation都有“饥荒”的意思，但famine更强调食物的极度缺乏，starvation则强调因饥饿而死亡的状态。(A)resistant-vulnerable指“易受伤害的”，resistant指“抵抗力强的，不易受伤害的”。(A)receive-donate指“捐赠”，receive指“接收”。四、翻译句子Thedroughtcausedacropfailure.Therescuersaresearchingforsurvivors.Thestormcausedseveredamageto