中山大学外国语学院《638基础英语》历年考研真题及详解

目录

2003年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解

2004年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解

2005年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解

2006年中山大学外国语学院348基础英语考研真题及详解

2007年中山大学外国语学院738基础英语考研真题及详解

2008年中山大学外国语学院616基础英语考研真题及详解

2009年中山大学外国语学院628基础英语考研真题及详解

2010年中山大学外国语学院622基础英语考研真题及详解

2011年中山大学外国语学院632基础英语考研真题及详解

2012年中山大学外国语学院632基础英语考研真题及详解

2013年中山大学外国语学院637基础英语考研真题及详解

2014年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解

2015年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解

2016年中山大学外国语学院637基础英语考研真题及详解

2017年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解

2018年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解

2003年中山大学外国语学院352基

础英语考研真题及详解

Ⅰ.Reading(30%)

GreenWaveWashesOverMainstreamShopping

ResearchinBritainhasshownthat“greenconsumers”continueto

flourishasasignificantgroupamongshoppers.Thissuggeststhatpoliticians

whoclaimenvironmentalismisyesterday’sissuemaybeseriously

misjudgingthepublicmood.

AreportfromMintel,themarketresearchorganization,saysthatdespite

recessionandfinancialpressures,morepeoplethaneverwanttobuy

environmentallyfriendlyproductsanda“greenwave”hassweptthrough

consumerism,takinginpeoplepreviouslyuntouchedbyenvironmental

concerns.Therecentlypublishedreportalsopredictsthattheprocesswill

repeatitselfwith“ethical”concerns,involvingissuessuchasfairtradewith

theThirdWorldandthesocialrecordofbusinesses.Companieswillhaveto

bemorehonestandopeninresponsetothismood.

Mintel’ssurvey,basedonnearly1,000consumers,foundthatthe

proportionwholookforgreenproductsandarepreparedtopaymorefor

themhasclimbedfrom53percentin1990toaround60percentin1994.On

average,theywillpay13percentmoreforsuchproducts,althoughthis

percentageishigheramongwomen,managerialandprofessionalgroupsand

thoseaged35to44.

Between1990and1994theproportionofconsumersclaimingtobe

unawareoforunconcernedaboutgreenissuesfellfrom18to10percentbut

thenumberofgreenspenderamongolderpeopleandmanualworkershas

risensubstantially.RegionssuchasScotlandhavealsocaughtupwiththe

southofEnglandintheirenvironmentalconcerns.AccordingtoMintel,the

imageofgreenconsumerismasassociatedinthepastwiththemoreeccentric

membersofsocietyhasvirtuallydisappeared.Theconsumerresearch

managerforMintel,AngelaHughes,saidithadbecomefirmlyestablishedas

amainstreammarket.Sheexplainedthatasfarastheaveragepersonis

concernedenvironmentalismhasnot“goneofftheboil”.Infact,ithasspread

acrossamuchwiderrangeofconsumergroups,agesandoccupations.

Mintel’s1994surveyfoundthat13percentofconsumersare“verydark

green”,nearlyalwaysbuyingenvironmentallyfriendlyproducts,28percent

are“darkgreen”,trying“asfaraspossible”tobuysuchproducts,and21

percentare“palegreen”tendingtobuygreenproductsiftheyseethem.

Another26percentare“armchairgreens”;theysaidtheycareabout

environmentalissuesbuttheirconcerndoesnotaffecttheirspendinghabits.

Only10percentsaytheydonotcareaboutgreenissues.

Fourintenpeopleare“ethicalspenders”,buyinggoodswhichdonot,

forexample,involvedealingswithoppressiveregimes.Thisfigureisthe

sameasin1990,althoughthenumberof“armchairethicals”hasrisenfrom

28to35percentandonly22percentsaytheyare,unconcernednow,against

30percentin1990.Hughesclaimsthatinthetwenty-firstcentury,consumers

willbeencouragedtothinkmoreabouttheentirehistoryoftheproductsand

servicestheybuy,includingthepoliciesofthecompaniesthatprovidethem

andthatthiswillrequireagreaterdegreeofhonestywithconsumers.

Amonggreenconsumers,animaltestingisthetopissue—48percent

saidtheywouldbedeterredfrombuyingaproductifithadbeentestedon

animals—followedbyconcernsregardingirresponsibleselling,theozone

layer,riverandseapollution,forestdestruction,recyclingandfactorfarming.

However,concernforspecificissuesislowerthanin1990,suggestingthat

manyconsumersfeelthatGovernmentandbusinesshavetakenonthe

environmentalagenda.

Questions1-6

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterofthe

passage?InyouranswerbookletwriteYES,NO,orNOTGIVENforeach

statement.

1.Theresearchfindingsreportcommercialratherthanpoliticaltrends.

2.Beingfinanciallybetteroffhasmadeshoppersmoresensitiveto

buying‘green’.

3.Themajorityofshoppersarepreparedtopaymoreforthebenefitof

theenvironmentaccordingtotheresearchfindings.

4.Consumers’greenshoppinghabitsareinfluencedbyMintel’s

findings.

5.Mintelhaslimitedtheirinvestigationtoprofessionalandmanagerial

groups.

6.Mintelundertakesmarketsurveysonanannualbasis.

【答案与解析】

1.YES

(文章通篇没有多提政治，除了第一段“politiciansclaims

environmentalismisyesterday’sissue”，本文更多的是从消费者的角度来

讨论这一问题的。故答案为YES。)

2.NO

(根据文章第二段可知“despiterecessionandfinancialpressures,more

peoplethaneverwanttobuyenvironmentallyfriendlyproductsanda“green

wave”hassweptthroughconsumerism”，即：尽管经济衰退且金融面临压

力，但越来越多的人想要购买环保产品，“绿色浪潮”席卷了消费主义。

由此可见，绿色消费的潮流和经济发展没有很大关系，故答案为NO。)

3.YES

(文章开篇就提到“ResearchinBritainhasshownthat“green

consumers”continuetoflourishasasignificantgroupamongshoppers”，

即“绿色消费者”在购物者中成为一个重要的活跃群体，表明绿色消费的

人越来越多。根据第三段“theproportionwholookforgreenproductsand

arepreparedtopaymoreforthemhasclimbedfrom53percentin1990to

around60percentin1994”，在随机抽查的消费者中60%的人都准备为绿

色产品支付更多的钱。随机抽查的消费者可以代表全体消费者的一种倾

向，故答案为YES。)

4.NOTGIVEN

(本文只是描述了人们对绿色食品感兴趣的趋势，并提出了人们出

于道德关注而钟爱绿色食品。Mintel的报告只是一种总结，并没有告知

该报告是否对消费者的行为产生影响，故答案为NOTGIVEN。)

5.NO

(根据文章第三段可知“Onaverage,theywillpay13percentmorefor

suchproducts,althoughthispercentageishigheramongwomen,managerial

andprofessionalgroupsandthoseaged35to44”，即：平均而言，对于这

类产品他们将多支付13%的费用，尽管这个比重在妇女、管理和专业团

体以及35岁至44岁的人群中更高。很明显题干中只提到了管理和专业团

体，并列信息缺失，因此答案为NO。)

6.NOTGIVEN

(文章通篇都是将1994年的调查结果和1990年的消费数据作对比，

但并未提到该调查是否每年都进行，因此答案为NOTGIVEN。)

Questions7-8:

Answerthefollowingquestionsinyourownwords

7.Whatdoes“ethicalspender”mean?

8.What’sthepurposeofthewriterwhopublicizesthisreportof

findings?

【答案与解析】

7.“Ethicalspender”meanstheconsumerswhobuygoodswhichdonot

involvedealingswithoppressiveregimes..

(根据关键词“ethicalspender”，回归原文寻找并整合相关信息。)

8.Thepurposeofthewriteristoreflecttherealpublicmoodabout

greenconsumptionandgetsomeinspirationfromgreenconsumptioninthe

past.

(根据短文的意思，来判断作者写文章的主要目的。)

Questions9-12

Completethesummaryusingthewordsbelow.Therearemoreanswers

thanspaces,soyouwillnotusethemall.

TheMintelreportsuggeststhatinfuturecompanieswillbeforcedto

practicegreater(9)_______intheirdealingsbecauseoftheincreased

awarenessamongst(10)_______ofethicalissuesThispredictionis

supportedbythegrowthinthenumberof(11)_______identifiedinthemost

recentsurveypublished.Asaconsequence,itisfeltthatcompanieswillhave

tothinkmorecarefullyabouttheir(12)_______.

【答案与解析】

9.honestyandopenness

（根据第二段结尾“Companieswillhavetobemorehonestandopenin

responsetothismood”可知，在绿色消费不断受到公众支持的今天，面对

这种趋势，企业应当更加诚实且开放。因此答案为honestyand

openness。）

10.consumers

（根据文章第四段可知“Between1990and1994theproportionof

consumersclaimingtobeunawareoforunconcernedaboutgreenissuesfell

from18to10percent”，表明消费者对于环境问题的意识在不断增强，因

此答案为consumers。）

11.environmentalists

（分析题干含义，数量的增长只能是具体的、可数的人或事物，且

根据后半句的定语可知，所填的内容应当是“最近所公布的调查结果中

被认可的”的内容，因此答案就只能在ethicalspenders，politicians,

armchairethicals，environmentalists,consumers中选择。politicians和

consumers范围太大，与identified不符；armchairethicals在题中的位置出

现了“although”，表明其消极含义，与题干中的“support”不符；根据文

章可知“Sheexplainedthatasfarastheaveragepersonisconcerned

environmentalismhasnot“goneofftheboil”.Infact,ithasspreadacrossa

muchwiderrangeofconsumergroups,agesandoccupations”，表明越来越

多的人都在关注环境保护，环境保护主义者在众多消费群体、年龄及职

业中都有扩展。故答案为environmentalists。）

12.socialrecord

（题干关键词是“company”，回归原文，可以发现，除了第二段结尾

处之外，第六段中“consumerswillbeencouragedtothinkmoreaboutthe

entirehistoryoftheproductsandservicestheybuy,includingthepoliciesof

thecompaniesthatprovidethemandthatthiswillrequireagreaterdegreeof

honestywithconsumers”表明关于所购产品及服务，消费者需要考虑更

多，包括生产企业的政策，这需要企业对消费者诚实。因此，企业需要

慎重对待他们的社会记录。故答案为socialrecord。）

Ⅱ.Englishcomposition(30%)

以下是对竞争和合作的两种看法。请用英语写一篇约400个单词的

短文，比较两种观点，并提出你自己的观点。

甲：社会在新陈代谢的竞争中实现，文明在挑战与应战的循环中发

展。

竞争不仅是社会运动内在矛盾的体现，更是现代社会的根本动力。

现代生产力的提高正是基于竞争压力所带来的制度创新和技术创新。经

济增长作为竞争性的发展过程，导致组织与组织，国家与国家之间竞争

力的变换，你追我赶的发展竞争可使落后成为先进，也可使先进沦为落

后。社会就是遵循这种永恒的竞争法则走向现代，走向未来。

乙：生产力与科学技术高度发达，人类改造自然的能力空前提高。

在历史上任何一个时期，人类从未像今天这样强大，强大到可以上九天

揽月，下五洋抓鳖。然而人类也从未像现在一样脆弱，脆弱到手指轻轻

一点，地球将迎来寂静的春天。科学技术发展到今天，这把双刃剑的两

面都已是无比的锋利。面对恐怖的阴云，人类的理性在发出声声呼唤。

合作，只有实现全球的合作，才能让人间多一分奇迹，让世界少一分恐

慌。联合国大厦前那“化剑为犁”的巨型雕像，不正是人类防止自我毁灭

的理性象征吗？

【参考作文】

CompetitionandCooperation

Competitionandcooperationexistinalmosteveryfieldwitha

backgroundoftherapiddevelopmentofmodernsociety.Itisafamiliartopic

forpeople:whichoneismoreimportant?Cooperationorcompetition?The

answermayvaryfromonetoanother.Somepeopleholdtheviewthat

competitionisoneofthemotivestopromotetherapiddevelopmentof

modernsociety.Thecompetitionbringspressuretopeople,accelerating

institutionalandtechnologicalinnovationwhichplaysacrucialroleinthe

improvementofproductivity.Thecompetitivenessineconomicgrowtheven

hasaprofoundinfluenceonthedestinyofanation.Itiscompetitionthat

shapestheworld.Inaddition,otherpeoplethinkthatcooperationismore

importantbecauseitisessentialforthelong-termdevelopmentofhuman

beings.Fromtheperspectiveofhistoryandreality,peoplecanonlysurvive

tremendousnaturaldisastersandenjoypeaceinsteadofself-destruction

throughcooperation.Thereisnodenyingthatbothoftheseviewsarebased

onfactsandshowuspersuasiveexplanationsaboutcompetitionand

cooperation.

AsfarasIamconcerned,competitionandcooperationaretwoconcepts

thatareinseparable,andwhatweshoulddoistomakeabalancebetween

themindealingwithproblems.Cooperationisanecessaryguaranteefor

successwhichisthegoalforcompetitors.Thepressureofcompetitionoften

urgespeopletocooperatewitheachotherinordertoobtainmoreresources.

Intheprocessofcooperation,partnersandstrategiesmustbecarefully

chosen.Ontheonehand,theindividualpowerisgatheredtogether,making

thegroupstrongertocompetewithothergroups;ontheotherhand,the

individualcanalsoovercomeitsweakpointsbylearningfromothermembers

andbenefitsfromthesuccessofthewholegroup.That’swhatwehaveseen

ontheinternationalstage.Moreandmoreinternationalorganizationsoffer

platformsforallcountriestoreachcooperationandtoimprovetheir

competitiveness.Besides,competitionisthepreconditionofcooperation.

Effectivecooperationcanbereachedonthebasisoffaircompetition.Fair

competitionmeansthateverybodyhasequalrightsandopportunitiesto

competewithothers,whichleadsto“thesurvivalofthefittest”.The

cooperationoftheexcellentonesmeanshighefficiencyandquality.Atthe

sametime,thebackwardoneswillbemotivedtomakegreatereffortsto

improvethemselves,whichpavingthewayfortheoveralldevelopmentof

thewholeindustry,thewholefieldandeventhewholesociety.

Inconclusion,importanceshallbeattachedbothtocooperationandto

competitionsincetheyareinseparableinreachingone’sgoals.Without

cooperation,competitionmayleadtogapsandconflictsbetweenpeople.

Withoutcompetition,cooperationmaybecomeineffective.Steadyandlasting

progresswillbemadeontheconditionthatabalancedconnectionbetween

activecompetitionandfriendlycooperationisbuilt.

【解析】该作文要求比较题目所给出的关于竞争和合作的两种看

法，并要提出自己的观点，写一篇400词的文章。作文的关键词为“合

作”和“竞争”，所给段落各自强调了其中一方面，考生可以从二者的关

系角度发表自己的观点。参考作文第一段主要引出话题，并将所给的两

个段落内容进行了总体比较；第二段给出自己的观点，并进行阐释：一

方面，合作是竞争者成功的保证，另一方面，公平竞争是有效合作的基

础。最后一段总结全文，要处理好竞争与合作之间的关系，最终实现稳

步提升。

Ⅲ.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish:(20%)

如果不是有人发明了火车，如果不是有人把铁轨铺进深山，你怎么

也不会发现台儿沟这个小村。它和它的15户乡亲，一心一意掩藏在大山

那深深的褶皱里，默默地接受着大山任意给予的温存和粗暴。

然而，两根纤细、闪亮的铁轨延伸过来了。它勇敢地盘旋在山腰，

又悄悄地试探着前进，弯弯曲曲，曲曲弯弯，终于来到台儿沟脚下，然

后钻进幽暗的隧道，冲向又一道山梁，朝着神秘的远方奔去。

【参考译文】

Ifthetrainhasnotbeeninventedandrailshavenotbeenlaidin

mountains,youwouldnothavefoundthesmallvillage,TaiErGou.The

villageishiddeninthedeepandfoldedmountainswithits15familieswho

havenodesiretogoingoutofthemountains.Instead,thesefamiliesare

willingtoacceptthetendernessandrudenessofthemountainswithoutany

complaints.

Tworailsthatarethinandshining,however,haveextendedoverhere.

Girdlingthemountainside,thetrainlinecreepsforwardandfinallywindsits

waytothefootofthevillage.Then,itwormsitswayintothedarktunnel

beforerushingtowardsanotherridgeandintothedistance.

Ⅳ.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese:(20%)

Mostpeopledon’tlive,theyjustrace.Theyaretryingtoreachsome

goalfarawayonthehorizon.,andintheheatofthegoingtheygetso

breathlessandpantingthattheyloseallsightofthebeautiful,tranquil

countrytheyarepassingthrough,andthenthefirstthingtheyknow,theyare

oldandwornout,anditdoesn’tmakeanydifferencewhetherthey’ve

reachedthegoalornot.I’vedecidedtositdownbythewayandpileupalot

oflittlehappiness,evenifIneverbecomeaGreatAuthor.Didyouever

knowsuchaphilosopherasIamdevelopinginto?

【参考译文】

大多数人并不是在生活，而是在与时间赛跑，努力地想到达生命地

平线上某个遥远的目标，在激烈的奔跑中，他们气喘吁吁，疲于奔命，

都来不及看一眼身边宁静的乡间美景，直到有一天，突然发现自己已垂

垂老矣，疲惫不堪，达不达到目标对他们来说又有什么区别呢。而我已

经决定漫步人生，沿途小憩，一点一滴地积累生命中许许多多的小乐

趣，即使我永远都成不了一个伟大的作家也无妨。你见过我这样的哲学

家吗？

Ⅴ.BackgroundknowledgeofthemajorEnglishspeakingcountries.

Answerthefollowingquestionsjustinafewwords.(20%)

1.WhichmajorEnglishspeakingcountryhasacomplicatednameand

whatisitsfullname?Whatisitknownforasfarasitsinternationalrolein

theworldisconcernedintheworldhistory?

【答案】UK.ItsfullnameistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainand

NorthernIreland.UKisknownforthefirstindustrialrevolutionintheworld

history.

2.WhatwerethemainreasonsfortherapiddecreaseoftheAboriginal

populationinAustraliaaftertheearlyEuropeansettlement?

【答案】Themainreasonsarethattheirlandwastakenawayfromthem

andtheywereforcedtomovetoplaceslikeremoteareasandislandswith

harshenvironment.Boththeconflict(withtheearlyEuropeansettlement)

anddiseaseshaveledtotherapiddecreaseoftheAboriginalpopulationin

Australia.

3.WhatwasthebiggesttragedyhappenedinNewYorkCityin2001

andwhatweredestroyed?

【答案】ItwastheSeptember11attacks.TheWorldTradeCenter

BuildingandthePentagonweredestroyed.

4.Whatcountry’spoliticaltraditiondoesNewZealand’ssystemof

governmentfollow?Whatisit?

【答案】NewZealand’ssystemofgovernmentfollowstheUK’s

politicaltraditionandthetraditioniscalledtheconstitutionalmonarchy.

Ⅵ.BasicknowledgeoftheChineseCulture,WesternCultureandcross-

culturalcommunication.AnswerthefollowingquestionseitherinEnglishor

inChinese.(30%)

1.Howdoyouinterpretthisstatement“Peoplebegintounderstandtheir

ownculturesonlyaftertheyhavebeguninteractingwithpeoplefromanother

culture”?

【答案】Theprocessofinteractingwithpeoplefromothercultures

involvestheunderstandingofothervalues,attitudes,beliefsandoutlooks

whicharedifferentfromthoseofone’sownculture.Themorepeoplelearn

fromdifferentcultures,themoretheytendtomakecomparisonbetweentheir

culturesandothercultures,whichisbeneficialforpeopletoobtainafull

understandingandanobjectiveevaluationabouttheirowncultures.

2.Doyouagreewithsuchasayingas“tolearnaforeignlanguage

withoutlearningitscultureisaverygoodwaytomakeselfalanguagefluent

fool”?Ifyes,why?Ifno,whynot?

【答案】Yes,Ido.Languageistheessentialtoolforpeoplewith

differentculturalbackgroundtocommunicatewitheachother.Eachlanguage

derivesfromcorrespondingcultureandisinfluencedbyculturedeeply.Ifwe

learnaforeignlanguagewithoutlearningitsculture,wewouldgetnothing

butthesuperficialknowledgeofthelanguageandsometimeswewouldnot

makeourselvesunderstoodifthereisalargeculturalgapbetweenusandthe

otherside.

3.CanyoujustnamesomefeaturesoftheChinesebehaviorcultureand

somefromtheWestern?

【答案】Chinesebehaviorculture:greatemphasisonfamilyandgroups;

thesupportoftraditionaletiquettelikemodestyandbenevolence;great

concernoverone’sreputation.Westernbehaviorculture:greatemphasison

equality,fairness,privacyandindependence;expressioninadirectway;the

pursuitofrationalism.

2004年中山大学外国语学院352基

础英语考研真题及详解

Ⅰ.Reading(30%)

Passage1

Criticismofresearchlaysasignificantfoundationforfuture

investigativework,butwhenstudentsbegintheirownprojects,theyare

likelytofindthatthestandardsofvalidityinfieldworkareconsiderably

stricterthanthestandardsformostlibraryresearch.Whenstudentsarefaced

withtheconcreteproblemofproofbyfielddemonstration,theyusually

discoverthatmanyoftheimportantrelationshipstheymayhavecriticized

otherresearcherforfailingtodemonstrateareverydifficulttounderstand

indeed.Theywillfind,iftheysubmitanoutlineorquestionnairetotheir

classmatesforcriticism,thatotherstudentsmakecommentssimilartosome

theythemselvesmayhavemadeindiscussingpreviouslypublishedresearch.

Forexample,studentresearchersarelikelytobeginwithageneralquestion

butfindthemselvesforcedtonarrowitsfocus.Theymaylearnthatquestions

whosemeaningsseemperfectlyobvioustothemarenotclearlyunderstood

byothers,orthatquestionswhichseemedentirelyobjectivetothemappearto

behighlybiasedtosomeoneelse.Theyusuallyfindthattheformulationof

goodresearchquestionsisamuchmoresubtleandfrustratingtaskthanis

generallybelievedbythosewhohavenotactuallyattemptedit.

Questions:

Choosetheusethatyouthinkisthecorrectanswer.Writeyouranswers

onyouranswersheet.

1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkabouttryingtofindweaknessinother

people’sresearch?

A.Itshouldonlybeattemptedbyexperiencedresearchers.

B.Itmaycauseresearcherstoavoidpublishinggoodworks.

C.Itiscurrentlybeingdonetoexcess.

D.Itcanbeusefulinplanningfutureresearch.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whatisonemajorcriticismstudentsoften

makeofpublishedresearch?

A.Theresearchhasnotbeenwritteninaninterestingway.

B.Theresearchhasbeendoneinunimportantfields.

C.Theresearchersdidnotadequatelyestablishtherelationship

involved.

D.Theresearchersfailedtoprovideanappropriatesummary.

3.Accordingtothepassage,studentresearchersmayhavetochange

theirresearchprojectsbecause_____.

A.theirbudgetsaretoohigh.

B.theiroriginalquestionsaretoobroad.

C.theirteacherdonotgiveadequateadvice.

D.theirtimeisverylimited.

【答案与解析】

1.D文章第一句提到了“Criticismofresearchlaysasignificant

foundationforfutureinvestigativework”，由此可知对现有研究的质疑和

批判构成了未来研究的基础。故选D。

2.C根据文章第二句“theyusuallydiscoverthatmanyoftheimportant

relationshipstheymayhavecriticizedotherresearcherforfailingto

demonstrate…”，可知学生经常批判其他研究人员没有证明出来一些重

要的关系……。故选C。

3.B根据文章第四句提到的“studentresearchersarelikelytobegin

withageneralquestionbutfindthemselvesforcedtonarrowitsfocus”，可

知在研究刚开始的时候，研究生们可能会提出一个比较宽泛的问题，但

是后来往往不得不缩小自己的关注点。故选B。

Passage2

Innatureasinculture,diversitycanbeadifficultconcept.

Understandingitisonething,acceptingitanother,especiallywhendiversity

meansnotonlyacknowledgingapre-existingmixtureofdifference—thevery

amplenessoftheworld—butalsoaccommodatinganadjustmenttothe

existingstateofthings.Acaseinpointisthereintroductionofgraywolvesin

YellowstonenationalPark.Thirty-threewolveswerereleasedin1995,and

theirnumberhasnowreached97.Populationexpansionisonemeasureofthe

wolfprogram’ssuccess,butabetteroneisthewolves’impactonthenatural

diversityofthepark.

Typically,apackoftheYellowstonewolveskillsabigdeerveryfew

days.Butovertheremainsthewolvesabandon,awonderfulnewdiversity

hasemerged.Sincetheirarrival,wolveshavekilledmanyofthepark’s

coyotes,asmallerkindofwolf.Thereductionincoyoteshascausedan

increaseinrodentssuchasmice,rabbitsandsquirrels,whichalsobenefitsa

widerangeofpredators.Eventhecoyotesthatliveatthemarginsofwolf

countryhaveprospered,thankstotheleftoversthewolvesleavebehind.So

dogrizzlybears,whichfeedonwolf-kilteddeerbeforebeginninghibernation

orwintersleep.

Whathasinterestedscientistsistheswiftness,thedynamism,ofthis

shiftindiversity.Therehasbeen,however,nomatchingdynamisminthe

opinionofhumanswhoopposethewolfreintroduction.Thatwasmadeplain

byaFederaldistrictjudge’srecentorderto“remove”thewolves,theresultor

alegalprocessthatistheoffspringofinflexibility.Severallivestockgroups,

includingtheWyomingFarmBureau,hadfiledasuitthaturged,inslightly

clevererterms,theoldproposition,nowolves,noproblems.Several

environmentalgroupshadfliedaseparatelawsuit—unconnectedtothe

Yellowstonewolves—protestingthedroppingoflegalprotectionforwolves

thatwererecolonizingIdaho.Thetwosuitswereunfortunatelymerged.

ThoughJudgeWilliamDownessstayedhisowndecision,pending

appeal,hisjudgmentisasadencouragementtothemistakendefensivenessof

mostranchersorcattlefarmers.Itisalsoamisunderstandingofthepurpose

oftheenvironmentalists’suit.Hisdecisionneedstobeswiftlyanddecisively

overturnedonappeal.Itisnoexaggerationtosaythatsincethereturnofthe

wolves,Yellowstonehaswitnessedaneconomyofdiversityfromwhich

humanculture—includingthecultureofranching—candirectlyprofit,ifonly

itchoosestodoso.

Questions:

Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthecorrectanswer.Writeyouranswers

onyouranswersheet.

1.Bysaying“diversitycanbeadifficultconcept”,theauthorimplies

that______.

A.naturaldiversityismoredifficultforsomepeopletounderstandthan

culturaldiversity

B.peoplefailtoseethatnaturaldiversityalsomeansacceptingsome

necessaryadjustment

C.itishardforsomepeopletogetridoftheirtraditionalconcept

D.mostpeopledonotseetheimportanceofapreexistingmixtureof

differenceinculture

2.YellowstoneNationalParkreintroducedsomewolvesinanattemptto

______.

A.improveotheranimals’chanceofsurvivalinthepark

B.increasethekindsofanimalskeptinthepark

C.eliminatesomeanimalsthatarenotwant

D.addtotheattractionofthenationalpark

3.Theauthorthinksitunfortunatethatthejudgeshould______.

A.makeeffortstofilesuitswithregardtooldissues

B.makeuseoflegalmeanstoprotecthisowninterests

C.mixuptwoirrelevantsuitsandmakewolvesthevictim

D.supporttheprotestagainstthestoppingoflegalprotectionsfor

wolves

4.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe______.

A.NaturalDiversityVersusCulturalDiversity

B.HumanDynamismNeededforaBalancedEcosystem

C.TheLawsuitsovertheYellowstoneWolves

D.TheCostofRaisingWolvesVersusItsBenefits

【答案与解析】

1.B文章第一段提到了“Innatureasinculture,diversitycanbea

difficultconcept.Understandingitisonething,acceptingitanother…but

alsoaccommodatinganadjustmenttotheexistingstateofthings”，由此可

知作者认为无论是在自然方面还是文化方面，多样性之所以是一个复杂

的概念，是因为人们理解但不一定会接受。多样性不仅是承认既存的差

异，还包括对现存事物的调整。故选B。

2.B根据文章第一段最后一句“Thirty-threewolveswerereleasedin

1995…butabetteroneisthewolves’impactonthenaturaldiversityofthe

park”，可知黄石公园重新引入灰狼是为了促进公园里生物种类的多样

性。故选B。

3.C根据文章第三段提到的“Severallivestockgroupshadfiledasuit

thaturged…Severalenvironmentalgroups…protesting…，Thetwosuits

wereunfortunatelymerged”，可知无论是livestockgroups还是

environmentalgroups提出的诉讼都很不幸被法院整合在一起了，满足反

对wolfreintroduction的人们的要求。故选C。

4.B文章最后一段提到了“noexaggerationtosaythatsincethereturn

ofthewolves,Yellowstonehaswitnessedaneconomyofdiversityfrom

whichhumanculture—includingthecultureofranching—candirectlyprofit,

ifonlyitchoosestodoso”，由此可知狼群的回归促进了牧场文化的多样

性以及人类文化的多样性，只要人类文化做出多样性的选择，就会成为

直接的收益者。故选B。

Passage3

HowtoRaiseaBrightChild

Teachersandotherspecialistsinearlychildhoodeducationrecognize

thatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Givenanythingthatresemblesawell-

roundedlife—withadultsandotherchildrentolistento,talkto,dothings

with—theirmindswillacquirenaturallyalltheskillsrequiredforfurther

learning.

Takeforexample,reading.Thetwostrongestpredictorsofwhether

childrenwilllearntoreadeasilyandwellatschoolarewhethertheyhave

learnedthenamesandthesoundsoflettersofthealphabetbeforetheystart

school.Thatmayseemtoimplythatletternamesandsoundsshouldbe

deliberatelytaughttoyoungchildren,becausetheseskillswillnothappen

naturally.

Butinalltheresearchprogramswheretheyhavedonejustthat—

instructedchildren,rehearsedthenamesandsoundsoverandover—the

resultsaredisappointing.Thewidelyacceptedexplanationisthatknowledge

ofthealphabetforittoworkinhelpingonetoread,hastobedeeply

embeddedinthechild’smind.Thatcomesfromyearsofexposureand

familiaritywithletters,frombeingreadto,fromplayingwithmagnetic

letters,drawingandfiddlingwithcomputers.

Soparentscandosomethingstohelp,althoughmanydothesethings

spontaneously.Insteadofreadingastorystraightthrough,thereadershould

pauseeverysooftenandaskquestionsbutnotquestionswhichcanbe

answeredbyayesorno.Extendtheiranswers,suggestalternative

possibilitiesandposeprogressivelymorechallengingquestions.

Andwitharithmeticdonotexplicitlysitdownandteachchildr