历年考研英语真题及答案

2010年全国硕士研究生人学统一考试英语试题

In1924America'sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesof

industrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.

Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workers,productivity.Instead,the

studiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect”,theextremelyinfluential

ideathatthevery3tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects'behavior.

Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.According

to5oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalso

whenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment；7somethingwas

changed,productivityrose.A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe

9toalterworkers*behavior10itself.

Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorne

experimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic

13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.

Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto14

interpretationofwhathapped.15,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.Whenwork

startedagainonMonday,output16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17

toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewas

noexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers19tobediligent

forthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20aplateauandthenslackening

off.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown.

rDu

1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extractedLrestored

rDT

2.[A]at[B]up[C]withLJoff

rDT

3.[A]truth[B]sight[C]actLJproof

rDu

4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievousLambiguous

rDT

5.[A]requirements[B]explanation[C]accountsLJassessments

rDu

6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicateLwork

rDT

7.[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethatLJsolongas

rDu

8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentimentLillusion

FDT

9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enoughLJabundant

rDT

10.[A]about[B]for[C]onLDJby

Fu

11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjectedLconveyed

12.[A]contraryto[B]consistentwith[C]parallelwith[D]arto

rDT

13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implicationLJsource

rDT

14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliableLJmisleading

rDT

15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]InconsequenceLJAsusual

rDT

16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictablyLJsuddenly

rDT

17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]startedLJcontinued

rDT

20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassinglJhitting

SectionIIReadingComprehension

OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepast

quarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeand

seriousnessoftheirartscoverage.

2大家版词典级31年考研英语真题及答案

Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageofforty

toimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.

Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20th

centuryconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelat

thefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationin

general-circulationdai1ies.

WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetween

theturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheap

andstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.

Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwrite

indetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeven

thosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,

couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,

andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress."Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughor1iterary

giftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,wNewmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine

'journalism，as'atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.)

Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowroteforthe

ManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyas

awriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneof

England5sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography

(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.

Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknown

savetospecialists.

IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwil1enjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.

Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleuse

fortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateur

traditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.

21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that

[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.

[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.

[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.

[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.

22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby

[A]freethemes.

[B]casualstyle.

[C]elaboratelayout.

[D]radicalviewpoints.

23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?

rAu

L11iswriters'dutytofulfil1journalisticgoals.

rBu

LItiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.

rcu

LWritersare1ikelytobetemptedintojournalism.

rDu

lNotallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.

24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?

[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.

[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.

[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.

[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.

25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

2

LA]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays

[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers

[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism

[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory

Text2

Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusiness

methods.Amazon,comreceivedoneforits"one-click“onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgot

legalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforlifting

abox.

Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-method

patents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.In

amovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederal

circuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.

InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is"averybigdeal”,saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversity

ofMissouriSchooloflaw.It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”

Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasthefederal

circuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreet

Bankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedan

explosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestrying

tostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablished

companiesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivals

thatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissued

morethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisfor

grantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfi1msarmedthemselveswithpatentsfor

financialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.

TheBiIskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.

TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewou1dbeheardbyal112of

thecourt,sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluate

iswhetheritshould“reconsider"itsstatestreetBankruling.

TheFederalCircuit，sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme

Courtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApri1,forexample

thejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor"inventions"thatareobvious.

ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare"reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt”,

saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.

26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof

[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness

[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation

[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting

[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization

27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?

rAu

LItsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions

rBT

lJItinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction

rcT

LJIthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit

rDT

LJItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.

28.Thewordabout-face(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans

AT

Jlossofgoodwill

Bn

Jincreaseofhostility

cn

Jchangeofattitude

Dn

Jenhancementofdignity

4大家版词典级31年考研英语真题及答案

29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents

rAJ

lareimmunetolegalchallenges

rBT

LJareoftenunnecessarilyissued

rcT

LJlowertheesteemforpatentholders

rD1

LJincreasetheincidenceofrisks

30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?

[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents

[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders

[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents

[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents

Text3

InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwel1arguesthatsocialepidemicsaredrivenin

largepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,

whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,

butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.

Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlarge!y

untestedtheorycalledthe'twostepflowofcommunication"：Informationflowsfromthemedia

totheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflow

becauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentiaIs,thoseselected

peoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpected

popularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchfor

causesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateverit

isbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeidea

thatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends

Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthat

influentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgeneral1ysupposed.Infact,they

don,tseemtoberequiredofall.

Theresearchers,argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluence,withthe

exceptionofafewcelebrities1ikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsizepresenceisprimari1yafunction

ofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence-eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimply

dontinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,

accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencing

theirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonso

affected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,

andsoon；andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehas1ittletodowith

theinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitial

influentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,for

examplethecascadeofchangewon*tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.

BuiIdingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthe

dynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulating

anumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople,sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencyto

beinfluenced.Ourworkshowsthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatwecallz，globalcascades”一

thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks-isthepresencenotofafew

influentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasi1yinfluencedpeople,eachofwhomadopts,

say,alookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor.Regardlessofhow

influentialanindividualislocally,heorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyifthiscritical

massisavailabletopropagateachainreaction.

31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto

[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics

[B]discussinfluentials*functioninspreadingideas

[C]exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics

4

LDjdescribetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.

32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthetwo-step-flowtheory”

rAJ

Lservesasasolutiontomarketingproblems

rBT

LJhashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends

rcT

LJhaswonsupportfrominfluentials

rDT

LJrequiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity

33.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat

rAu

Lthepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions

rBu

Linterpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia

rcu

Linfluentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic

rDT

LJmostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention

34.Theunderlinedphrasezthesepeopleinparagraph4referstotheoneswho

rAT

LJtstayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence

rBu

Lhavelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence

rcu

Lareinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers

rDT

LJareinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential

35.whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?

rAu

LTheeagernesstobeaccepted

rBu

LTheimpulsetoinfluenceothers

rcu

LThereadinesstobeinfluenced

rDu

LTheinclinationtorelyonothers

Text4

Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,they

havebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse：theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthe

banks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andil'sjustnotfair.Theserulessaythey

mustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulators

wouldlikethemtofetch.

Unfortunately,banks'lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,but

theindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunction!ngofcapita]markets,

isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,reviving

thebankingsystemwillbedifficult.

AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America,sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard

(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstova1ueil1iquid

assetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatement.

BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho"questionourmotives.〃Yetbankshares

roseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentby

management.〃

EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard

(IASB)do1ikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoveral1planning,butthe

pressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.Charlie

McCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid"notliveinapoliticalvacuum”

but"intherealword"andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.

Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.

Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporary

illiquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.

Butbank*ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.And

deadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbooking

6大家版词典级31年考研英语真题及答泰

losses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.

Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America'snew

plantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfind

attractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASB

andIASBhavebeenexactlythat,clean!nguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,

againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinviting

pressuretomakemoreconcessions.

36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto

rAu

Lfollowunfavorableassetevaluationrules

rBu

Lcollectpaymentsfromthirdparties

rcu

Lcooperatewiththepricemanagers

rD

Lreevaluatesomeoftheirassets.

37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin

[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement

[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem

[C]thebanks,long-termassetlosses

[D]theweakeningofitsindependence

38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB'sattemptto

[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.

[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.

[C]actontheirowninrule-setting.

[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform.

39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere〃onthewrongplanet“inthatthey

[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators

[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets

[C]neglectedthe1ikelyexistenceofbaddebts.

[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.

40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof

rAu

Lsatisfaction,

rBu

Lskepticism,

rcu

Lobjectiveness

rDu

Lsympathy

ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthe1istA-Gandfilltheminto

thenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisone

paragraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer*sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout；the

consumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotal

consumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.This

developmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayear

acrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,astherecession

isloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurse

andconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.

[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope*slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leaving

Europeangroceryretai1ershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealready

triede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostal1haveignoredthe

6

big,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard：thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,which

appearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.

[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrink

market?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedby

potentialbuyers.Tnotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,ratherthantheseiler,todecidewhat

tobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewi11ultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofboth

domesticandinternationalconsumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwill

takehold.

[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitably

applytheirsc