仪表飞行员地面课程Lesson12

SierraAcademyofAeronauticsIRGroundLesson12InstrumentApproachProceduresPreparingfortheapproach:WIRRCWeather(ATIS,AWOS)Instruments(DG,Altimeter)Radios(SetandIDtoptobottom)Review(Howlow?Howlong?Howmissed?)Checklists(Descent,BeforeLanding,etc.)Preparingfortheapproach:(cont.)Briefingthechart:ProcedureTitleCommFrequenciesPrimaryNavaidFreq.InboundCourseAltitudecrossingFAForinterceptingGSMDAorDA(DH)ElevationInfoMissedApproachInstructionsSpecialNotes/ProceduresApproachClearance:“Clearedforapproach”“ClearedforILSRWY18Lapproach”“Clearedforstraight-inILSRWY18Lapproach”“Clearedforstraight-inILSRWY18Lapproach,circletolandRWY36R”CourseReversals:RadarVectorsHoldingPatternsDMEArcProcedureTurnMaxspeed200ktsWithinprescribeddistance(usually10nm)RecommendedheadingsonspecifiedsideofcourseMinimumaltitudePublishedTeardropRadarVectorsHoldingPatternsDMEArcProcedureTurnPublishedTeardropWhennoprocedureturnisperformed?NoPt“Clearedforstraight-inapproach”DMEArcPublishedholdorteardropprocedureNoPtBarbRadarVectorsFinalApproachandLandingMinimums:Straight-invs.CirclingFinalapproachcoursewithin30deg.ofRWYNormaldescentandmaneuveringCategories1.3VsoCirclingconsiderationsandIASMDAvs.DA(DH)FinalApproachandLandingMinimums:(cont.)CirclingADMMDAandprotectedareasEnteringtrafficpatternMissedapproachCirclingvs.SidestepCirclingCirclingFinalApproachandLandingMinimums:(cont.)DescentbelowMDAorDA(DH):RunwayenvironmentinsightRequired“flightvisibility”NormaldescentwithnormalmaneuversOperatingBelowMDA/DAUnderFAR91.175NopilotmayoperateanaircraftatanyairportbelowtheauthorizedMDAorcontinueanapproachbelowtheauthorizedDAunless:1. Theaircraftiscontinuouslyinapositionfromwhichadescenttoalandingontheintendedrunwaycanbemadeatnormalrateofdescentusingnormalmaneuvers2. Theflightvisibilityisnotlessthanthevisibilityprescribedinthestandardinstrumentapproachprocedurebeingused.OperatingBelowMDA/DAUnderFAR91.175(cont.)3. Atleastoneofthefollowingreferencesfortheintendedrunwayisdistinctlyvisibleandidentifiabletothepilot:Approachlightsystem,exceptthepilotmaynotdescendbelow100ft.abovethetouchdownzoneelevationusingtheapproachlightsasreferenceunlesstheredterminatingbarsorredsiderowbarsarealsodistinctlyvisibleandidentifiableThresholdThresholdmarkingsThresholdlightsRunwayEndIdentifierLightsRunwayorRunwaymarkingsRunwayLightsTouchdownZoneorTouchdownZonemarkingsTouchdownZonelightsVisualApproachSlopeIndicatorLandingUnderIFRFAR91.175NopilotmaylandtheiraircraftwhentheflightvisibilityislessthanthevisibilityprescribedbytheprocedureInoperativeEquipmentandSpecialNotes:InopcomponentstableUsingallavailableresourcesMissedApproach:PrecisionApproach:DA(DH)NonprecisionApproach:Time,DME,NavaidEarlymissedapproachCirclingand“goingmissed”ATCreportandADMPrecisionApproachesPrecisionApproachesProvidelateralandverticalguidanceExamples:ILS,MLS,GPS,andPARInstrumentLandingSystem(ILS)BasicGroundComponentsoftheILS:LocalizerGlideSlopeOuterMarkerMiddleMarker(ApproachLightSystem)LocalizerVHFgroundbasedtransmitterthatprovidescourseguidancetotherunwaycenterline.Angularwidthofcoursevariesbetween3and6degrees.Coursewidthatrunwaythresholdisapproximately700feet.Localizersensitivityis4timesgreaterthenVOR.Localizer(cont.)Localizerreceptionisavailabletoatleast18NMfromantennaanduptoanaltitudeof4,500ft.abovetheantenna.Localizer(cont.)Eachdotrepresents½degreeoffcourse.40ILSchannels:108.10–111.95MHz(oddths)Four-letterMorsecodeLocalizerOrientation:Signalonlyrepresentsonemagneticcoursetorunway.OBSDOESNOTaffectcoursetracking.TOFlagpresentregardlessofinbound/outbound,frontcourse/backcourse.Whentrackinginsamedirectionoffrontcourse,propersensing;whentrackingoppositedirectionoffrontcourse,reversesensingoccurs.(179vs.359)WhenusingHSI,musttwistinfrontcoursetoallowcontinuouspropersensing.LocalizerOrientation:GlideSlopeUHFtransmitteris“paired”totheVHFlocalizerfrequency.Providesverticalguidancetoadistanceof10NM.Signalisonly1.4deg.thick,soextremelysensitive.ShouldinterceptGSatrecommendedpublishedaltitudetoavoidfalseGSindications.ILSMarkerBeaconsProviderangeinformationandindicatesignificantpointsintheapproach.ILSMarkerBeacons(cont.)OuterMarker(OM)PlacedatFAFforthenonprecisionapproach/justinsidepointofglideslopeintercept(4-7milesfromrunwaythreshold).Glideslopeisapproximately1,400feetaboveOM.ILSMarkerBeacons(cont.)MiddleMarker(MM)Locatedapproximately3,500feetfromrunwaythresholdandinterceptsglideslopeatapproximately200feetaboveTDZE.ThisusuallycorrespondswithDA,howeverMMisnotaMAP!ILSMarkerBeacons(cont.)InnerMarker(IM)LocatedbetweenMMandrunwaythresholdandindicateswhereglideslopeshouldinterceptdecisionheightforaCATIIapproach.BackCourseMarker(BCM)Located4-7milesfromoppositeendofrunwayandservesasFAFforbackcourseapproach.*OnlyOMisrequiredfortheCATIILS.InoperativeILSComponents

GlideSlopeUseLocalizerminimums.Becomesnonprecisionapproach.LocalizerOTSILSapproachnotauthorized.OuterMarkerOTSILSapproachnotauthorizedwithoutapprovedsubstitute.ApproachLightsOTSILSapproachauthorized,howeverrefertoINOPComponentsTabletodetermineadjustmentstovisibilityrequirements.SubstitutionsforOuterMarkerCompassLocatorPrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)ApproachSurveillanceRadar(ASR)PublishedDMEfixPublishedVORfixPublishedNDBfixSubstitutionsforMiddleMarker:CompassLocatorPrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)VariationsfromtypicalILSapproachCATI,CATII,CATIIISpecialequipment,trainingandcertification?Localizer-TypeDirectionalAid(LDA)Samefrequencyrange,accuracy,anddimensionsMayhaveglideslope,butnotalignedwithrunwaycenterlineVariationsfromtypicalILSapproach(cont.)LocalizerBackCourseApproachUtilizessignalfromlocalizertransmittertoaccommodateadditionalapproachtotheoppositeendofrunwayCannotutilizeglideslope(configuredonlyforfrontcourse)VariationsfromtypicalILSapproach(cont.)SimplifiedDirectionalFacility(SDF)Samefrequencyrangeaslocalizer,butlessaccurateandnotalignedwithrunwaycenterlineCoursewidthsetat6or12degrees(localizeris3to6degrees)WillnothaveglideslopeNon-PrecisionComparingPrecisiontoNonPrecisionApproachesPrecisionApproaches–ProvideHorizontalandVerticalguidanceNonprecisionapproachesonlyprovideHorizontalguidanceThemostcommonprecisionapproachistheILSThemostcommonnonprecisionapproachesareVOR,NDB,andGPSPrecisionvs.NonPrecisionNonprecisionapproachesonlyprovidehorizontalguidanceDescentismadetoMDAIftherunwaycenterlineisoffsetbymorethan30deg.fromapproachcourse,theapproachisdesignatedwithaletterratherthanarunwaynumber.NonPrecisionApproaches(cont.)PrimarynavigationalfacilitiesfortheapproachcanbelocatedonoroffthefieldTheMissedApproachPoint(MAP)isdeterminedthrougheitherstationpassage,time,DME,orwaypointFacilityonfieldvs.offfieldInoperativecomponentsraisetheapproachminimums.RefertotheInoperativeComponentsTableontheinsidecoveroftheTPPMisc.ApproachesVisualApproachMostcommonapproachCanbeconductedtoanyairportprovidedthefollowingaremet:ReportedVFRattheairportAirportorprecedingaircraftinsightMaintain3milesvisibilityandclearofcloudsVisualApproach(cont.)UsuallyinitiatedbyATC,howeverpilotmayrequest.Oncecleared,pilotmaydescendatdiscretionintoairport.VisualApproach(cont.)Pilotresponsibleforobstructionavoidanceandwaketurbulenceavoidanceifprecedingaircraftisreportedtobeseen.Radarserviceterminatedwheninstructedtocontacttower(however,stillonIFRflightplan).ContactApproachesSimilartoSpecialVFRDoneinlieuofpublishedinstrumentapproachMustrequest,ATCwillnotinitiateAirportmusthavepublishedinstrumentapproachprocedureandre