初三英语语法总复习教案

一、名词:

1、名词的概念：名词是指表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。

2、名词的分类:专有名词:China,Mike,English,theGreatWall...

普通名词：可数名词(有单、复数之分，在可数名词单数之前要用a/an)table,life,tomato...

不可数名词(无复数形式)food,duty,news,knowledge...

3、可数名词复数的构成：

⑴一般情况是在名词后加-s

⑵以s,x,sh,ch结尾的加-es

⑶以辅音字母+y结尾的，要变y为i再加・es,如:city—family-

以元音字母(人2,氏,丘。0,51)+丫结尾的，加-s,如：boy-

⑷以f/fe结尾的变f/fe为v再加-es,如：half-self—shelf-

leaf—knife-wife—life-

⑸以o结尾的，只有tomato和potato是加-es,其余的都加-s,如:photo­

radio—kilo—zero-zoo—

⑹特殊情况:man—woman—policeman-

Englishman—Frenchman-但：German-

child—foot—tooth—

⑺单、复同形:Chinese—Japanese-sheep-

(8)形式上是单数，实际上表复数概念：people,police

如:Thepeople/policeareworkinghard.

(9)有两种形式的：fish作“鱼”时，可数，其复数是fish或fishes

作“鱼肉”时，不可数。

(10)复合名词的复数形式：manplayer-menplayers,womandoctor-womendoctors,appletree—appletrees

4＞不可数名词：无复数形式，不能与a/an或数词连用，必须用acupof...,apieceof...,apairof...,some,much,somuch,

toomuch,little,alittle,alotof,lotsof...等表数量。也口：muchwork,alittlemoney,twobagsofrice...

注：一条裤子apairoftrousersis...Thetrousersare...

一双袜子/鞋子apairofsocks/shoesis...Mynewshoesare...

一副眼镜apairofglassesis...

数杯橘子汁glass型oforanges数张纸piecesofpaper

如果这些短语中需要用形容词，形容词应该放在冠词后。

afullbottleofmilktenbigpiecesofpaper

如果…of短语后的名词为可数名词时，必须用复数。

abagofbooks'abasketofapplesaboxofpens

5>名词的所有格：

⑴单数名词的所有格：①加thestudent^sbook

②以s结尾的单词，加，James：book

(2)复数名词的所有格：①以s结尾的，加，thestudents!books

afewyear<timetwentyminutes^walk

②不以结尾的，加children^dollsmen2sshoes

(3)以and连接的：①共同拥有，共同一个卫_LilyandLucy5sfatheris

②分别拥有，每个名词后加2sLiLei'sandJim'sfathers

(4)无生命名词的所有格：①表时间、距离、重量、世界、国家、城镇等的加工或£

anhour'swalk,tenminutes,talk,China'scapital,(in)today'snewspaper

world'spopulation

②用of短语。(语序与汉语不一致)

apictureofmyfamily,theclassroomofourschool,teachersofClass1

(5)双重所有格：afriendofmybrother'sanewphotoofmine

anoldfriendofKate'ssomeflowersofhers

thenameofhercat

（6）表“在……办公室”“在……店/家”的名词所有格后面的名词常省去:

atthedoctor2sinUncleWang2sintheteachers1

二、代词:

⑴人称代词、物主代词、反身代词

第一人称第二人称第三人称

单数复数单、复一样单数复数

人称主格Iweyouhe/she/itthey

代词宾格meusyouhim/her/itthem

物主形容词性myouryourhis/her/itstheir

物主代词

代词名词性物mineoursyourshis/hers/itstheirs

主代词

反身myselfourselvesyourselfhimselfthemselves

代词yourselvesherself/itself

注：1）主格作主语，放在句首。如果主语是几个并列代词时，You最前，I最后（你在前，我在后）。如：You,heandI

are...但在表抱歉的句子中，I放在前，如：Sorry,IandLiLeibroketheglasses.

2）宾格作宾语，放在动词、介词后。放在动、副短语的之间。如：Theseareyourthings.Pleaseputthemaway.

3）形容词性物主代词后必须加名词。

4）名词性物主代词后不能加名词，但相当于形容词性物主代词+名词。如：mybook=minehisbook=hisher

book=hers

5）反身代词于动词、介词后作宾语。如：SheteachesherselfEnglish.

ShelearnsEnglishbyherself.

于句末加强语气，“亲自”。如：You'llseeityourself.

于主语后作同位语。如：Hehimselfdidit.

于固定短语中。如：enjoyoneself=haveagoodtime=playhappily

bealone=allbyoneself

teachoneselfsth.=learnsth.（all）byoneself

leavesb.byoneself

helponeselftosth.

⑵指示代词：近指thist复these

远指thatT复those

注：1）打电话时用Ihis代替自己，Ihat代替对方。

如：Hello!Thisis....Isthat...speaking?

2）that/those可以用来代替前面提到过的人或物。

如:Thisstoryismoreinterestingthanthatone.

⑶疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词：

指人：who（主语）whom（宾语）whose（谁的）

指物：whatwho's（谁是）

指人/物：which

注：1）ThebagonthedeskisLucy's,tWhoseisthebagonthedesk?

Lucy'sbagisonthedesk.—Whosebagisonthedesk?

2）What也可对人的职业、身份提问：Whatdoyoudo?=Whatareyou?

Whatdoesshedo?=Whatisshe?

3）对某人的身高胖瘦提问用What:Heisthinandtall.

Whatishelike?

⑷不定代词:

①some用于肯定句和表请求、征求意见的疑问句，如：Couldyougivemesome...?

Wouldyoulikesome...?

Whydon'tyougivehimsome...?

any用于否定句、疑问句、条件句,如：Ifyouhaveanyquestiontoask,youwillcallme.

注:something/somebody/someoneanything/anybody/anyone用法类似。

②one…theother…（一个•••另一个••,）

0—0两者中一个…，另一个…

one...theothers…（一个…其余的…）

0-0000多数中的一个…，余下的全部…

some...theothers（一些…其余的…）

00—0000一些…，余下的全部…

some...others（一些•・•另一些・・・）

00—0000—000——些…，余下的中的一部分…

another（另一个，又一个）O—OTOT一个一个地连接，后+名单或few/数字+名复，如：anothercakeanothertwo

cakes=twomorecakes

注：1）theother和other后可加名词

2）theothers和others后不加名词

3）theother/theothers表特定范围内除去一部分后余下的全部。

4）other/others表除去一部分后的另一些，但不是余下的全部。

③each强调个体，+名单（谓动：单）两个或两个以上的每一个。

eachof+名复（谓动:单）

如:Eachwomanhasabook.=Eachofthewomenhasabook,

every强调整体，+名单（谓动：单）三个或三个以上的每一个Everyboylikes...

但Everyofx

注：1）Eachofushasaroom.=Wehavearoomeach.

2）eachother两者互相，于动词后，如：helpeachotherunderstandeachother

eachother的所有格eachother9s,4口:Theyfilledeachother'sstockingswithpresents.

P.3

3）当each放在主语后时，谓动（复），如：Weeachhaveabookonthedesk.

4）oneeach每人一个

@both两者都T否：neither两者都不+名单Neithersentenceisright.

all三者以上全都T否：none三者以上全都不

bothof（谓动：复）Bothoftheanswersareright.

neitherof（乞胃动：单）Neitheroftheanswersiswrong.

BothAandB（谓动：复）A和B都BothyouandIareteachers.

NeitherAnorB（就近一致）A和B都不NeitheryounorIamastudent.

注：1）either两个人或物中的任何一个，如：Therearesomeflowersoneithersideoftheriver.=Therearesomeflowersonboth

sidesoftheriver.

2）either表“也”时，于否定句，：如：Hedoesn'tlikeit.Shedoesn'tlikeit,either.

3）EitherAorB（就近一致）或者A…或者B…，不是A…就是B…

EithertheyorLilyknowsthegoodnews.

4）倒装句中：Shelikesapples,andsodoeshe.

Ifyouwon'tgo,neither/norwillI.

⑤one代指单数的人或物Theappleisbiggerthanthatone.

ones代指复数的人或物Theapplesarebiggerthanthoseones.

注：it与oneit代指前面提到过的单数的东西，复数用them。如：Ican'tfindmypen.Haveyouseenitanywhere?指同一样

东西。

one代指前面提到过的那一类的单数的东西,复数用ones。如：Fvelostmypen.Iwanttobuyanewone.同类不

同物。

⑥alotof=lotsof=plentyof十名复或不可数名词=many+名复或much+不可数名词

用于肯定句用于否、疑句

如:Shepickedalotoforanges,tShedidn'tpickmanyoranges.

⑦toomuch与toomanysomuch与somany

⑧some,any,no,every可与one,body,thing构成合成不定代词，

1）这些词作主语时看作三单。Nobodyishere.Everyoneinourclasslikes...

2）放在形容词之前。somethingimportant,nothingdelicious,somethingnice

指人somebodysomeone指物something

anybodyanyoneanything

everybodyeveryoneeverything

nobodynoonenothing

注:Iseveryoneheretoday?Yes,weare.

⑨fewlittle

afewalittle

三、数词和冠词：

1、数词：基数词（表数目）：172单独记，1379加teen,整十加ty,几十几之间加一,hundred后加and.

序数词（表顺序）:基+thT序

注：1）基数词变序数词口诀：基变序，有规律，词尾加上th,一、二、三，特殊记，词尾字母t和d,（first,second,third）

八减t,九去e,f来把ve替，（eighth,ninth,fifth,twelfth）单词ty作结尾，要把y来变ie,（twenty—twentieth）

若是遇到几十几，只变末位就可以。（thirty-first）

2）分数表达法：基/序，分子大于1时分母+s。1/5-onefifth2/5-twofifths

两种表达法：1/2:ahalf或onesecond1/4:aquarter或onefourth3/4:threequarters或threefourths

3）对东西的数量提问用Howmany+名复…？如：ThereisonlyQbirdinthetree.THowmanybirdsarethereinthetree?

4）对不可数名词的量提问用Howmuch+不可数名词…？如：Thereisalittlemilkinthebottle.THowmuchmilkisthere

5）对人口的数量提问用What…？如：ThepopulationofChinais120,000.000.TWhatisthepopulationofChina?

6）对星期和节日提问用Whatday…？如：YesterdaywasWomen'sDay/Friday.—Whatdaywasyesterday?

7）对日期提问用Whatis/wasthedate...?如：LastSundaywasMarch3rd.TWhatwasthedatelastSunday?

8）hundred,thousand,million,billion在表示具体数时，不用复数，如：threemillion.在表概（数时用复数+of短语，如：thousands

of,manythousandsof

9）第6课：LessonSix=thesixthlesson405房间：Room405

10）A加B是多少：Whatisfourand/plusseven?It'seleven.

11）序数词的前面一般必须加the,但以下情况不用：

①表“又一”时，如：Therearethreeflowers,butshewantsafourthone.

②序数词前有形容词性物主代词时，如：Thisismyfifteenthbirthday.③序数词作表语时，如:Whowasfirstinthehighjump?

Heisalwaysthefirstonetocometotheschool.Iamthesecondonetogetupinmyfamily.

特别记忆：one-firsttwo-secondthree-thirdfour-fourteen-forty

five-fifteen-fifty-fifthnine-nineteen-ninety-ninthtwelve-twelfthtwenty-twentieth

2、冠词（a,an,the）冠词放在名词前：aninvention,ausefulinvention

①不定冠词a/an:表泛指，用于不限定的可数名词单数前，a用于辅音前，an用于元音前。Thereisa"u"andan"s"in

theword"bus”.Heisaneight-year-oldboy.（aneighteen-year-old,aneighty-year-old,aneleven-year-old）

②定冠词the:表特指，用于特定的单、复数名词前。theearth

③定冠词the的用法：1）特指某人或物:Theshirtonthetableishis?2）说话双方都知道的人或物:Whereisthecoat?—It's

behindthechair.3）上文提到过的人或物：Ihaveacat,thecatlikesplayingwithballs4）世上独一无二的东西：Theseais

blue.5）用在序数词和形容词最高级前面：thehealthieststudent6）固定短语中：ontheothersideof...atthebusstopthe

numberof...7）由普通名词构成的专有名词前：theChangjiangRiver8）用在姓的复数形式前表某一家人：TheGreensare

watchingfootballmatch.9）用在某些形容词前表某一类人：Wushouldhelptheblind.

④不用冠词的情况：

1）专有名词和不可数名词前不用：America,Australia,porridge...

2）名词前已有this,that,my,our,your,his,herits,some,any,whose,no,each,every等词时不用：Thisisourfirst

lesson.Everyboyhasaworkbook.

3）星期、月份、季节、节日前不用：onSundaymorning,inspring,Teachers9Day,Children'sDayWomen'sDay

Mid-AutumnDay

4）称呼、学科、三餐、球类运动前不用：aftersupperplayvolleyballMr.Wang（琴类前要用theplaythepiano）

5）某些固定短语中不用：athomebybusinbedontimeattimes

注：表类别1）a/an+名单Ahouseisausefulanimal.Amooncakeisaroundcake.2）the+名单Thehouseisauseful

animal.3）名复Housesareusefulanimals.

四、形容词和副词：

形容词①修饰名词，放在名词前。animportantthing②修饰不定代词，放在不定代词后。somethinginterestingtoread

③于系动词后，作表语。bebeautifullookhappyfeellonelybecomeangry

副词：修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或句子。Maybeheknowsthegoodnews.

1、形容词、副词比较等级的构成：

①单音节、双音节词：

1）一般情况+er,est:quick-quicker-quickesthealthy-

2）以结尾的+r,st:nice-nicer-nicestfine-finer-finest

3）以辅音字母+y的，变y为i+er,est:healthy-healthier-healthiest

4）双写，再+er,est的：big,red,fat,thin,hot,wet,sad

②多音节词和部分双音节词，在单词前+more,most:

slowly-moreslowly-mostslowlyquickly-morequickly-mostquickly

tired-moretired-mosttiredoften-oftener/moreoften-oftenest/mostoften

③不规则变化：

good/well-better-bestlittle-less-least

bad/badly/ill-worse-worstmany/much-more-most

far-farther-farthestold-older-oldest年龄大小

-further-furthest-elder-eldest家庭成员的长幼

2、比较级句型：（两者相比，用than表达）

A比B…A…+比较级thanB

A比B…得多A...+much+比较级thanB（much+比较级：…得多）

如:①Thecakeisbiggerthanthatone.

Thecakeismoredeliciousthanthatone.

②Igetupearlierthanmyfathereveryday.

③Theseproblemsaremucheasierthanthoseones.

TheseproblemsismuchmorebnDortcMthanthoseones.

注：1）比较级前可加much,alittle,even,still等，如：Sheisevenslowerthanbefore.

Shefelteven/muchworse.

2）比较级+and+比较级（越来越…），如：Daysgetlongerandlongerinsummer.

Ourcityisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.

3）the+比较级...，the+比较级…（越…越…），如：Thebusierheis・thehappierhefeels.

Themorehereadsthebook,thebetterheunderstandit.

4）the+比较级ofthetwo（两者中较…的），如：Heisthetallerofthetwoboys.

=Heistallerthantheotherone.

3、最高级句型：（三者以上，用of短语或in短语表达）

A是…中最…的：A...+（the）+最高级+of/in短语

注：l）in表场所或范围，如：inourclass,intheirfactory...

of与名复、代词或表具体数量的词连用，如:ofus,ofall,ofthethree...

2）形容词最高级前必须加Ihe,而副词最高级前则可不加。

如:Annistheyoungestinherfamily.

Tomdoeseverythingmostcarefullyofthefive.

4、同级比较：（用as...as或notas/so...as句型）

①A与B一样…A…+as+形、副原形+as

②A与B不一样…/A不如B…A…+as+形、副原形+as

5、同义句转换：

①变成否定句：

如：A比B高。二B没有A高。AistallerthanB.=Bisn'ttallerthanA.

②变成反义词：（A与B交换位置）

如：A比B高。二B比A矮。AistallerthanB.=BisshorterthanA.

③将more+形、副原形与less+形、副原形互换：（A与B交换位置）

4口：AismoreinterestingthanB.=BislessinterestingthanA.

④比较级与最高级的互换：A是…中最…。=A比其他任何一个都…

如:Chineseisthemostusefulsubject.

=Chineseismoreusefulthananyothersubject,（thananyother+名单）

=Chineseismoreusefulthantheothersubjects,（thantheother十名复）

=Chineseismoreusefulthantheothers,（theothers=theother十名复）

Hejumpshighestinourclass.

=Hejumpshigherthananyotherstudentinourclass.

=Hejumpshigherthantheotherstudentsinourclass.

=Hejumpshigherthantheothersinourclass.

注：1）ShanghaiisbiggerthananyothercityinChina.

ShanghaiisbiggerthananycityintheUSA.

2）Tomstudiesharderthananyotherstudentinhisclass.

Thefatherworksharderthananyworkerinthefactory.

⑤A和B都…=A与B一样…

V口:AandBarebothveryimportant.=AisasimportantasB.

6、形容词、副词的反义词：

7、形容词、副词的互换：

①一般情况在词尾+ly,如：quick-quicklyslow-slowlycareful-carefully

②以y结尾的，变y为i+ly,如：happy-happilyeasy-easily

③以e结尾的：polite-politelysafe-safely但：true-trulypossible-possibly

④特殊的：good-well

⑤形、副同形的：early,fast,straight,hard...

⑥频度副词always,sometimes,often,usually,never等放在be动词、情态动词、助动词之后，实义动词之前。

⑦程度副词very,so,too,quite,rather后+形、副原形，enough用于名前形、副后。

⑧副词home,here,there之前不能加the,也口:thewaytothehospital,onone'swayhomegettothefactory,getthere

©also,too与eitherso与neither/nor

⑩already,yet与ever

五、介词：

1）表时间的介词：

in表某年、月、星期、季节：in2002,inJanuary,inaweek,inautumn

固定短语:inthemorning,intheafternoon,intheevening,intheend...

on表某一天或某一天的某部分：onWomen'sDay,onAugust,3rd,

onMondaymorning,onthefifthday,onacoldevening

ontheeveningofSeptember,22nd...

固定短语：ontime…sth.is/areonthebed

at表某一时亥I:atseveno'clock,atthattime,

固定短语:atfirst,atlast,atnight,atnoon,attheendof...

for表时间段：fbrtwomonths,foramoment,foralongtime...

before在・••之前：beforebreakfast,beforewashing,beforetwelveo?clock

after在・••之后：afterlunch,afterrunning,thedayaftertomorrow,aftereight

from...to...从・••至4…fromTuesdaytoSaturday,frommorningtoevening,

fromninetoeleven

betweert..and…在•一之间betweennineandeleven

past表超过某时刻（半小时前）：halfpastfive,twenty-threepastten

to表时间到某时刻差多少：twelvetotwelve,thirteentonine

2）表方位的介词：

in在…内，在大地方：inthegag,inbed,inBeijing,inatown...

。口在・••上（面上、线上、点上）：ontheearth,ontheleft,onthehill,onafarm,

onone'swaytoschool...

ra在.・范围内on।~|相邻

to□□两地不相邻

XTaiwanisthesoutheastofChina,andit'stheeastofFujian.

SichuanisthenorthofYunnan.

at在・••小地方：atthebusstop,atthefootofthehill,attheschoolgate,

attheendoftheroad,standatthestartingline/atthesideoftheroad

beside在•,,旁边：besidethehouse

near在・••附近：nearthewindow,neartosb.=nexttosb.

behind在•••后面：behindthechair,behindme

under在♦••下面：underthetable

outside在・••夕卜者F：（反：inside）outsidetheschoolgate,insidethepark

into孑旨进入・・•go/comeintotheroom,sendupintothesky,runintotheforest

up向上：putupthemap,lookupthestarts

down向下，顺着•一下去：dodownthestreet

infrontof在•••前面：infrontme,（abigtree）infrontofmyhouse

inthefrontof在…前部：（thebus-driver）inthefrontofthebus,

（theteachers）inthefrontoftheclassroom

onthetree在树上（本身长在树上的东西）

inthetree在树上（外来物飞、落到树上）

onthewall在墙上（贴在墙上）

inthewall在墙上（镶嵌在墙上）Therearetwodoorsinthewallofourclassroom,

across横过，横跨，从点上、面上过，通常指过街、河、桥、马路。

动i司+across=crossgoacrossthestreet/river/bridge/road

through穿过，从物体内部穿过，通常指穿过森林，光、空气等透过窗、门洞。

Gothroughtheforest.Thelight/Thecoldairgoesthroughthedoor.

Thesunshinedoesthroughthewindow.

between两者之间，通常构成between...and...:betweenChengduandChongqing

ShesitsbetweenJimandme.

among三者以上的之间:Weliveamongtheair.Hebuiltahouseamongthetrees.

LeiFengalwayslivesamongus.

on在…上，两物体接触。Putyoureraseronyourdesk.

over在…的垂直上方：Thereisabridgeovertheriver.

above在,••上方：Theplanewasflyingabovetheclouds.

3）表方式和其他的介词：

by表方式，后直接+交通工具。bybus,byplane,byspaceship,bysatellite...

=in/on+冠词或代词+交通工具。ona/thebus,ontheboat,inhiscar...

inHecansingthenewsonginEnglish.

with①表伴随，在一起，拥有等：withhisfamily,withaboxunderhisarm,

withthesewords,aboywiththenameofBill,withone'shelp...

②表手段或方法：Thepictureisdrawnwithapen.=inpen

Icanfinishthehardworkeasilywithyourhelp.

without无，没有，with的反义词：withoutone\help

Icouldn'tfinishmyhomeworkwithoutyourhelp.

=Icouldn'tfinishmyhomeworkifyoudidn'thelpme.

Wecan'tlivewithoutairorwater.=wecan'tliveifthereisnoairorwater.

about与onThereisastoryaboutthepoorgirl.

IhaveanewbookonEnglishstudy.

on表方式，通过。Whenmyfatherwasyoung,healwayslearnedEnglishontheradio.

TheinterestingplaysareonChannelOne.

Exercises:1.Thelittleboyiswritingapencil.

2.LucycansingthesongJapanese.

3.Heusuallycomestoschoolbus.

4.Hecametoschoolwithhisfriendabus.

5.Mr.Whitegoestoworkhisowncar.

6.Wearecomingbackafewhours.

7.Myparentsaregoingbacknineo'clock.

8.TheforeignersvisitedourschoolthemorningofMay20th,2000.

9.WhatdoyouoftendoSundayevening?

10.Thelifttakeshimup/downthetwelfthfloor.

11.Jimlivesthefifteenfloor.

12.Sheisillbed.13.Whoseclothesarethesethebed.

14.Whatdoyouthink__thefilm?—Verygood.

15.WhatdoyoulikeChina?----Thepeopleandthefood.

六、连词：

1>并列连词：and表并列。but但是，表转折。or否则so因此，那么

2、从属连词:that,if,whether,who,whom,whose,what,whatcolour,when,while,where,which,why,how,howold,howmany,

howmuch,howlong,howsoon,

howoften,before,after,until,till,assoonas,if,because,so,though,since

七、动词：

1>动词的种类：1）连系动词：be,look,sound,smell,feel,become,get,turn,go

2）情态动词：can/could,may/might,must,need,haveto,shall,will

3）助动词：do,does一般现在时中did一般过去时中

shall,will一般将来时中should,would过去将来时中

have,has现在完成时中had过去完成时中

4）行为/实义动词：run,jump,sing,watch,speak...

注：1）连系动词+形容词作表语。

如：Howhappyhefeels!Howhappilyhelives!

形容词系动词副词动词

2）情态动词后+动词原形，如：Youmustgotoschooltomorrow.

can（could）表能力：能，会Icanhelpmyparentswithhousework.

表请求，允许：可以Can/CouldIaskyouaquestion?

--Yes,ofcourseyoucan.

当表示允许某人做某事时，用can回答。CouldIborrowyourbike?

…Yes,youcan.

could是can的过去式，也可表示语气比can更委婉。

如:Whenhewasfiveyearsold,hecouldswimwell.

=Whenhewasattheageoffive,hecouldswimwell.

Couldyouhelpmecarrytheheavebox?一一Certainly.

Canyou...?-Yes,Ican./No,Ican't.

can与beableto:

在表能力时，can的过去时态为could。要表其他时态时，用beableto,

即：can=am/is/areableto+动原could=was/wereableto+动原

Wecanseeitclearly.=Weareabletoseeitclearly.

Shecoulddoansmalloperation.=Shewasabletodoansmalloperation.

将来时中：Theyaregoing2beabletofinishthebuildinginayear.

=Theywillbeabletofinishthebuildinginayear.

may（might）表可能性：可能，也许Hemayberight.=Maybeheisright.

Hemayknowit.=Maybeheknowsit.

表许可：可以MayIgonow?一Yes,ofcourse.

MayI...?--Yes,ofcourse./No,youmustn't./No,youcan't.

must表义务、命令：必须，应当，务必。（由主观原因决定）

々口:Youmustfinishyourhomeworkfirst.

表猜测：一定是，否定句中用can't。ThatmustbeLingFeng.

-Thatcan'tbeLingFeng.

Theroadiswet,itmustrainjustnow.

mustn't表禁止，不允许：不准，不可以Youmustn^pickflowersinthepark.

MustI...?—Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't.(不必)

haveto不得不，由客观原因决定

也口:Motherisill,Ihavetostayathomeandlookafterher.

shall(shou