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2022年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题
试卷一(PaperOne)
PartIListeningComprehension(30%)
SectionA
Directions:Inthissectionyouwillhearfifteenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Atthe
endofeachconversation,youwillhearauestionaboutwhatissaid.Theuestionwillbereadonly
once,afteryouheartheuestion,readthefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethe
bestanswersandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.
Listentothefollowingexample.
Youwillhear:
Woman:Ifeelfaint.
Man:Nowonder.Youhaven'thadabiteallday.
Youwillread:
A.Sheissick.B.Sheisbittenbyanant.
C.Sheishungry.D.Shespilledherpaint.
HereCistherightanswer.
SampleAnswer
ABeD
NowlefsbeginwithuestionNumber1.
1.A.AcoughB.DiarrheaC.AfeverD.Vomiting
2.A.TuberculosisB.RhinitisC.LaryngitisD.Flu
3.A.Inhisbag.B.Bythelamp.
C.Inhishouse.D.Noideaaboutwhereheleftit.
4.A.He'snearlyfinishedhiswork.
B.Hehastoworkforsomemoretime.
C.Hewantstoleavenow.
D.Hehastroublefinishinghiswork.
5.A.ApatientB.AdoctorC.AteacherD.Astudent
6.A.2.6B.3.5C.3.9D.136
7.A.Heistheheadofthehospital.B.HeisinchargeofPediatrics.
C.HewentoutlookingforDan.D.HewenttoMichiganonbusiness.
8.A.Hehasgotafever.B.Heisatalentedskier.
C.Heisveryrich.D.Heisarealskienthusiast.
9.A.Toasklocalpeopleforhelp.
B.TodoasRomansdoonlywheninRome.
-2
C.Trytoactlikethepeoplefromthatculture.
D.Staywithyourcountryfellows.
10.A.Shemarriedbecauseofloneliness.
B.Shemarriedamillionaire.
C.Shemarriedformoney.
D.Shemarriedforlove.
11.A.spirantB.CourageousC.CautiousD.Amiable
12.A.Hewasunhappy.B.Hewasfeelingabitunwell.
C.Hewenttoseethedoctor.D.Theweatherwasnasty.
13.A.Youmayfindmanyofthemonthebookseller5shelves.
B.Youcanbuyitfromalmosteverybookstore.
C.Ifsaverypopularmagazine.
D.Itdoesn'tsellverywell.
14.A.Ageneralpractitioner.B.Agynecologist.
B.AnorthopedistD.Asurgeon.
15.A.ChemotherapyB.RadiationC.InjectionsD.Surgery
SectionB
Directions:Inthissectionyouwillhearoneconversationandtwopassages,aftereachofwhich,
youwillhearfiveuestions.Aftereachuestion,readthefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,Cand
D.ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.
Dialogue
16.A.Itisageneticdisorder.
B.Itisarespiratoryconditioninpigs.
C.Itisanillnessfrombirdstohumans.
D.Itisagastricailment.
17.A.Eatingpork.B.Raisingpigs.
C.Eatingchicken.D.Breedingbirds.
18.A.Runningnose.B.Inappetence.
C.Painsallover.D.Diarrhea.
19.A.Tostayfromcrowds.B.Toseethedoctorimmediately.
C.Toavoidmedications.D.Togotothenearbyclinic.
20.A.Itisadebate.B.ItisaTVprogram.
C.Itisaconsultation.D.Itisaworkshop.
PassageOne
21.A.About10,000,000.B.About1,000,000.
C.About100.000.D.About10,000.
22.A.Acocktailofvitamins.
B.Acocktailofvitaminsplusmagnesium.
-3
C.ThecombinationofvitaminsA,CandE.
D.Thecombinationofminerals.
23.A.Thedelicatestructuresoftheinnerear.B.Theinnerearcells.
C.Theeardrums.D.Theinnerearossicles.
24.A.GeneralMotors.B.TheUnitedAutoWorkers.
C.NIHD.Allofabove.
25.A.AnindustrialtrialinSpain.
B.MilitarytrialsinSpainandSweden.
C.IndustrialtrialsinSpainandSweden.
D.AtrialinvolvingstudentsattheUniversityofFlorida
PassageTwo
26.A.Thelinkbetweenobesityandbirthdefects.
B.Thelinkbetweenobesityanddiabetes.
C.Theriskofbirthabnormalities.
D.Theharmfuleffectsofobesity.
27.A.Neuraltubedefects.B.Heartproblems.
C.Cleftlipandpalate.D.Diabetes.
28.A.20million.B.200million.C.400million.D.40million.
29.A.Aweight-losssurgery.B.Abalanceddiet.
C.Achangeoflifestyle.D.Moreexercise.
30.A.Whyobesitycancausebirthdefects.
B.Howobesitymaycausebirthdefects.
C.Whyobesitycancausediabetes.
D.Howobesitymaycausediabetes.
PartIIVocabulary(10%)
SectionA
Directions:Inthissection,allthesentencesareincomplete.FourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,C
andDaregivenbeneatheachofthem.Youaretochoosethewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthe
sentence,thenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.
31.Havingabird'seyeviewfromthehelicopter,thevastpasturewaswithbeautifulhouses.
A.overlappedB.segregatedC.intersectedD.interspersed
32.Asusual,SingaporeAirlineswillreducetrans-pacificcapacityinseasonsthisyear.
A.stemB.slackC.sumptuousD.glamorous
33.Astothelivingenvironment,bacteria'sneedsvary,butmostofthemgrowbestinaslightly
acid.
A.mechanismB.miniatureC.mediumD.means
34.Underanunstableeconomicenvironment,employersintheconstructionindustryplacegreat
valueoninhiringandlayingoffworkersastheirvolumesofworkwaxandwane.
-4
A.flexibilityB.moralityC.capacityD.productivity
35.Inastarkoffortunes,thePhilippines一onceAsia'ssecondrichestcountryrecently
hadtobegVietnamtosellitsriceforitshungrymillions.
A.denialB.reversalC.intervalD.withdrawal
36.WebportalSohuhasgoneastepfurtherandcalledfornetizenstojoininanall-outboycottof
content.
A.wholesomeB.contagiousC.vulgarD.stagnant
37.Expertsurgeareforestingofclearedareas,promotionofreduced-impactlogging,and
agriculture,tomaintaintherainforest.
A.sustainableB.renewableC.revivableD.merchandisable
38.IntheUS,theRepublican'sdoctrineswereslightlyliberal,whereastheDemocrats5were
hardly.
A.rationalB.radicalC.conservativeD.progressive
39.OfficialsfromtheDepartmentofAgricultureconfirmedthatthefloodsanddrought
thissummerdidnotaffectthecountry'sgrainoutput
A.ripplingB.waningC.fluctuatingD.devastating
40.ItisbelievedthattheBlackDeath,rampantintheMedievalEurope,killed1/3ofits
population.
A.atlargeB.atrandomC.onendD.onaverage
SectionB
Directions:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasawordorphraseunderlined.Therearefourwords
orphrasesbeneatheachsentence.Choosethewordorphrasewhichcanbestkeepthemeaningof
theoriginalsentenceifitissubstitutedfortheunderlinedpart.MarkyouranswerontheANSWER
SHEET.
41.Christmasshoppersshouldbeawareofthepossibledefectsoftheproductssoldatadiscount.
A.deficitsB.deviationsC.drawbacksD.discrepancies
42.Thegoalofthistrainingprogramistoraisechildrenwithasenseofresponsibilityand
necessarycouragetobewillingtotakeonchallengesinlife.
A.despiseB.evadeC.demandD.undertake
43.After"9.11”,theOlympicGamesseverelytaxedthesecurityservicesofthehostcountry.
A.improvedB.burdenedC.inspectedD.tariffed
44.Theclown'sperformancewassofunnythattheaudience,adultsandchildrenalike,wereall
thrownintoconvulsions.
A.afitofenthusiasmB.ascreamoffright
C.aburstoflaughterD.acryofanguish
45.WeraisedamortgagefromBankofChinaandwereinformedtopayitoffbytheendofthis
year.
A.loanB.paymentC.withdrawalD.retrieval
-5
46.Theadvocateshighlyvaluethe“sportspirit”,whiletheopponentdevalueit,assertingthatifs
asheerhypocrisyandself-deception.
A.fineB.suddenC.finiteD.absolute
47.Wheneverarattlesnakeisagitated,itbeginstomoveitstailandmakearattlingnoise.
A.irritatedB.tamedC.stampedD.probed
48.Thedetectivehadanunusualinsightintocriminal'stricksandknewclearlyhowtotrackthem.
A.inductionB.perceptionC.interpretationD.penetration
49.Mylittlebrotherpracticesthespeechrepeatedlyuntilhisdeliveryandtimingwereperfect.
A.presentationB.gestureC.rhythmD.pronunciation
50.Inrecentweeksbothhousingandstockpriceshavestartedtoretreatfromtheirirrationally
amazinghighs.
A.untimelyB.unexpectedlyC.unreasonablyD.unconventionally
PartIIICloze(10%)
Directions:Inthissectionthereisapassagewithtennumberedblanks.Foreachblank,thereare
fourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandDontherightside.Choosethebestanswerandmarktheletterof
yourchoiceontheANSWERSHEIET.
Videogameplayersmaygetanunexpectedbenefitfromblowingawaybadguys-bettervision.
Playing“action“videogamesimprovesavisualability51taskslikereadinganddrivingatnight,
anewstudysays.Theability,calledcontrastsensitivityfunction,allowspeopletodiscerneven
subtlechanges52grayagainstauniformlycoloredbackdrop.It'salsooneofthefirstvisual
aptitudestofadewithage.53aregularregimenofactionvideogametrainingcanprovidelong-
lastingvisualpower,accordingtoworkledbyDaphneBavelieroftheUniversityofRochester.
Previousresearchshowsthatgamingimprovesothervisualskills,suchastheabilitytotrack
severalobjectsatthesametimeand54attentiontoaseriesoffast-movingevents.Baveliersaid,"A
lotofdifferentaspectsofthevisualsystemarebeingenhanced,55.〃
Thenewworksuggeststhatplayingvideogamescouldsomedaybecomepartofvision
correctiontreatments,whichcurrentlyrelymainlyonsurgeryorcorrectivelenses."56you'vehad
eyesurgeryorgetcorrectivelenses,exposingyourselftothesegamesshouldhelptheopticalsystem
torecoverfasterandbetter,youneedtoretrainthebraintomakeuseofthebetter,crisper
informationthat'scomingin57yourimprovedeyesight/'Baveliersaid.
Expertactiongamersinthestudyplayedfirst-personshootersUnrealTournament2022and
CallofDuty2.AgroupofexperiencednonactiongamersplayedTheSims2,aa<lifesimulation”
videogame.Theplayersofnonactionvideogamesdidn'tseethesamevision58,thestudysays.
Bavelierandothersarenowtryingtofigureoutexactlywhyactiongames59seemtosharpen
visualskill.Itmaybethatlocatingenemiesandaimingaccuratelyisastrenuous,strength-building
workoutfortheeyes,shesaid.Anotherpossible60isthattheunpredictable,fast-changing
environmentofthetypicalactiongamereuiresplayerstoconstantlymonitorentirelandscapesand
analyzeopticaldatauickly.
51.A.crucialforB.availableinC.resultingfromD.ascribedto
52.A.indisguiseofB.inshadesofC.insearchofD.inplaceof
53.A.ThisishowB.ThafswhyC.ItisnotthatD.Thereexists
54.A.paidB.paysC.payD.paying
55.A.thoughB.nottosayC.notjustoneD.aswell
56.A.UntilB.WhileC.UnlessD.Once
57.A.asopposedtoB.inadditiontoC.asaresultofD.inspiteof
58.A.benefitsB.defectsC.approachesD.risks
59.A.incaseB.inadvanceC.inreturnD.inparticular
60.A.effectB.reasonC.outcomeD.conclusion
PartIVReadingComprehension(30%)
Directions:Inthisparttherearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfiveuestions.Foreach
uestiontherearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestanswerandmarkthe
letterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.
Passageone
Thereisplentywedon'tknowaboutcriminalbehavior.Mostcrimegoesunreportedsoitis
hardtopickouttrendsfromthedata,andevenreliablesetsofstatisticscanbedifficulttocompare.
Buthereisonethingwedoknow:thosewithabiologicalpredispositiontoviolentbehaviorwho
arebroughtupinabusivehomesareverylikelytobecomelifelongcriminals.
Antisocialandcriminalbehaviortendstoruninfamilies,butnoonewassurewhetherthiswas
duemostlytosocial-environmentalfactorsorbiologicalones.Itturnsoutbothareimportant,but
theeffectismostdramaticwhentheyacttogetherThishasbeenillustratedinseveralstudiesover
thepastsixyearswhichfoundthatmalevictimsofchildabuseareseveraltimesaslikelytobecome
criminalsandabusersthemselvesiftheywerebornwithaless-activeversionofageneforthe
enzymemonoamineoxidaseA(MAO-A),whichbreaksdownneurotransmitterscrucialtothe
regulationofaggression.
Researchersrecentlymadeanotherkeyobservation:kidswiththis"doublewhammy,,of
predispositionandanunfortunateupbringingareHkelytoshowsignsofwhafstocomeatavery
earlyage.Theriskfactorsforlong-termcriminality一attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder,lowI,
languagedifficulties一canbespottedinkindergarten.Sogivenwhatwenowknow,shouldn'twe
bedoingeverythingtoprotectthechildrenmostatrisk
NooneissuggestingtestingallboystoseewhichvariantoftheMAO-Agenetheyhave,but
whatthescienceistellingusisthatweshouldredoubleeffortstotackleabusiveupbringings,and
evensimpleneglect.Thiswillhelpanychild,butespeciallythosewhosebiologymakesthem
vulnerable.ThankfullythereisalreadyconsiderableenthusiasminboththeUSandtheUKfor
convertingthelatestinbehavioralscienceintoparentingandsocialskills:bothgovernmentshave
schemesinplacetoimproveparentinginfamilieswherechildrenareatriskofreceivingpoorcare.
-7
Somepeopleareuncomfortablewiththeideaofearlyinterventionbecauseitimpliesour
behaviorbecomes"set"aswegrowup,compromisingtheideaoffreewill.Thatviewis
understandable,butitwouldbenegligenttoignorewhatthestudiesaretellingus.Indeed,thecost
tosocietyoffailingtointervene——intermsofcriminaldamage,dealingwithoffendersandhelping
victimsofcrime-isboundtobegreaterthanthecostofimprovingparenting.Thevaluetothe
childrenisimmeasurable.
61.Researchershavecometoaconsensus:toexplainviolentbehavior.
A.intermsofphysicalenvironmentB.formabiologicalperspective
C.basedontheempiricaldataD.inastatisticalway
62.Whenwesaythatantisocialandcriminalbehaviortendstoruninfamilies,asindicatedbythe
recentfindings,wecanprobablymeanthat.
A.aparticulargeneispassedoninfamilies
B.childabusewillleadtodomesticviolence
C.themalevictimsofchildabusewillpassonthetendency
D.theviolentpredispositionisexclusivelybomofchildabuse
63.Therecentobservationimplicatedthattocheckthedevelopmentofantisocialandcriminal
behavior.
A.boysaretobescreenedforthebiologicalpredisposition
B.high-riskkidsshouldbebroughtupinkindergarten
C.itisimportanttospotthegenesfortheriskfactors
D.activemeasuresoughttobetakenatanearlyage
64.Todefendtheargumentagainsttheunfavorableidea,theauthormakesitapointto
consider.
A.theimmeasurablevalueofthegeneticresearchonbehavior
B.theconseuencesofcompromisingdemocracy
C.thehugecostofimprovingparentingskills
D.thegreatercostoffailingtointervene
65.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage
A.ParentingStrategiesforKidsB.TheMakingofaCriminal
C.ParentalEducationD.AbusiveParenting
Passagetwo
After25yearsbattlingthemotherofallviruses,havewefinallygotthemeasureofHIVThree
developmentsfeaturedinthisissuecollectivelygivegroundsforoptimismthatwouldhavebeen
scarcelybelievableayearagointhewakeofanotherfailedvaccineandcontinuingproblems
supplyingdrugstoallwhoneedthem.
Perhapsthemostcompellinghopeliesintheapparent"cure"ofamanwithHIVwhohadalso
developedleukemia.Doctorstreatedhisleukemiawithabonemarrowtransplantthatalsovanuished
thevirus.NowUSCompanySangamoBiosciencesishopingtoemulatetheeffect
-8
patientsbeingcuredwithasingleshotofgenetherapy,insteadoftakingantiretroviraldrugsforlife.
Antiretroviraltherapy(ART)isitselfanotherreasonforoptimism.ResearchersattheWorld
HealthOrganizationhavecalculatedthatHIVcouldbeeffectivelyeradicatedinAfricaandother
hard-hitplacesusingexistingdrugs.Thetrickistotesteveryoneoften,andgivethosewhotest
positiveARTassoonaspossible.Becausethedrugsrapidlyreducecirculatinglevelsofthevirusto
almostzero,itwouldstoppeoplepassingitonthroughsex.Byblockingthecycleofinfectionin
thisway,theviruscouldbevirtuallyeradicatedby2050.
Bankrollingsuchalong-termprogramwouldcostseriousmoney—initiallyaround$3.5billion
ayearinSouthAfricaalone,ringto$85billionintotal.Hugeasitsounds,however,itispeanuts
comparedwiththeestimated$1.9trillioncostoftheIrawar,orthe$700billionspentinonego
proppinguptheUSbankingsector.Italsolooksmallbeercomparedwiththecostsofcarryingon
asusual,whichtheWHOsayscanonlyleadtospiralingcasesandcosts.
ThefinalbitofgoodnewsisthatthecostofARTcouldkeeponfalling.LastFriday,
GlaxoSmithklinechairmanAndrewWittysaidthathiscompanywouldofferallitsmedicinestothe
poorestcountriesforatleast25percentlessthanthetypicalpriceinrichcountries.GSKhas
alreadybeendoingthisforART,butthehopeisthatthecompanymaynowofferitcheaperstilland
thatotherfirmswillfollowtheirlead.
NoonedoubtthedevastationcausedbyAIDS.In2022,2millionpeoplediedand2.7million
morecontractedthevirus.Thosedismalnumbersarenotgoingtoturnaroundsoonandtheywon't
turnaroundatallwithouthugeeffortandinvestment.Butatleastthereisrenewedbeliefthat,given
thetimeandmoney,wecanfinallystartriddlingtheworldofthismostfearsomeofviruses.
66.Whichisthefollowingcanbemostprobablyperceivedbeyondthefirstparagraph
A.Theendoftheworld.B.Acandleofhope.
C.ANobelprize.D.AuickFix.
67.Accordingtothepassage,theapparent"cure"oftheHIVpatientwhohadalsodeveloped
leukemiawould.
A.makeapromisingtransitionfromantiretroviralmedicationtogenetherapy
B.facilitatethedevelopmentofeffectivevaccinesfortheinfection
C.compelpeopletodrawananalogybetweenAIDSandleukemia
D.wouldchangethewaywelookatthosewithAIDS
68.Asanotherbitofgoodnews,.
A.HIVwillbevirtuallywipedoutfirstinAfrica
B.thecycleofHIVinfectioncanbebrokenwithART
C.thecirculatinglevelsofHIVhavebeenlimitedtoalmostzero
D.theexistingHIVdrugswillbeenhancedtobemoreeffectivein25years
69.Thelastreasonforoptimismisthat.
A.governmentswillinvestmoreinimprovingART
B.thecostofantiretroviraltherapyisonthedecline
-9
C.everybodycanaffordantiretroviraltherapyintheworld
D.thefinancialsupportofARTiscomingtobenoproblem
70.Thewholepassagecarriesatoneof.
A.idealismB.activismC.criticismD.optimism
PassageThree
Archaeologycantellusplentyabouthowhumanslookedandthewaytheylivedtensof
thousandsofyearsago.ButwhataboutthedeeperuestionsCouldearlyhumansspeak,werethey
capableofself-consciousreflection,didtheybelieveinanything
Suchuestionsmightseemtobebeyondthescopeofscience.Notso.Answeringthemisthe
focusofaburgeoningfieldthatbringstogetherarchaeologyandneuroscience.Itaimstochartthe
developmentofhumancognitivepowers.Thisisnoteasytodo.Askullgivesnoindicationof
whetheritsownerwascapableofspeech,forexample.Thetaskthenistofindproxies(替代物)for
keytraitsandbehaviorsthathavestayedintactovermillennia.
Perhapsthemostintriguingaspectofthisendeavoristeasingouttheroleofcultureasaforce
intheevolutionofourmentalskills.Fordecades,developmentofthebrainhasbeenseenas
exclusivelybiological.Butincreasingly,thatisbeingchallenged.
TakewhattheCambridgearchaeologistColinRenfrewcalls“thesapient(智人的)paradox
(矛盾)〃.Evidencesuggeststhatthehumangenome,andhencethebrain,haschangedlittlein
thepast60,000years.Yetitwasn'tuntilabout10,000yearsagothatprofoundchangestookplacein
humanbehavior:peoplesettledinvillagesandbuiltshrines.Renfrew'sparadoxiswhy,ifthe
hardwarewasinplace,didittakesolongforhumanstostartchangingtheworld
Hisansweristhatthesoftware—theculture—tookalongtimetodevelop.Inparticular,the
interveningtimesawhumansvest(赋予)meaninginobjectsandsymbols.Thosemeaningswere
developedbysocialinteractionoversuccessivegenerations,passedonthroughteaching,andstored
intheneuronalconnectionsofchildren.
Culturealsochangesbiologybymodifyingnaturalselection,sometimesinsurprisingways.
Howisit,forexample,thatahumangeneformakingessentialvitaminCbecameblockedbyjunk
DNAOneansweristhatourancestorsstartedeatingfruit,sothepressuretomakevitaminC
“relaxed“andthegenebecameunnecessary.Bythisreasoning,earlyhumansthenbecameaddicted
tofruit,andanygenethathelpedthemtofinditwasselectedfor.
Evidencesuggeststhatthebrainissoplasticthat,likegenes,itcanbechangedbyrelaxing
selectionpressure.Ourunderstandingofhumancognitivedevelopmentisstillfragmentedand
confused,however.Wehavelotsofproposedcausesandeffects,andhypothesestoexplainthem.
Yetthepotentialpay-offmakesanswersworthsearchingfor.Ifweknowwherethehumanmind
camefromandwhatchangedit,perhapswecangaugewhereitisgoing.Findingthoseanswerswill
takealltheingenuitythemodemhumanmindcanmuster.
71.Theuestionspresentedinthefirstparagraph.
A.seemtohavenoanswerswhatever
-10
B.areintendedtodigforancienthumanminds
C.arenotscientificenoughtobeansweredhere
D.areraisedtoexploretheevolutionofhumanappearance
72.Thescientistsfindtheproxytobe.
A.theroleofcultureB.thepassageoftime
C.thestructureofaskullD.thebiologicalmakeupofthebrain
73.AccordingtoRenfrew^paradox,thetransitionfrom60,000to10,000yearsagosuggests
that.
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