英汉语言对比-6-syntheticvs.analytic-1市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件

英汉语言对比-6Syntheticvs.Analytic(1)第1页Ⅰ.ObjectivesStudentsareexpectedtohaveanunderstandingofthedefinitionsofsyntheticandanalyticlanguagesandembodimentsofthosefeaturesinChineseandEnglishlanguages;HaveanunderstandingofdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseininflection,wordorder,partsofspeechandphonology,andillustratetheminspecificcases;第2页Ⅱ.KeyPointsa)inflectionsinEnglishandtheirrolesinsentenceconstructionb)differencesinwordorderⅢ.TeachingApproaches

Lecture,classpracticesanddiscussions第3页英汉语言本质比较语言形态学(linguistictypology)分类：综合型语言：俄语、德语、拉丁语、古英语分析型语言：汉语综合--分析语：英语(asynthetic-analyticlanguage)第4页综合型语言（syntheticlanguage）

Asyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.

《韦博斯特第九新大学英语辞典》（Webster’sNinthNewCollegiateDictionary）

Inflection:achangeintheformofaword(usuallybyaddingasuffix)toindicateachangeinitsgrammaticalfunction指这种语言主要经过词本身形态改变来表示语法意义（格，时，数等）。

第5页分析型语言（analyticlanguage）

Ananalyticlanguageismarkedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedforms.《兰登书屋大学词典》（RandomHouseCollegeDictionary）指这种语言中语法关系主要不是经过词本身形态来表示，而是经过虚词、词序等伎俩来表示。

第6页

English：asynthetic-analyticlanguage1.ModernEnglishoriginatedfromtheOldEnglishandhenceitstillmaintainscertainfeaturesofthesyntheticlanguage;2.InflectedformsdoexistinModernEnglish,buttheyarenotsocomplexasthoseintheOldEnglish;第7页3.WordorderinModernEnglishisrelativelyfixedalthoughitismoreflexiblethanthatinModernChinese;4.FunctionwordsaboundinModernEnglishandarefrequentlyemployed.第8页GrammaticalrelationshipsHereditaryinflectionsRelativelyfixedwordorderPlentyoffunctionwords第9页1.inflectionalvs.non-inflectionalInflection:achangeintheformofawordtoindicateachangeinitsgrammaticalfunction.（只改变语法形态，不改变词义改变）formalchange=changeofwordform=word-makingchange+changeingrammaticalforms

1）构词形态，即起构词作用词缀改变（affixation），包含大量前缀（prefix）和后缀（suffix）。E.g.read;serious;consider;第10页Thepublishinghousehastotakeintoseriousconsiderationwhetherthereaderswillliketoread/readingthebooksornot.Thepublishinghousehastotakeintoseriousconsiderationwhetherthebookswillbereadableornot.Thepublishinghousehastotakethereadabilityofthebooksintoseriousconsideration.第11页Thepublishinghousehastoconsider

seriouslywhetherthereaderswillliketoread/readingthebooksornot.Thepublishinghousehastoconsider

seriouslywhetherthebookswillbereadableornot.Thepublishinghousehastoconsider

seriouslythereadabilityofthebooks.第12页2）构形形态，即表示语法意义词形改变。我给他讲了一个故事。他已经给我讲了两个故事。每晚睡觉前，他妈妈都要给他讲几个故事。他总是叫（他）妈妈在（他）睡觉前（给他）讲好几个故事。第13页Itoldhimastory.Hehastoldmetwostories.Hismotheralwaystells

himseveralstoriesbeforehegoestobedeverynight.Healwaysaskshismothertotellhimseveralstoriesbeforehegoestobed.第14页当代英语形态改变主要包含：动词改变（conjugation）和静词（名词、代词、形容词、副词）改变（declension），以及上述词缀改变（affixation）。Gender:he;she;Number:apple;apples;Case:we;us;our;ours;Tense:do;does;did;Aspect:is+doing;have+done;Voice:isdone;hasbeendone;Mood:cando;mightdo;Comparison:bigger;biggest;Person:like;likes;Partsofspeech:rapid;rapidly;rapidity;第15页Ingrammar,inflectionorinflexionisthemodificationofawordtoexpressdifferentgrammaticalcategoriessuchastense,grammaticalmood,grammaticalvoice,aspect,person,number,genderandcase.Conjugationistheinflectionofverbs;declensionistheinflectionofnouns,adjectivesandpronouns.第16页PresentsimpleDo;doesPastsimpleDidPresentprogressiveAm/is/are+doingPastprogressiveWas/were+doingPresentperfectHave/has+donePastperfectHad+donePresentperfectprogressiveHave/has+beendoingPastperfectprogressiveHadbeendoingTenseandaspect第17页PassivevoicePresentsimpleAm/is/are+donePastsimpleWas/were+donePresentprogressiveAm/is/are+beingdonePastprogressiveWas/were+beingdonePresentperfectHave/has+beendonePastperfectHadbeendoneShall/will+be+done;begoingto+be+doneHave/has+been+beingdone;hadbeen+beingdone第18页WecannotbutacceptSayce’s（萨伊斯）dictum,‘onceinflectional,alwaysinflectional’.HencewhileEnglishappearsasalmostuninflectionalwhencomparedwithsuchalanguageasLatin,itappearsintheoppositelightwhencomparedwithanisolatinglanguagesuchasChinese.”

——H.SweetTheHistoryofLanguage第19页Chinesehasnoinflectionalchange;ithasonlysimilarchanges.

Affix:Chineselanguagehaslittleaffix,whichareunstableanddeletableaccordingtotherhythmrequirements.

初：三--初三--十三，子：刀—刀子—大刀。Someaffixes:Prefix：老(老张，老大)，阿（阿姨，阿飞），可（可好，可怜，可惜），第(第一)Suffix：子（被子，电子），儿（花儿，鸟儿），头（老头），切（迫切，贴切），于/以（用于，给以）第20页Chinesetodayhassomenewaffixesduetotheinfluenceofforeignlanguages.

Thenewaffixesinclude性（ity）、化（ize-ization）、可（able）、非（non,in）师(ian,er,ist)、度（ness,tion）、家(ist,ian,er)、派(school)性：可能性，必要性，纯洁性，民族性化：当代化，工业化，国际化可：可燃（flammable）、可支配(disposable)、可转让(negotiable)像类似后缀有“师”、“度”、“派”、“家”，“手”等，另有一些前缀，如，“非”（non-）、“不”（in-）、“反”(anti-,counter-)、“多”(multi-)、“双”(bi-)、“亲”(pro-)、“超”(super-)、“准”(quasi-)第21页数量助词：“们”表示复数；动态助词：“着”、“了”、“过”（表示动词体）；结构助词：“”、“地”、“得”（表示定语、状语与补语）；即使这三类助词类似英语形态改变，但这些成份使用在汉语里经常缺乏普遍性：有场所一定要用，有场所可用可不用，有场所甚至不能用。英语形态改变使用却有严格规则，往往带有强制性。第22页ThefactthatEnglishisinflectionalandChineseisnon-inflectionalorthefactthatEnglishismoreinflectionalthanChineserevealsthedifferentcharacteristicsofthetwolanguagesandcultures.English:astrongsenseoftime;accuratethinking;logicalthinking;rationalthinking;Chinese:fuzzythinking;thepowerofunderstanding/comprehension/intuition;relationalthinking;第23页Accuratethinkingisawayoflookingatlifewhereyouseeandunderstandlifeasitexists,thewayitis,youunderstandhumanbehaviorandhumanpsychologyasitisandthewayitexists,andyoudealwiththingsastheyexistandastheyreallyare,nothowyouwantthemtobe,nothowyouwishtheycouldbe,nothowyouthinktheyshouldbe,butjusthowtheyare.准确思维第24页Fuzzythinkingismoreemphaticofthegeneralimpressionorthegeneralprincipleofreflectionandisnotsomuchconcernedwiththespecificdetailsoftheobjectsortherelativeinformation.That’smoretypicaloftheChinesethanoftheWesterners,esp.theEnglish.TheChinesehaslongbeeninfluencedbysuchafuzzyphilosophy.

含糊思维第25页In-ClassExercisesI.Pleasetranslatethe