人教版高考英语一轮复习讲义选修八Unit3Unit5基础知识

第一部分基础知识选修八Unit3—Unit51.了解有关发明创造的知识，学习发明家严谨、求实、创新等科学精神。2.了解希腊神话Pygmalion与萧伯纳戏剧之间在表现形式、人物塑造等方面的异同。3.了解早期人类的生活方式和人类文明的发展进程，增长考古学知识。一、重点单词需牢记1.distinguishvi.&vt.显示……的差别；使……有所不同；辨别distinguishAfromB辨别A与Bbedistinguishedfrom不同于……bedistinguishedby以……为特征bedistinguishedfor因……而著称distinguishoneself显扬自己；使自己扬名Themandistinguisheshimselfbyhiswisdom.这个人因智慧而扬名。distinguishedadj.著名的；卓越的；受人尊敬的；显得重要的2.productn.产品，产物；产量；出产结果，成果Theplanwastheproductofmanydaysofcarefulthought.这个计划是许多天仔细考虑的成果。However,notalladvertisingisaboutsellingproductsandservicesforaprofit.然而，并非所有的广告都是为了推销商品和为赢利服务。produce，production和productproduce作名词时多指农产品product多指工业产品production一般指生产过程3.seizevt.抓住；捉住；夺；占据；(指强烈的感情﹑愿望等)突然影响或控制(某人)Thelittleboystretchedouthishandstoseizethetoy.小男孩伸出双手去抓玩具。seizeholdofsth.抓住某物seizeachance/anopportunity抓住时机seizeon/uponsth.意识到某事物而加以利用seizesb.bythearm抓住某人的手臂seize指突然抓住某物，强调突然的猛烈动作，语气比catch强。4.bearvt.忍受；忍耐；负担n.熊can'tbeardoing忍受不了做某事Theplanwon'tbearcloseinspection.这项计划经不起仔细研究。Idon'tfeelverywell.Ican'tbearthisweather.我感到不太舒服。我受不了这种天气。tolerate，stand，bear和enduretolerate可与stand换用，tolerate更正式。tolerate可指容忍不同观点。stand后除可以跟“困难”外更多地接人作宾语。bear则指承受重负、重量等。endure可指忍受痛苦、苦难、困难等。5.hesitatevi.犹豫；踌躇hesitatetodosth.做某事犹豫不决hesitateabout/over(doing)sth.对某事犹豫不决Istillhesitateaboutjoiningthemintheexploringintheforest.我仍在犹豫是否参加他们的森林探险。Wewillnothesitatetogiveourlivestoourmotherland.我们可以毫不犹豫地为祖国献出自己的生命。hesitationn.不愿踌躇；犹豫不决withouthesitation毫不犹豫havenohesitationindoingsth.毫不犹豫干某事6.remarkn.谈论；言论；评述vt.&vi.谈论；评论；说起remarkon/upon...谈论，议论，评论……pass/makearemark批评；发表议论Everyoneremarkedloudlyonhisabsence.每个人都在高声谈论他的缺席。Didyouremarkthedifferencebetweenthetwinsisters?你觉察出这两个孪生姊妹的不同之处了吗？7.acquaintancen.相识；了解；熟人makeone'sacquaintance＝maketheacquaintancewithsb.结识某人haveapassing/noddingacquaintancewithsb.对……知之甚少ShewasacasualacquaintanceinAmerica.她是我在美国的一个熟人。 IhavesomeacquaintancewiththeRussian.我懂一点儿俄语。acquaintsb.with...使某人认识/了解……Youmustacquaintyourselfwithyournewduties.你必须熟悉你的新任务。8.robvt.抢劫；盗窃；剥夺robsb.ofsth.抢了某人某物Theyknockedhimdownandrobbedhimofhiswatchandpen.他们把他打倒在地，抢走了他的表和钢笔。robbern.强盗robberyn.抢劫rob和stealrob意为“抢”，指用暴力夺取别人的东西，其宾语总是人(被劫者)或某一机构(地方)，而不是被劫走的物。steal意为“偷”，指暗中窃取别人的东西，其宾语是物，而不是被盗者本人。常用结构是stealsth.fromsb.。9.promisen.&vi.妥协；折中promisewithsb.onsth.和某人就某事达成妥协reach/arriveat/workoutapromise达成妥协makeapromisewith与……妥协Wehadtopromisewithhimonthispoint.我们只好就这一点向他妥协。10.fadevi.&vt.(使)褪色；减弱；逐渐消失Hopesofapeacefulsettlementarenowfading.和平解决的希望正在消失。fadein(电影画面或广播声音)渐现，淡入，渐强fadeaway消失，消退，逐渐衰弱fadeout使淡出，使渐隐，使渐弱Thesoundofthefootstepsfadedaway.脚步声渐渐消失了。11.assumevt.假定；设想assumethat...假设……assumeanair/expressionof...装出……的样子/表情assumingthat...假定……(作连词用，相当于if)Assumingthatitrains，whatshouldwedo?假定下雨了，我们该怎么办？assumptionn．假定；设想；承担；担任makeanassumption假设；认为ontheassumptionthat...在假定……的情况下Weareworkingontheassumptionthattherateofinflationwillnotincreasenextyear.我们在假定明年通货膨胀率不增加的情况下工作。12.significancen.意义；意思；重要性；重要意义Hedidnotunderstandthesignificanceofmywink.他没有领会我眨眼的意思。amatteroflittlesignificance无关紧要的事情beofmuchsignificance重要的(2)完成句子这是重要新闻。Itisanevent__of__significance__.beofno/littlesignificance无关紧要的significantadj.重要的13.arrestvt.逮捕；吸引n.逮捕；拘留bearrestedforsth.因某事而被捕underarrest被捕；被拘留arrestone'sattention吸引某人的注意Whatshedidarrestedmyattention.她的所作所为吸引了我的注意力。Hewasunderhousearrestuntilthedayofhistrial.直到受审之日为止，他一直被软禁着。HelearnedthatanotherundergroundPartymemberhadbeenarrested.他听说另一个地下党员被捕了。二、重点短语需精通1.setabout(不用于被动语态)开始(某工作)；着手做某事Imustsetaboutmypacking.＝Imustsetouttopack.我得开始收拾行李了。setabout意为“开始，着手”，与setout同义。setout意为“出发，开始”，侧重于开始做某事，还有规划，展现的意思，后加不定式。setoff意为“出发”，侧重于去某个地方。2.hangon不挂断；稍等；紧紧握住Thelineisbusy,wouldyouliketohangon?正在通话中，请别挂断好吗？Hangonaminute—I'llbewithyouinamoment!再等一小会，我会和你一起出去。hanground/around聚集在……附近；闲荡hangabout闲待着，终日无所事事；闲荡hangup挂断；延迟；推迟或搁置3.intermsof...就……来说；从……角度Itisdifficulttoexpressitintermsofscience.要用科学的字眼来表达它是很困难的。Intermsofmoney,he'squiterich,butnotintermsofhappiness.就钱来说他很富有，但就幸福来说就不然了。ingeneral/practical/financialterms从总体/实际/经济角度来说inrealterms(＝infact；asamatteroffact)事实上inrelativeterms相对而言inthelongterm从长远看来intheshortterm在目前看来etotermswithsth.没法忍受某事etotermswithsb.＝maketermswithsb.与……和好；与……达成协议4.regardlessof不管；不顾I'lltakethejobregardlessofthepay.不管报酬多少我都要这份工作。Hesayswhathethinks,regardlessofotherpeople'sfeelings.他怎么想就怎么说，不考虑别人的情绪。regardlessof，disregarding，inspiteof三者意义和用法相同，区别不大。5.getthrough设法联系上(尤指打通)；(设法)做完；通过考试；用光；用完；使成功；使理解；明白Wewerealldelightedwhenweheardyouhadgotthroughtheexam.听到你通过考试时，我们都很高兴。getacross通过；使……理解getover越过，克服(困难)；从(疾病)……恢复过来getthroughwith结束；完成；花光(钱财等)6.cutup切碎；使伤心，严厉批评Peter,whydon'tyoucutupvegetables?彼得，为何不把蔬菜切碎了呢？Thenewsofhisrade'sdeathcuthimupgreatly.他的同志死去的消息，使他极为悲痛。cutoff切断；剪掉cutdown砍伐；削减cutin打断cutout剪去，删去；略去cutup＝cutintopieces切成碎片7.dateback追溯到……ThiscastledatesbacktoRomantimes.这个城堡可追溯到罗马时代。Ourpartnershipdatesbackto(＝Wehavebeenpartnerssince)1960.我们从1960年就合伙了。datebackto/from用于一般现在时中，没有被动语态。同义短语还有goback(to)和datefrom。 三、重点句式能熟用1.Thedayisingwhentelegraphwireswillbelaidontohousesjustlikewaterandgas.这样的一天即将到来，到那时，电报线将会铺到各家各户，就像水和煤气铺到各家各户一样。本句中包含了一个定语从句，但是先行词theday和定语从句whentelegraphwireswillbelaidontohousesjustlikewaterandgas并没有紧跟在一起，所以这是一个典型的分隔式定语从句。ThefilmbroughtthehoursbacktomewhenIwastakengoodcareofinthatfar－awayvillage。这部电影把我带回到在那个遥远的村庄里得到很好照顾的那些时光。Thedaysaregonewhenwesufferedsomuch.我们受苦受难的日子将一去不复返了。2.WhatifIwas?如果我是又怎样呢？在这个句子中的Whatif...？意为“如果……会怎样/怎么样？”，通常用来表示令人不快的情况或提出有益的建议。Whatifsomethinggoeswrong？要是出了问题将会怎么样？Itsoundslikeagoodoffer,butwhatifitisatrick?那个提议听起来很诱人，但如果是个骗局会怎么样？3.Ifonlyitcouldbejustlikelastyear!要是能像去年那样就好了！本句中的Ifonly意为“但愿……；要是……就好了”。其后一般用虚拟语气。如果是对现在的虚拟，则用一般过去时；如果是对过去的虚拟，则用过去完成时。IfonlyIhadmoremoney!要是我有更多的钱就好了！Ifonlythealarmclockhadrung.当时闹钟响就好了。【例1】(1)使用恰当的介词填空①Canyoudistinguish__between__thosetwoobjects?②Speechdistinguisheshumanbeings__from__theanimals.③TheChinesenationisdistinguished__for__itsdiligenceandcourage.(2)完成句子Childrenshouldbetaughtto__distinguish__right__from__wrong__(分辨好坏)．【例2】用produce，production或product的适当形式填空①Theplaceisknownforitsdairyproduce．②Thousandsofmenwereemployedintheproductionofcars.③Theycamehereinsearchofnewmarketsfortheirproducts.【例3】用seize的适当形式填空①Hisfatheraskedhimto__seize__the__chance__tomakesomemoney(抓住时机赚一些钱).②We__were__seized__(身不由己)byasuddenimpulsetorun.③Thecritics__seized__on__(抓住)mymistakeandsaidIwasignorant.【例4】(1)用tolerate,stand,bear和endure的适当形式填空①Whatcan'tbecuredmustbe__endured__．②He__stood__thetestofwar.③Intheend,Icouldnot__bear__it.④Consideringhishomesituation,hehadto__tolerate__hiswife.(2)用所给词的适当形式填空Shejustcan'tbear__having__(have)catsinthehouse.【例5】用所给词的适当形式填空①Hewasstill__hesitating__(hesitate)overwhethertojointheexpedition.②Hedidnothesitate__to__ask__(ask)hertositbesidehim.＝Hedidnothesitateabout__asking__(ask)hertositbesidehim.③Withoutany__hesitation__(hesitate),hejumpedintotherivertosavethedrowningchild.④There'snoroomfor__hesitation__(hesitate).【例6】完成句子①他们对她的相貌妄加评论，这让她很气恼。Theymaderude__remarks__aboutherappearance,whichmadeherupset.②那批评的话是对我说的吗？Doesthat__remark__refertome?【例7】根据句意完成句子①Themusicianhadlittleacquaintance__with__modernscience.②Iamdelightedto__make__youracquaintance.③Shehasmany__acquaintances__inthebusinessmunity.④Ihavesomeacquaintance__with__Spanish.⑤Ineedto__acquaint__myselfwiththenewregulations.【例8】(1)用rob的适当形式填空The__robbers__robbed__thejewellerystoreinbroaddaylight.TheTVnewsreportedtherobbery__assoonaspossible.(2)完成句子①He__stole__much__money__from__the__shop__(偷了那家商店的很多钱)butwascaughtsoonafter.②Aman__robbed__her__of__her__purse____(抢了她的钱包),andpushedherdownfiercely.【例9】完成句子①两国之间的政治和解已经取得进展。Progresshasbeenmadetowardsapolitical__promise__betweenthetwonations.②两国间的纷争通过互相让步而解决了。Thedisputebetweenthetwocountrieswassolved__by__promise__.【例10】用适当的短语填空①当男主角策马向夕阳驰去时，尾声音乐逐渐消失。Theclosingmusic__fades__out__whentheheroridesoffintothesunset.②照片中的人物逐渐褪色。Thefiguresinthepicturehadbegunto__fade__away__.【例11】(1)用assume的适当形式填空①我是在假定能拿到钱的情况下工作。I'mworkingonthe__assumption__thatthemoneywillethrough.②许多人认为贫困仅存在于第三世界。Alotofpeoplemakethe__assumption__thatpovertyonlyexistsintheThirdWorld.(2)句型转换Iassumedthathewaswellqualifiedfortheposition.＝I__made__an__assumption__thathewaswellqualifiedfortheposition.【例12】(1)用significance的适当形式填空我认为他从不知道他自己的父亲是谁这点很重要。Ithinkitwas__significant__thatheneverknewhisownfather.【例13】(1)使用恰当的介词填空①Igotarrested__for__carelessdriving.②Herunclewas__under__arrest,butnobodyknewthereason.(2)用arrest的适当形式填空①Fiveyouths__were__arrested__inconnectionwiththeattack.②Thepublicapplaudedthe__arrest__ofthecriminalsuspect.【例1】用setoff，setout，setabout的适当形式填空①Theysucceededinwhattheyhad__set__out__todo.②Havingmadeuphismind,he__set__about__carryingouttheplan.③Ifyouwanttocatchthattrainwe'dbetter__set__off__forthestationimmediately.【例2】用hang或其相关短语的适当形式填空①She__hung__up__thephoneangrilybeforeIcouldspeak.②He__was__hanged__formurder.③Thecurtain__hangs__well.④__Hang__on__aminute;I'mjusting.【例3】完成句子①这个实验就儿童所掌握的学习内容方面发现什么差异吗？Didtheexperimentfindanydifferences__in__terms__of__whatchildrenlearned?②单纯从经济的角度描绘一个社会是错误的。Itwouldbewrongtodescribeasocietypurely__in__economic__terms__．③从长远看，运动/锻炼对你的健康有益。__In__the__long__term__,__doingexerciseisgoodtoyourhealth.【例4】完成句子①俱乐部对所有新成员不分年龄一律欢迎。Theclubwelesallnewmembers__regardless__of__age.②不管天气怎样，我都会去。Iwillgo__regardless__of__theweather.【例5】完成句子①ItriedringingyouseveraltimesyesterdaybutIcouldn't__get__through__(toyou).②He'snotverygoodat__getting__hisideas__across__．③Hewasdisappointedatnotgettingthejob,buthe'll__get__over__it.【例6】用cut相关短语的适当形式填空①Herlittlefingerwas__cut__off__inanaccidentatthefactory.②She__cut__out__theadvertisementofthenewspaper.③I'msorryto__cut__in__onyourconversation.④Ihaven'tgivenupdrinkingbutI'm__cutting__down__.【例7】完成句子——你知道中国海军是什么时候建立的吗？——是1949年四月。—WhenwasthePeople'sLiberationArmy'sNavyfounded?—It__dates__back__to__theAprilof1949.【例1】完成下列定语从句①Thereisamandownstairs__who__wantstoseeyou.②Iwastheonlypersoninmyoffice__who__wasinvited.③HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields,__when__Ishouldhavestudied.④Canyoumentionanyonethatweknow__who__issotalentedashe？【例2】选择合适的答案__What__if__(Whatif/Whatabout)wegoandseeafilmtomorrownight?Whatif...?后面跟的是句子。Whatabout和Howaboutsth./doingsth.用法相同，用于提建议，后接名词或动名词。【例3】用所给词的适当形式填空LookatthetroubleIamin!IfonlyI__had__followed__(follow)youradvice.一、单句语法填空1.The__merciful__(mercy)kingsavedtheyoungofficersfromdeath.2.Isit__convenient__(convenience)foryoutoenextSunday?3.Hewas__cautious__(caution)aboutmittinghimselftoanything.4.Thatwewereawardedagoldmetalforourproductwasindeedoutof/beyondour__expectation__(expect).5.It'sverycoldtoday;thetemperaturehasdroppedto__freezing__(freeze)point.6.The__adaptation__(adapt)ofanimalstotheenvironmentisratherslow.7.Sometimeswhatwesayisoften__mistaken__(mistake)byothers.8.Inthepost－office,mail__is__classified__(classify)accordingtotheplaceswhereitistogo.9.Thiseventwasorganizedin__association__(associate)withtheSportsCouncil.10．Thejudge__condemned__(condemn)thethieftooneyearofhardlabor.二、用短语的适当形式填空callup,castdown,nowandagain,oncemore,diveinto,outof