Pragmatics语用学讲解课件

WelcometoPragmatics!MelodyGuangzhouUniversitymelodyjhx@126.comWarm-upWhatdoyouknowaboutpragmatics?(“pragma-”,aLatinroot,means“act”or“action”)asabranchoflinguisticstudy?Whathaveyoulearnedinyourlinguisticcourse?Whatdoyouexpectfrompragmaticscourse?AnIntroductiontoPragmaticsLeadinWhatispragmatics?Pragmatics,Syntax,SemanticsObjectivesofpragmaticsApplicationofpragmaticsWhatdowecoverinpragmatics?RecommendedReferencesWhatcanyougetfromthefollowingexamples?Whythetwochildrenmisunderstandtheirparents？Eg1:(一个小男孩走进家门。）母亲：宝宝，把脚擦干净。（男孩脱去泥污的鞋袜，在垫子上认真地擦拭自己的脚丫子。）Eg2（一个三岁的小女孩撩起裙子，向客人展示她的新内裤。父亲试图予以阻止。）父亲：我们可不这么做。女孩：我知道，爸爸，因为你们不穿裙子。Leadin

Discussion1)A:Areyoucomingtothelecturethismorning?B:It'sonlinguistics.Qs:1.WhatdoesBwanttocommunicate?2.HowcanAgettoknowwhatBmeans?3.Whatfactorsareinvolvedinmakingtheinference?etc.APrivateConversationLastweekIwenttothetheatre.Ihadaverygoodseat.Theplaywasveryinteresting.Ididnotenjoyit.Ayoungmanandayoungwomanweresittingbehindme.Theyweretalkingloudly.Igotveryangry.Icouldnotheartheactors.Iturnedround.Ilookedatthemanandthewomanangrily.Theydidnotpayanyattention.Intheend,Icouldnotbearit.Iturnedroundagain.'Ican'thearaword!'Isaidangrily.'It'snoneofyourbusiness,'theyoungmansaidrudely.'Thisisaprivateconversation!'.[NewConceptEnglish(BookIILesson1)]WhatisPragmatics?PlsreadP3

QWhatarethefourareasthatpragmaticsisconcerned?4areasthatpragmaticsisconcerned1)Pragmaticsisthestudyofspeakermeaning2).Pragmaticsisthestudyofcontextualmeaning.3).Pragmaticsisthestudyofhowmoregetsthansaid.4).Pragmaticsisthestudyoftheexpressionofrelativedistance.(Yule1996:3)Whenadiplomatsay“yes”,hemeans“perhaps”,whenhesays“perhapshemeans“no”;andwhenhesays“no”heisnodiplomatWhenaladysays“no”,shemeans“perhaps”,whenshesays“perhaps”shemeans“yes”andwhenshesays“yes”sheisnolady.(Voltaire)--thestudyofspeakermeaning

[whatpeoplemeanbywhattheysay,thestudyofmeaningascommunicatedbyaspeaker(orwriter)andinterpretedbyalistener(orreader)]--thestudyofcontextualmeaning

[howcontextdeterminesmeaningandshapesthewaymeaningisconveyed]Originof“pragmatics”

Pragma:latinroot“act”“action”Pragmaticsisanewbranch.Theterm"Pragmatics"wasfirstusedbyanAmericanphilosopherCharlesWilliamMorrisinhisbookFoundationsoftheTheoryofSign(1938)whichismainlyaboutsemioticsanddividessemioticsintothreedivisions,i.e.Semantics,SyntaxandPragmatics.Pragmatics,asanindependentdisciplineoflinguistics,appearedin1970swiththepublicationofJournalofPragmaticsinNetherlandsin1977.AndtheInternationalPragmaticsAssociation(IPrA)cameintobeingin1985.HistoryWhat’sthedifferencebetweenPragmatics,Syntax,andSemantics?PlsreadP4.Morris/Davis:thestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlinguisticformsandtheusersofthoseforms[C.Morris,1938,FoundationsoftheTheoryofSigns,Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.]Compare:

syntax:thestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlinguisticforms,howtheyarearrangedinsequenceandwhichsequencesarewell-formed;

semantics:thestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlinguisticformsandentitiesintheworld,howwordsliterallyconnecttothings.DiscussionA:Areyoucomingtothelecturethisafternoon?B:It'sonpragmatics.Qs:1.WhatdoesBwanttocommunicate?2.HowcanAgettoknowwhatBmeans?3.Whatfactorsareinvolvedinmakingtheinference?etc.APrivateConversationLastweekIwenttothetheatre.Ihadaverygoodseat.Theplaywasveryinteresting.Ididnotenjoyit.Ayoungmanandayoungwomanweresittingbehindme.Theyweretalkingloudly.Igotveryangry.Icouldnotheartheactors.Iturnedround.Ilookedatthemanandthewomanangrily.Theydidnotpayanyattention.Intheend,Icouldnotbearit.Iturnedroundagain.'Ican'thearaword!'Isaidangrily.'It'snoneofyourbusiness,'theyoungmansaidrudely.'Thisisaprivateconversation!'.[NewConceptEnglish(BookIILesson1)]Pragmatics——thestudyoflanguageinuseorcontext.(对语境中语言运用的研究）。Cf.Semanticsvs.PragmaticscontextSemantics:thestudyofmeaningismorecloselyrelatedtothelinguisticforms(moreconstantandinherent)Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaningismorecloselyrelatedtothecontext(moreindeterminate,speaker’smeaning,utterancemeaningorcontextualmeaning)Themeaningdependson“context”

2010年10月16日晚，一辆黑色轿车在河北大学校区内撞倒两名女生一死一伤，司机不但没有停车，反而继续去校内宿舍楼接女友。返回途中被学生和保安拦下，该肇事者不但没有关心伤者，甚至态度冷漠嚣张，高喊“有本事你们告去，我爸是李刚!”

后经证实了解，该男子名为李启铭父亲李刚是保定市某公安分局副局长。此事一出迅速成为网友和媒体热议的焦点，“我爸是李刚”语句也迅速成为网络最火的流行语。Semantics----WhatdoesXmean?----XmeansY",Pragmatics----"WhatdoyoumeanbyX?----SmeansYbyX.".Semantics:wordmeaningandsentencemeaning----theconceptualmeaning,abstractmeaningandcontext-independentmeaning;Pragmatics:utterance’sorspeaker'smeaning----themeaninginlanguageuseandwhichiscontextdependentandconcrete.semantics—wordmeaningandsentencemeaning,whichistheconceptualmeaningandwhichiscontextindependentPragmatics—utteranceorspeaker'smeaning,whichisthemeaninginlanguageuseandwhichiscontextdependent.Semanticsisthestudyofsentencesandpragmaticsthestudyofutterancesofthesesentences.e.g.(1)Myhusbandwillbebacksoon.Meaninginsemantics—Thehusbandofthespeakerwillcometotheplacewherethespeakeris,inashorttimeafterthespeakersaysthesentence.Meaninginpragmatics—apromise,threateningorarequest.What’rethesemanticmeaningandpragmaticmeaningofthefollowing？1)ThebagI’mcarryingisabitheavy.2)TodayisSunday.MoreExamples小丽：你们老板人还不错吧？小茜：他系粉红色的领带！莎莎：你觉得这儿的汉堡味道怎么样？小勇：莎莎，汉堡就是汉堡。小丽：他穿衣服的品位很好。小茜：他系粉红色的领带！莎莎：这儿的汉堡跟别处有什么不同吗？小勇：莎莎，汉堡就是汉堡。MicropragmaticsReferenceDeixisAnaphoraPresupposition…MacropragmaticsSpeechActtheoryThecooperativePrincipleThepolitenessPrinciple…Objectivesofpragmatics:investigateanddescribethepatterns,regularities,principlesandrulesoflanguageuse/usage;makesenseoflanguageuseindifferenttypesofcontext;explainlanguageusefromadynamicperspective;explorethesocial,psychologicalandcognitiveconstraintsandmechanismsunderlyinglanguageuse(productionandcomprehension);analyzeandexplaintheeffectoftheinteractionbetweenlanguageuseandlanguagesystem,betweenlanguageuseanddiscoursestructure,languageuseandsocialstructure,etc.

Objectives:

TohaveageneralviewofpragmaticsTogetwell-informedaboutthetheoriesofpragmaticsTodevelopyourawarenessoftheuseoflanguageinlinguisticcommunicationApplications:pragmaticapproachtoforeignlanguageteaching/SLA/FLA/languagetesting/(cross-cultural/intercultural/interpersonal)communication/translation/advertising/literaryanalysis/socialadministration/businessnegotiation/propaganda,etc.Somewell-knowntheoriesandprinciplesofpragmatics

----SpeechActTheory言语行为理论J.Austin----IndirectSpeechActTheory间接言语行为理论J.Searle----CooperativePrinciplesandConversationalImplicatureTheory

合作原则和会话含义理论H.P.Grice----FaceSavingTheory面子论Brown&Levinson----PolitenessPrinciple礼貌原则G.Leech----RelevanceTheory关联理论Sperbe&Wilson----TheQ-andR-principles霍恩两原则LaurenceHorn----TheQ-,I-andM-principles列文森三原则S.Levinson----AdaptationTheory顺应论VerschuerenSalientfigures:Morris,Austin,Searle,Grice,Levinson,Mey,HuangYan,Horn,Thomas,Leech,SperberandWilson,Green,Grundy,Blakemore,BrownandLevinson,Davis,Yule,Verschueren,Morgan,Leech,Stalnaker,Kasper,Blum-Kulka,Wierzbicka,Schiffrin,Ariel,Carston,Drew,Culpeper,Haugh,etc.何自然，沈家煊，胡壮麟，何兆熊，钱冠连，徐盛桓，顾曰国，熊学亮，姜望琪，张绍杰，冉永平，何刚，张克定，牛宝义，廖美珍，文旭，向明友，吴亚欣，于国栋，洪岗，侯国金，曾衍桃，刘绍忠，等等Somereferencebooksonpragmatics：1.UnderstandingPragmatics,J.Verschueren,London:Arnold,1999.2.Pragmatics,J.Peccei,Routledge,1999.3.Pragmatics,G.Yule,Oxford:OUP,1996.4.Relevance:CognitionandCommunication,D.SperberandD.Wilson,Oxford:BasilBlackwell,1986/1995.5.PragmaticsinLanguageTeaching,Rose,K.&G.Kasper(eds.),Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2001.6.InterlanguagePragmatics,Kasper,G.&Blum-Kulka(eds.),OxfordUniversityPress,1993.7.DoingPragmatics,P.Grundy,London:EdwardArnold,1995.8.Pragmatics:AnIntroduction,J.Mey,Oxford:Blackwell,1993.

9.Cross-culturalPragmatics,Blum-Kulka,HouseandKasper(eds.),Norwood,NJ:Ablex,1989.10.Politeness:someuniversalsinlanguageusage,P.BrownandS.Levinson,Cambridge:CUP,1987.11.PrinciplesofPragmatics,G.Leech,London:Longman,1983.12.Pragmatics,S.Levinson,Cambridge:CUP,1983.13.SemanticsandPragmatics:MeaninginLanguageandDiscourse,K.M.Jaszczolt,PearsonEducationLimited,2002./北京大学出版社,2004.14