高考英语一轮课件专题三定语从句

专题三定句从句考点内容关系代词关系代词的作用及常见关系代词的用法关系副词关系副词的作用及常见关系副词的用法非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句在意义和关系词方面的区别考纲解读命题规律趋势探究命题规律1.北京近三年高考中定语从句的考点分布如下:2.高考北京卷中,主要考查定语从句的基本用法,设题方式多样。3.高考北京卷中注重结合语境考查定语从句的基本用法。年份201720162015考点关系代词关系代词关系副词考频分析核心考点考查内容考查重点定语从句关系代词★★★★★关系副词★★★★☆突破方法1.根据从句前是否有名词或者句子,并被从句修饰来判断。2.根据先行词初步判断关系词。(1)人作为先行词,可供选择的关系词有:who(主宾表),whom(宾表),

whose(定),that(主宾表)。(2)物作为先行词,可供选择的关系词有:that(主宾表),which(主宾表),

whose(定),when(状),why(状),where(状)。人和物共同作先行词时,关

系词只能用that。(3)先行词为一个句子时,可用的关系词有as,which。3.分析句子成分,确定具体用词。(1)根据从句中与关系词相关的动词是及物动词还是不及物动词,确定从句所缺成分。(2)根据句意和结构及特殊情况,确定关系词。考点知识全面总结考点一关系代词一、关系代词的作用及分类1.关系代词的作用有三个:(1)连接作用:关系代词引导从句,把从句和主句连接起来;(2)替代作用:关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词;(3)作成分:关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。从句关系代词格用于限制性和非限制性定语从句用于限制性定语从句指人指物既指人又指物主格词whowhichthat宾格词who(m)属格词whose/ofwhomwhose/ofwhichwhose2.关系代词的用法分类:关系代词的用法与分类有三点依据:(1)根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性;(2)根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物;(3)根据它在从句中所充当的成分——主语、宾语、表语或定语。二、关系代词that和which的用法1.限制性定语从句中,必须用关系代词that的情况:(1)当先行词是不定代词all,much,little,something,everything,anything,

nothing,none等时。如:Thereisnothingintheworldthatcanfrightenhim.在这个世界上没有什么事能吓倒他。(2)当先行词前面有theonly,thevery(恰恰,正好),any,few,little,no,all等词修饰时。如:Theonlythingthatwecandois(to)giveyousomemoney.我们唯一能做的事情就是给你一些钱。(3)当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。

如:ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatI’veeverseen.这是我曾经看过的最有趣的电影。(4)当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。如:ThistrainisthelastthatwillgotoSuzhou.这是去苏州的最后一趟火车。(5)当先行词既有人又有物时。如:Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?你知道他们正在谈论的事和人吗?(6)当主句的主语是疑问词which时。如:Whichisthebikethatyoulost?哪辆是你丢的自行车?(7)有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词宜用which,另外一个宜用

that。如:Theysecretlybuiltupasmallfactory,whichproducedthingsthatcould

causepollution.他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂,这家工厂生产的东西能造成污染。(8)当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词在从句中也作表语时。如:Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。2.当先行词指物或前面整句话时,定语从句中关系代词必须用which的

情况:(1)在非限制性定语从句中,只用which,不用that。如:MoYanwasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein2012,whichmade

oneoftheChinesepeople’slong-helddreamscometrue.莫言2012年被授予诺贝尔文学奖,这使中国人长久以来拥有的梦想之一

变成了现实。(2)当从句中的介词提前时,只用which,不用that。如:GuncontrolisasubjectaboutwhichAmericanshavearguedforalong

time.枪支控制是美国人争论了很长时间的一个话题。注意:在一些动词短语中,由于动词和介词不可分割,因此不能把介词置

于关系代词之前。如:Thisisthepen(which/that)I’mlookingfor.这是我正在寻找的那支钢笔。不可以说:ThisisthepenforwhichI’mlooking.三、关系代词who,whom,that和whose的用法当先行词指人:①在定语从句中作主语时,用who/that,不可省略;②在定

语从句中作宾语时,用whom/who/that,可以省略;③在定语从句中作定语

时,用whose,不可省略。如:Sheisthegirlwho/thatlivesnextdoor.(先行词在定语从句中作主语)她就是住在隔壁的女孩。That’sthegirl(whom/who/that)Iteach.(先行词在定语从句中作宾语)那就是我教的女孩。Thisisthescientistwhoseachievementsarewellknown.(先行词在定语从句中作定语)这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。Thisisthehousewhosewindowbrokelastnight.=Thisisthehouse,thewindowofwhichbrokelastnight.=Thisisthehouse,ofwhichthewindowbrokelastnight.(注意粗体部分的形式和顺序)这就是昨晚窗户被打坏的那所房子。用关系代词填空:①Isthereanything

that

youdon’tunderstandabouttheproblem?②Theworstmatter

that

I’mafraidofhappenedintheend.③Pleasesendusalltheinformation

that

youhaveaboutthecandidate

fortheposition.④Thisistheverybook

that

Ihavebeenlookingfor.⑤Myfriendshowedmeroundthetown,

which

wasverykindofhim.⑥Thehouse

whose

windowsfacetothenorthbelongstohim.⑦Theman

who/whom/that

youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.考点二关系副词一、关系副词的作用与意义1.关系副词的作用(1)连接作用:关系副词引导从句,连接主从句。(2)替代作用:关系副词在从句中替代先行词。(3)作成分:关系副词在从句中作状语。2.主要关系副词的意义定语从句中主要的关系副词有when,where,why等。when=表时间的介

词(如:in,at,on,during等)+which;where=表地点的介词(如:in,at,on,under

等)+which;why=表原因的介词(如:for)+which。如:IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.(when=onwhich)我还记得我第一次来北京的那一天。Canyoutellmetheofficewhereheworks?(where=inwhich)你能告诉我他上班的办公室吗?Doyouknowthereasonwhyheisabsent?(why=forwhich)你知道他缺席的原因吗?二、高考中对关系副词where的考查高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂,从先行词为“明显的地点”转

为“地点的模糊化”。事实上,对于where这个词,考生不能只理解为表

示地点。当先行词表示某人/物的situation,或某事所发展的stage,或表达

某事的某个方面时都可用where这个关系副词。如:Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatewitheachother.他们已经到了必须分开的地步。这种用法不是仅仅限于定语从句,特殊疑问句中的where,名词性从句中

的where都有这种用法。如:Wherewillallthistroublelead?这件麻烦事会导致什么后果?Thatiswhereyouaremistaken.那就是你的错误所在。单项填空:（

）①Laterinthischaptercaseswillbeintroducedtoreaders

consumercomplaintshaveresultedinchangesinthelaw.A.where

B.when

C.who

D.which（

）②—Isthatthesmalltownyouoftenreferto?—Right,justtheone

youknowIusedtoworkforyears.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.whatAC（

）③Iwalkedinourgarden,

TomandJimweretyingabigsignontooneofthetrees.A.whichB.whenC.whereD.that（

）④Occasionsarequiterare

Ihavethetimetospendadaywithmykids.A.whoB.whichC.whyD.whenCD考点三非限制性定语从句一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用;非限制性定语从句对先行词

起补充说明作用。在非限制性定语从句中,先行词与定语从句往往由逗

号隔开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从句等。如:Hehastwosons,whoworkinthesamecompany.(Hehasonlytwosons.)他有两个儿子,他们在同一家公司上班。Hehastwosonswhoworkinthesamecompany.(Perhapshehasmore

thantwosons.)他有两个儿子在同一家公司上班。同义句转换:①Thatishisfather,andheworksinShanghai.Thatishisfather,

who

worksinShanghai.②Iliketheboy,whoisverylovely.Iliketheboy,

because/forhe

isverylovely.③Hetoldmeastoryyesterday,andIthinkitisveryinteresting.Hetoldmeastoryyesterday,

which

Ithinkisveryinteresting.二、非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法1.关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略;2.who(主语),whom(宾语),which(主语,宾语)不能用that代替,也不能互相

替换;3.when,where,whose可用于非限制性定语从句中。单项填空:(

)④Iwalkeduptothetopofthehillwithmyfriends,

weenjoyeda

splendidviewofthelake.A.whichB.whereC.whoD.that(

)⑤They’vewontheirlastthreematches,

Ifindabitsurprisingactually.A.thatB.whenC.whatD.which(

)⑥Hewaslatefortheopeningceremony,

wasverysurprisingtome.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.whatBDB考点四关系代词as与which的区别1.

其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。如:Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as作主语)Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowpriceaspeopleexpected.这些房子以人们预料的那样的低价出售。(as作宾语)Heisnotthesamemanashewas.他和过去不同了。(as作表语)2....suchas...such为代词,意为“这样的人或物”,as在从句中作成分,修饰先行词

such。如:ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpect.这本书不是我想要的。(as在从句中作宾语)3.as引导的非限制性定语从句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还可

插入主句中,而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相

同的是两者都可替代整个主句的内容。如:Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldex-

pect.结果天气很好,这一点超出了我们的预料。4.当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时,只能用as。如:Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceevery

month.=Themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth,as/whichisknownto

everybody.=Itisknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceevery

month.=Whatisknowntoeverybodyisthatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonce

everymonth.众所周知,月球每月绕地球转一圈。后两句属于名词性从句范畴。另外,as多用于下列习惯用语中:asanybodycansee正如人人都能看到的那样;asiswell-known=asisknowntoall众所周知;aswehaveexpected正

如我们所预料的那样;asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样;ashasbeen

saidbefore正如以前所说的那样;asismentionedabove正如上面提到的。5.当定语从句放在主句后面时,也并不是as就永远等于which。(1)当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which。如:Hecamehereverylate,whichwasunexpected(notexpected).他来得很晚,这是意料之外的。(2)当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接动词的被动语态。如:beknown,be

said,bereported,beannounced等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态,一

般用which作主语。如:Shehasbeenabsentagain,asisexpected.她又缺席了,这在预料之中。Tomhasmaderapidprogress,whichmakesmeveryhappy.汤姆进步很快,这使我很高兴。(3)当非限制性定语从句中含有复合结构时,只能用which引导定语从

句。如:Bettyalwaystellsalie,whichherparentsfindstrange.贝蒂总是说谎,她的父母觉得奇怪。1.用关系代词填空①Sheissuchagirl

as

isalwaysfindingfaultwithotherpeople.②Thatstudentthattheteacherthoughtbestplayedtruant(逃学)yesterday,

which

madetheteacherverydisappointed.2.单项填空:(

)③TheBeatles,

manyofyouareoldenoughtoremember,came

fromLiverpool.A.whatB.thatC.howD.as(

)④Theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementsandem-

ploymorepeopletokeepitrunning,

meantspendingtensofthou-

sandsofpounds.A.whoB.thatC.asD.whichDD考点五“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句1.当介词放在关系代词的前面时,关系代词常用which或whom,并且不能

省略。如:Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostofwhichhadn

tbeen

cleanedforatleastayear.他付给男孩10美元擦洗10扇窗户,这10扇窗户中大部分至少一年没擦

了。Inthedarkstreet,therewasn

tasingleperson,towhomshecouldturnfor

help.在黑暗的街道上,她没有一个可以求助的人。2.在限制性定语从句中,当介词位于定语从句的末尾时,可用that/which(指物),that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语,而且作介词宾语的关系代词

可以省略。如:Thisisthehero

weareproudof.这就是我们引以为荣的那个英雄。Thisisthepen

Iwrotetheletterwith.这就是我写信用的那支钢笔。3.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗

号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。如:Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtalltree.他住在一所大房子里,房子前面有一棵又大又高的树。4.“介词+which/whom+不定式”结构。如:Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichtolive.=Thepoormanhasnohouse(that/which)hecanlivein.=Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichhecanlive.=Thepoormanhasnohousetolivein.那个穷人没房子住。5.where/when=介词+关系代词(which),有时为表达清楚,还可以在关系

副词where/when前加介词from/to等。如:Chinaisthebirthplaceofkites,fromwherekiteflyingspreadstoJapan,Ko-rea,ThailandandIndia.中国是风筝的发源地,从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。单项填空:(

)①Frank’sdreamistohavehisowngarden

manybeautifulflowers.A.inittoplantB.whichplantC.itplantsD.inwhichtoplant(

)②Themanpulledoutagoldwatch,

weremadeofsmalldiamonds.A.thehandsofwhomB.whomthehandsofC.whichthehandsofD.theha