山东大学外国语学院241英语（外）历年考研真题详解

目录

2015年山东大学外国语学院241英语（外）考研真题及详解

2016年山东大学外国语学院241英语（外）考研真题及详解

2017年山东大学外国语学院241英语（外）考研真题及详解

2018年山东大学外国语学院241英语（外）考研真题及详解

2019年山东大学外国语学院241英语（外）考研真题及详解

2015年山东大学外国语学院241英

语（外）考研真题及详解

SectionⅠUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach

numberedblankandmarkA,B,C,orDonANSWERSHEET1.(20points)

Thename“UnitedNations”wasprobablydevisedbyU.S.PresidentFranklin

D.Roosevelt,andthefirstgroupofrepresentativesofthememberstatesmet

andsignedadeclarationof(1)_____purposeonNewYear’sDayin1942.

Representativesoffive(2)_____workedtogethertodraw(3)_____

proposals,completedatDumbartonOaksin1944.Theseproposals,modified

after(4)_____attheconferenceonInternationalOrganizationinSan

FranciscowhichbeganinApril1945,werefinally(5)_____andsignedas

theU.N.Charterby50countrieson26June,1945.Poland,not(6)_____at

theconference,signedtheCharterlaterandwasaddedtothelistof(7)_____

members.Itwasnotuntilthatautumn,(8)_____,aftertheCharterhadbeen

(9)_____approvedandsignedbyChina,France,theU.S.S.R,theU.K.

andtheU.S.andbyamajorityoftheotherparticipantsthattheU.N.came

(10)_____existence.Thedatewas24October,now(11)_____celebrated

asUnitedNationsDay.

Theessential(12)_____oftheU.N.aretomaintaininternationalpeaceand

security,todevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnations,tocooperate

internationallyinsolvinginternational(13)_____,social,culturalandhuman

problems,(14)_____respectforhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedoms,

andtobeacentreforcoordinatingtheactionsofnationsinattainingthese

common(15)_____.

NocountrytakesprecedenceoveranotherintheU.N.Eachmember’srights

andobligationsarethesame.Allmustcontributetothe(16)_____settlement

ofinternationaldisputes,andmembershavepledgedtorefrain(17)_____the

threatoruseofforceagainstotherstates.ThoughtheU.N.hasnorightto

interveneinanystate’sinternalaffairs,ittriestoensurethatnon-member

statesact(18)_____itsprinciplesofinternationalpeaceandsecurity.U.N.

membersmustoffereveryassistance(19)_____anapprovedU.N.actionand

(20)_____assiststatesagainstwhichtheU.N.istakingpreventiveor

enforcementaction.

1.A.ordinary

B.usual

C.common

D.average

2.A.lands

B.powers

C.armies

D.delegates

3.A.up

B.out

C.down

D.on

4.A.debate

B.quarrel

C.dispute

D.talk

5.A.admittedto

B.decidedon

C.permittedof

D.agreedon

6.A.representing

B.represented

C.represent

D.torepresent

7.A.former

B.original

C.initial

D.formal

8.A.therefore

B.otherwise

C.however

D.nevertheless

9.A.really

B.publicly

C.officially

D.actually

10.A.to

B.about

C.out

D.into

11.A.universally

B.totally

C.wholly

D.worldly

12.A.duties

B.concerns

C.affects

D.functions

13.A.economical

B.economic

C.economy

D.economics

14.A.creating

B.developing

C.promoting

D.making

15.A.ends

B.means

C.targets

D.conclusions

16.A.peacefully

B.peaceable

C.peace

D.peaceful

17.A.from

B.over

C.against

D.outof

18.A.inresponseto

B.inconnectionwith

C.inreferenceto

D.inaccordancewith

19.A.for

B.in

C.with

D.to

20.A.innoway

B.ineveryway

C.insomeway

D.inaway

【答案与解析】

1.C句意：1942年新年，首批成员国代表聚会并签署一项联合宣言。

common表示“共同的”，在这里指共同的目标，符合题意，故C项正确。

ordinary普通的，平凡的。usual通常的，惯例的。average平均的；普通

的。

2.B句意：1944年五大强国的代表一起草拟提案。在这里power指“大

国，强国；政权”，符合题意，故B项正确。land国土。army军队。

delegate代表。

3.A此处考查固定搭配。drawup表示“草拟，起草”，后可接

proposal（提案，提议），符合题意，故A项正确。drawout画出。draw

down拉下（窗帘等）。drawon使用；招致；临近。

4.A句意：1945年4月开始的旧金山国际会议讨论了提案后，对其进行

了修订。debate讨论，辩论。符合句意，因此A项正确。quarrel争吵。

dispute争论。talk谈话。

5.D句意：他们……在提案上最终达成一致，并签订为联合国宪章。

agreeon“达成一致”，符合题意，故D项正确。beadmittedto被许可进

入。decideon决定，选定。bepermittedof被允许。

6.B句意：波兰虽当时没有派代表出席会议但在之后也签署了联合国宪

章。represented表示“出席，参加”，含被动意义，符合句意，故B项正

确。此处为过去分词做后置定语。

7.B句意：波兰也成为了联合国创始成员国之一。original有“最早的，

原始的；原版的”之意，强调从最初就一直存在，符合题意，故B项正

确。former前任的。initial也表示“开始的，最初的”，强调处于事物的起

始阶段。formal正式的。

8.C句意：但直到1945年的秋天，在中国、法国、苏联、英国和美国五

大国以及其他众多成员国，正式批准和签署联合国宪章之后，联合国才

真正成立。由句意可知，本句与前文意思构成转折，强调联合国成立的

艰难，however表示转折，符合语境，故C项正确。

9.Cofficially“正式地；官方地”，符合题意，故C项正确。really真正

地。publicly公开地，公然地。actually实际上，事实上。

10.D句意：此处为固定搭配。comeintoexistence诞生，成立。因此D

项正确。

11.A句意：那天是10月24日，现在全世界将其当作联合国日庆祝。

universally普遍地；全世界地。符合句意，故A项正确。totally完全地，

全部地。wholly整体地。worldly世上的，世俗的。

12.A句意：联合国的主要职责是维持国际和平与安全，发展国家间友

好关系，在解决国际经济、社会、文化问题和促进尊重人权及基本自由

的人类问题方面进行国际性合作，并且为达到这些共同目标而成为协调

各国行动的中心。duty表示“职责；义务”，指“按道德、法律、社会习惯

或良心应尽的本分、义务和责任”，着重“自觉”，符合句意，因此A项正

确。function表示“功能，作用；职责，职业”，通常指因职务或职业关

系去履行某种职责。concern关心；涉及。affect感情，情感。

13.Beconomic“（有关）经济的，经济上的”后接problem，表示“经济

问题”，符合题意，故B项正确。economical节俭的；节约的。economy

经济；节约；理财。economics经济学。

14.C句意：促进尊重人权及基本自由。从后面接respect（尊重）可知

promoting（促进）符合题意。故C项正确。create创造。develop发展。

make制作。

15.Ctarget表示“目标，目的”，常用于正式场合，符合语境，故C项正

确。end表示“目的；结尾”，常用于非正式场合。means手段；方法。

conclusion结论；总结。

16.D句意：所有成员国必须为国际争端的和平解决做出贡献。由名词

settlement可知空格处应填形容词，peaceful表示“和平的”，符合句意，

故D项正确。peacefully和平地。peaceable温和的，平静的。peace和平。

17.A句意：所有成员国都保证不对其他国家进行武力威胁或使用武

力。restrainfrom为固定搭配，表示“抑制；制止；阻止……去……”。

18.D句意：虽然联合国无权干涉任何一个国家的内部事务，但它却力

图确保非成员国也要遵照其国际和平与安全原则行事。inaccordance

with表示“依照；与……一致”，符合题意，故D项正确。inresponseto响

应；回答；对……有反应。inconnectionwith与……有关；与……相

连。inreferenceto关于。

19.B句意：联合国各成员必须尽力协助联合国批准的行动，并且决不

帮助联合国对之采取预防性行动或强制行动的国家。本句中offer

assistancein…表示在某事中提供帮助。

20.A联系语境，只有innoway（决不）符合题意。故A项正确。in

everyway以各种方式。insomeway有几分，有点。inaway在某种意义

上。

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweach

textbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.

(40points)

Text1

Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

“Hightech”and“stateoftheart”aretwoexpressionsthatdescribevery

moderntechnology.Hightechisjustashorterwayofsayinghigh

technology.Andhightechnologydescribesanyinvention,systemofdevice

thatusesthenewestideasordiscoveriesofscienceandengineering.

Whatishightech?Acomputerishightech.Soisacommunicationssatellite.

Amodernmanufacturingsystemissurelyhightech.

HightechbecameapopularexpressionintheUnitedStatesduringtheearly

1980’s.Becauseofimprovementsintechnology,peoplecouldbuymanynew

kindsofproductsinAmericanstores,suchashomecomputers,microwave

ovens,etc.

“Stateoftheart”issomethingthatisasmodernaspossible.Itisaproductthat

isbasedontheverylatestmethodsandtechnology.Somethingthatis“state

oftheart”isthenewestpossibledesignorproductofabusinessorindustry.

Astateofthearttelevisionset,forexample,usesthemostmodernelectronic

designandparts.Itisthebestthatonecanbuy.

“Stateoftheart”isnotanewexpression.Engineershaveuseditforyearsto

describethebestandmostmodernwayofdoingsomething.

MillionsofAmericansbegantousetheexpressioninthelate1970’s.The

reasonwasthecomputerrevolution.Everycomputercompanyclaimedthat

itscomputerswere“stateoftheart”.

Computertechnologychangedsofastthatastateoftheartcomputertoday

mightbeoldtomorrow.Theexpression“stateoftheart”becameascommon

andpopularascomputersthemselves.Nowallkindsofproductsaresaidto

be“stateoftheart”.

21.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?

A.Totellhow“hightech”and“stateoftheart”havedeveloped.

B.Togiveexamplesofhightech.

C.Totellwhat“hightech”and“stateoftheart”are.

D.Todescribeverymoderntechnology.

22.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?

A.Americanstorescouldprovidenewkindsofproductstothepeople.

B.Hightechdescribesatechnologythatisnottraditional.

C.“Stateoftheart”isnotaspopularas“hightech”.

D.Awoodenploughpulledbyoxenis“stateoftheart”.

23.AllthefollowingexamplesarehightechEXCEFT_____.

A.amicrowaveoven

B.ahomecomputer

C.ahandpump

D.asatellite

24.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

A.Sincethecomputerrevolution,theexpression“stateoftheart”has

becomepopular.

B.“Stateoftheart”meanssomethingthatisthebestonecanbuy.

C.Withtherapiddevelopmentofcomputertechnology,astateoftheart

computermayeasilybecomeoutofdate.

D.Allkindsofproductsare“stateoftheart”nowadays.

25.Thebesttitleforthepassageis_____.

A.ComputerTechnology

B.HighTechandStateoftheArt

C.MostAdvancedTechnology

D.TwoNewExpressions

【答案与解析】

21.C主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了“high-tech”和“state

oftheart”两个表达的含义。故C项正确。

22.B细节推理题。文章第一段第三句提到，高技术描述的是使用最新

科学与工程理念或发现的任何发明和装备系统，因此“高技术”通常描述

最新技术成果，而非传统技术，故B项正确。文章第三段第二句提

到“Becauseofimprovementsintechnology,peoplecouldbuymanynew

kindsofproductsinAmericanstores…”，因此A选项可以直接从文中找

到，并不需要推断得出。C项文中没有提及。“stateoftheart”指的是最

新现代技术，因此D项错误。

23.C细节理解题。文章第二段提到“Acomputerishightech.Soisa

communicationssatellite.Amodernmanufacturingsystemissurelyhigh

tech”，由此可知，C项“手压水泵”不是高技术，故C项为正确答案。

24.D细节理解题。倒数第二段第一、二两句提到，由于计算机革命，

数百万美国人开始使用“stateoftheart”这一表达，故A项正确。由倒数

第四段最后一句可知，B项正确。由文章最后一段可知，C项正确。文

章最后一句提到，现在所有的产品据说都很“高端”，由此可知，作者并

不认为现在所有的产品都很“高端”。故D项描述错误，因此选D。

25.B主旨大意题。联系全文意思可知，本文主要讲述“高技术”和“高

端”，因此B项正确。

Text2

Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

AprovenmethodforeffectivetextbookreadingistheSQ3Rmethod

developedbyFrancisRobinson.Thefirststepistosurvey(theSstep)the

chapterbyreadingthetitle,introduction,sectionheadings,summaryandby

studyinganygraphs,tables,illustrationsorcharts.Thepurposeofthisstepis

togetanoverviewofthechaptersothatyouwillknowbeforeyoureadwhat

itwillbeabout.Inthesecondstep(theQstep),foreachsectionyouask

yourselfquestionssuchas“WhatdoIalreadyknowaboutthistopic?”and

“WhatdoIwanttoknow?”Inthisstepyoualsotakethesectionheadingand

turnitintoaquestion.Thisstepgivesyouapurposeforreadingthesection.

Thethirdstep(thefirstofthe3R’s)istoreadtofindtheanswertoyour

questions.Thenattheendofeachsection,beforegoingontothenext

section,yourecite(thesecondofthe3R’s)theanswerstothequestionsthat

youformedinthequestionstep.Whenyoureciteyoushouldsaythe

informationyouwanttolearnoutloudinyourownwords.Thefifthstepis

doneafteryouhavecompletedsteps2,3and4foreachsection.Youreview

(thelastofthe3R’s)theentirechapter.Thereviewisdonemuchasthe

surveywasinthefirststep.Asyoureview,holdamentalconversationwith

yourselfasyourecitetheinformationyouselectedasimportanttolearn.The

mentalconversationcouldtaketheformofaskingandansweringthe

questionsformedfromtheheadingsorreadingthesummary,whichliststhe

mainideasinthechapter,andtryingtofillinthedetailsforeachmainidea.

26.ThepassageimpliesthattheSQ3Rmethod_____.

A.needstobeproven

B.leavesmuchtobedesired

C.turnsouttobepracticable

D.cannotbeusedbyeveryreader

27.TheSQ3Rmethodconsistsof_____steps.

A.three

B.four

C.five

D.seven

28.Accordingtothepassage,thefirststephelpsthereaders_____.

A.readfirstseveralparagraphs

B.scanthewholechapter

C.studythegraphs

D.getthethemeofthechapter

29.Whichofthefollowingisthefourthstep?

A.Toquestionyourself.

B.Toreadforinformation.

C.Toutteryouranswers.

D.Todrawaconclusion.

30.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.Inthelaststep,youshouldrememberalltheinformation.

B.Whenyoufinishthelaststep,youwillgetboththemainideaandthe

details.

C.Thementalconversationinvolvesansweringthequestionsaskedbythe

author.

D.Whileyouareholdingamentalconversationyouselecttheimportant

information.

【答案与解析】

26.C细节推理题。从文章第一句“Aprovenmethodforeffectivetextbook

readingistheSQ3RmethoddevelopedbyFrancisRobinson”中

的“proven”和“effective”可知，SQ3R已被证明是一套能有效提高阅读能

力的方法，因而C正确。

27.C细节理解题。文章后半部分提到“Thefifthstepisdoneafteryou

havecompletedsteps2,3and4foreachsection”，由此可知，SQ3R共包

含五步。故C项正确。

28.D细节理解题。通过文章第三句“Thepurposeofthisstepistogetan

overviewofthechaptersothatyouwillknowbeforeyoureadwhatitwillbe

about”可知，第一步的目标是概览全篇，以便在实际阅读前对即将阅读

的内容有大致了解，故D正确。

29.C细节推断题。首先判断第四步是“recite（背诵）”，再通过“When

youreciteyoushouldsaytheinformationyouwanttolearnoutloudinyour

ownwords”可知，背诵就是用自己的话语将想要学的内容大声说出来，

故C项正确。

30.D细节理解题。文章倒数第二句提到“Asyoureview...yourecitethe

informationyouselectedasimportanttolearn”，由此可知，在进行最后一

步时，并不需要记住所有内容，故A项错误，D项与该内容相符，正

确，因此本题选D。通读阅读这五个步骤可知，完成第二步就可了解文

章的大意和细节，故B项错误。由倒数第二句中的“holdamental

conversationwithyourself”可知，mentalconversation指的是读者与自己的

对话，故C项错误。

Text3

Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Thoughitismere1to3percentofthepopulation,theupperclasspossesses

atleast25percentofthenation’swealth.Thisclasshastwosegments:upper-

upperandlower-upper.Basically,theupper-upperclassisthe“oldrich”—

familiesthathavebeenwealthyforseveralgenerations—anaristocracyof

birthandwealth.TheirnamesareintheSocialRegister,alistingof

acceptablemembersofhighsociety.Afewareknownacrossthenation,such

astheRockefellers,Roosevelts,andVanderbilts.Mostarenotvisibletothe

generalpublic.Theyliveingrandseclusion,drawingtheirincomefromthe

investmentoftheirinheritedwealth.Incontrast,thelower-upperclassisthe

“newrich”.Althoughtheymaybewealthierthansomeoftheoldrich,the

newrichhavehustledtomaketheirmoneylikeeverybodyelsebeneaththeir

class.Thustheirprestigeisgenerallylowerthanthatoftheoldrich,who

havenotfounditnecessarytoliftafingertomaketheirmoney,andwhotend

tolookdownuponthenewrich.

Howeveritswealthisacquired,theupperclassisvery,veryrich.Theyhave

enoughmoneyandleisuretimetocultivateaninterestintheartsandto

collectrarebooks,painting,andsculpture.Theygenerallyliveinexclusive

areas,belongtoexclusivesocialclubs,communicatewitheachother,and

marrytheirownkind—allofwhichkeepsthemsodistantfromthemasses

thattheyhavebeencalledtheout-of-sightclass.Morethananyotherclass,

theytendtobeconsciousofbeingmembersofaclass.Theyalsocommand

anenormousamountofpowerandinfluencehereandabroad,astheyhold

manytopgovernmentpositions,runtheCouncilonForeignRelations,and

controlmultinationalcorporations.Theiractionsaffectthelivesofmillions.

31.AllthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPTthat_____.

A.theupper-upperclassisofaristocraticorigin

B.the“oldrich”enjoyhigherprestigethanthe“newrich”

C.the“oldrich”isolatethemselvesandleadalonelylife

D.theupperclassownsatleastaquarterofthecountry’swealth

32.The“oldrich”getricher_____.

A.throughtheSocialRegister

B.throughtheirreputation

C.byinvestingtheirinheritedwealth

D.bycollectingpaintingsandsculptures

33.Thereasonwhythe“oldrich”lookdownuponthe“newrich”isthat

_____.

A.theformerarewealthierthanthelatter

B.thelattersweatthemselvestomakemoney

C.the“newrich”havenointerestinarts

D.the“oldrich”areconsciousofbeingmembersoftheupperclass

34.Theupperclassisalsocalledtheout-of-sightclassbecause_____.

A.theykeepawayfromthegeneralpublic

B.theyspendmostoftheirtimeabroad

C.theydon’tcommunicatewithanypeople

D.theymovefrequentlyfromplacetoplace

35.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat_____.

A.theupperclassispowerfulandinfluential

B.theupperclasscollectsrarebookstomakemoney

C.theupperclassholdsalltopgovernmentpositions

D.the“oldrich”makesmuchmoremoneythanthe“newrich”

【答案与解析】

31.C细节理解题。通过文章第二段第三句可知上层阶级人士独居一

处，有专门的社交俱乐部，彼此交往，与同阶层人士结婚——所有这些

使他们远离大众，因而他们被称为“隐士”阶层。这里强调他们远离大

众，只和同阶层的人来往，并非指他们真正与世隔绝过着孤独的日子。

因而C项错误，故选C项。

32.C细节理解题。通过第一段中“Theyliveingrandseclusion,drawing

theirincomefromtheinvestmentoftheirinheritedwealth”可知，他们是靠

投资世袭财产，从而获取收益。故选C项。

33.B细节理解题。通过第一段最后两句可知，由于“新富”需要自己努

力赚钱，因此也不如“旧富”有威望。因此“旧富”瞧不起“新富”。故B项

正确。

34.A细节理解题。通过第二段中“allofwhichkeepsthemsodistantfrom

themassesthattheyhavebeencalledtheout-of-sightclass”可知，富人远离

大众，所以被称为“看不见的阶层”，因此A项正确。

35.A细节理解题。从文章倒数第二句“Theyalsocommandanenormous

amountofpowerandinfluencehereandabroad”可知，上层阶级影响力很

大，因此A项正确，故本题选A。由第二段第一句可知，上层阶级收集

罕见的书是为了培养兴趣，因此B项错误。C项过于绝对，应予以排

除。由第一段倒数第二句中“Althoughtheymaybewealthierthansomeof

theoldrich”可知，“新贵”可能比“旧贵”更加富有，故D项错误。

Text4

Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

What,besideschildren,connectsmothersaroundtheworldandacrossthe

seasoftime?It’schickensoup,oneprominentAmericanfoodexpertsays.

FromRussianvillagestoAfricaandAsia,chickensouphasbeentheremedy

forthoseweakinbodyandspirit.Motherspassedtheirknowledgeonto

ancientwritersofGreece,ChinaandRome,andeventhe12thcentury

philosopherandphysicianMosesMainmidesextolled(赞美)itsvirtues.

Amongtheancients,Aristotlethoughtpoultryshouldstandinhigher

estimationthanfour-leggedanimalsbecausetheairislessdensethanthe

earth.ChickensgotanotherboostinthebookofGenesis,whereitiswritten

thatbirdsandfishwerecreatedonthefifthday,adaybeforefour-legged

animals.

ButaccordingtoMimiSheraton,whohasspentmuchofthepastthreeyears

exploringtheworldofchickensoup,muchofthereasonforchicken’srealor

imaginedcurativepowerscomesfromitscolor.

Hernewbook,“TheWholeWorldLovesChickenSoup”,looksatthe

belovedandmysteriousbrew,withdozensofrecipesfromaroundtheworld.

“Throughouttheages,”shesaid,“therehasbeenalotoffeelingthatwhite-

coloredfoodsareeasiertoeatfortheweakwomenandtheill.”Inaddition,

“soups,oranythingforthatmattereatenwithaspoon”areconsidered

“comfortfoods.”Sheratonsaid.

“IlovesoupandlovemakingsoupandasIwascollectingrecipesIbeganto

seethisasaninternationaldish...Ithasauniversalmystiqueassomething

curative,astrengthbuilder,”SheratonsaidfromherNewYorkhome.

Herbooktreatstheoldestremedyasifitwasbrandnew.

TheNationalBroilerCouncil,thetradegrouprepresentingthechicken

industry,reportedthat51percentofthepeopleitsurveyedsaidtheybought

chickenbecauseitwashealthier,50percentsaiditwasversatile,41percent

saiditwaseconomicaland46percentsaiditwaslowinfat.

36.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?

A.ProminentAmericanFoods.

B.HistoryoftheChickenSoup.

C.ChickenSoupRecipes.

D.ChickenSoup,aUniversalCure-all.

37.Sinceancienttimes,thevalueofchickensoup_____.

A.hasbeenover-estimated

B.hasbeenwidelyacknowledged

C.hasbeenappreciatedonlybyphilosophers

D.hasbeenknownonlytomothers

38.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

A.Chickensouphasaverylonghistory.

B.Sinceancienttimes,chickensouphasbeenahomeremedy.

C.Poultryusuallystandshigherthanfour-leggedanimals.

D.Four-leggedanimalsweresaidtobecreatedonthesixthday.

39.Chickensouphascurativepowersmainlyfor_____accordingto

Sheraton.

A.itscolor

B.itstaste

C.itsflavor

D.itsrecipe

40.Itcanbesaidfromthesurveythatchickenis_____.

A.amaindish

B.apopularfood

C.cheaperthananyotherfood

D.alloftheabove

【答案与解析】

36.D主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章是围绕鸡汤在世界范围内的治

愈功效展开的。故D项正确。

37.B细节理解题。通过文章第二段可知，鸡汤的功效得到母亲们、哲

学家和内科医生的广泛认可，因而B项正确。

38.C细节理解题。文章第三段提到“Amongtheancients,Aristotle

thoughtpoultryshouldstandinhigherestimationthanfour-leggedanimals

becausetheairislessdensethantheearth”，由此可知，亚里士多德认为

家禽应比四条腿的动物物种优良，因为高处的空气比地面稀薄。但这只

是亚里士多德个人的意见，没有普遍意义，因而C项不正确。故本题选

C。

39.A细节理解题。第四段最后一句提到“muchofthereasonfor

chicken’srealorimaginedcurativepowerscomesfromitscolor”，鸡汤之所

以具有真正的或想象的治愈能力，主要源于它的颜色。故本题选A。

40.B概括大意题。由最后一段提到的研究结果可知，很多人都因为不

同的原因买鸡，由此可知鸡是一种广受欢迎的食物。故答案为B。

PartB

Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41to45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—Gtofit

intoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonot

fitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET2.(10

points)

Theprivatecarisassumedtohavewidenedourhorizonsandincreasedour

mobility.Whenweconsiderourchildren’smobility,theycanbedrivento

moreplaces(andmoredistantplaces)thantheycouldvisitwithoutaccessto

motorvehicle.However,allowingourcitiestobedominatedbycarshas

progressivelyerodedchildren’sindependencemobility.

(41)____________________Inrecentsurveys,whenparentsinsomecities

wereaskedabouttheirownchildhoodexperiences,themajorityremembered

havingmore,orfarmore,opportunitiesforgoingoutontheirown,compared

withtheirownchildrentoday.Theyhadmorefreedomtoexploretheirown

environment.

Children’sindependentaccesstotheirlocalstreetsmaybeimportantfortheir

ownpersonal,mentalandphysicaldevelopment.Allowingthemtogetto

knowtheirownneighborhoodandcommunitygivesthema“senseofplace”.

Thisdependson“activeexploration”,whichisnotprovidedforwhen

childrenarepassengersincars.(Suchchildrenmayseemore,buttheylearn

less.)(42)____________________

Thereareverysignificanttimeandmoneycostsforparentsassociatedwith

transportingtheirchildrentoschool,sportandtootherlocations.Researchin

theUnitedKingdomestimatedthatthiscost,in1990,wasbetween10billion

and20billionpounds.

Thereductioninchildren’sfreedommayalsocontributetoaweakeningof

thesenseoflocalcommunity.Asfewerchildrenandadultsusethestreetsas

pedestrians,thesestreetsbecomelesssociableplaces.(43)

____________________Thisinitselfmayexacerbatefearsassociatedwith

assaultandmolestation,becausetherearefeweradultsavailablewhoknow

theirneighbors’children,andwhocanlookoutfortheirsafety.

Theextratrafficinvolvedintransportingchildrenresultsinincreasedtraffic

congestion,pollutionandaccidentrisk.(44)____________________

Anyonewhohasexperiencedeitherthereducedvolumeoftrafficjamsnear

schoolsattheendofaschoolday,willnotneedconvincingaboutthese

points.Thus,therearealsoimportantenvironmentalimplicationsof

children’slossoffreedom.

(45)____________________Theideathat“streetsareforcarsandback

yardsandplaygroundareforchildren”isastronglyheldbelief,andparents

havelittlechoiceasindividualsbuttokeeptheirchildrenoffthestreetsif

theywanttoprotecttheirsafety.

A.Intheseareas,residentsareacceptingtheviewthatthefunctionofstreets

isnotsolelytoprovidemobilityforcars.

B.Notonlyisitimportantthatchildrenbeabletogettolocalplayareasby

themselves,butwalkingandcyclingjourneystoschoolandtoother

destinationsprovidegenuineplayactivitiesinthemselves.

C.Asourroadsbecomemoredangerous,moreparentsdrivetheirchildrento

moreplaces,thuscontributingtoincreasedlevelsofdangerfortheremaining

pedestrians.

D.Childrenhavelostmuchoftheirfreedomtoexploretheirown

neighborhoodorcitywithoutadultsupervision.

E.Asindividuals,parentsstrivetoprovidethebestupbringingtheycanfor

theirchildren.However,indoingso,(e.g.bydrivingtheirchildrentosport,

schoolorrecreation)parentsmaybecontributingtoamoredangerous

environmentforchildrengenerally.

F.Thereislessopportunityforchildrenandadultstohavethespontaneous

exchangesthathelptoengenderafeelingofcommunity.

G.Modifyingcitiesinordertoenhancechildren’sfreedomwillnotonly

benefitchildren.Suchcitieswillbecomemoreenvironmentallysustainable,

aswellasmoresociableandmorelivableforallcityresidents.

【答案与解析】

41.D通过后面两句可知，本段主要讲述与父母相比，现在的孩子外出

的自由更少了。D项表示“如今的孩子们拥有更少的自由来允许他们在没

有成人的监管下独立探索他们社区或城市”，与本段内容相符，故D项正

确。

42.B本段主要讲述孩子独立探索街区对孩子成长的益处，B项表示“孩

子们独立去当地休闲场所很重要，而且步行或骑车去学校和其他地方也

能为他们自己提供真正的游戏活动”，与本段内容相符，故本题选B项。

43.F本段一开始就提到，孩子自由的减少致使他们的社区意识减弱。

接着文章提到，越来越少的成人和孩子步行，街道不再像以往那样可以

成为社交的场所。F项“孩子和成人能够自然交流形成社区意识的机会也

越来越少。”与本段主题一致，并且与上下文语意连贯，因此选F项。

44.C第一句是本段的中心句，指出开车带孩子出行带来的额外车流

量，会增加交通拥堵，并造成环境污染和事故风险，C项主要解释交通

问题加剧的状况，符合逻辑。故选C项。

45.E本段最后提到，为保障孩子的安全，父母别无选择，只能让他们

远离街道，可知选项E符合逻辑，表示“个人来讲，父母会尽可能为孩子

提供最好的成长环境，然而，这样一来（例如，开车带孩子去运动、上

学或娱乐）父母可能会使孩子身处的环境更加危险”。

PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlined

segmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyon

ANSWERSHEET2.(15points)

Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviors

areformed.Itisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanother

isnot,orwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.

Socialscientistsare,ofcourse,extremelyinterestedinthesetypesof

questions.Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsand

exhibitcertainbehaviors.Therearenoclearanswersyet,buttwodistinct

schoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpect,the

twoapproachesareverydifferentfromeachother.Thecontroversyisoften

convenientlyreferredtoas“naturevsnurture.”

Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatour

personalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiological

factors.(46)Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanything,todowithour

abilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoan

extreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispre-determinedtosucha

greatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.

Thosewhosupportthe“nurture”theory,thatis,theyadvocateeducation,are

oftencalledbehaviorists.Theyclaimthatourenvironmentismoreimportant

thanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.A

behaviorist,B.F.Skinner,seeshumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmost

completelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.(47)Thebehavioristsmaintainthat,

likemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheir

behavior.

Letusexaminethedifferentexplanationsaboutonehumancharacteristic,

intelligence,offeredbythetwotheories.(48)Supportersofthe“nature”

theoryinsistthatwearebornwithacertaincapacityforlearningthatis

biologicallydetermined.Needlesstosay,theydon