英语作文的高级结构

书面表达中的高级结构王道波我们高三英语教师在讲评书面表达时，经常告诉学生说，书面表达要得高分，就得有高级句型和高级词汇；但很多同学在写书面表达时，总认为高级句型和高级词汇很神秘，高不可及。其实，未必如此！通过研读一些优秀的学生习作和历年高考书面表达的范文，我们发现，很多所谓的高级句型和高级词汇正是我们老师反复讲解和训练的。下面列举一些常见且高级的词汇和句型，供同学们参考。一．高级词汇1．occur替换thinkof想到，被想起SuddenlyIhadanideathatsomeonehadbrokenintomyhouse.→Anideaoccurredtomethatsomeonehadbrokenintomyhouse.Itoccurredtomethatsomeonehadbrokenintomyhouse.2．devote替换spend贡献，花费Hespendsallhissparetimeinreading.→Hedevotesallhissparetimetoreading.3．seek替换want/lookfor寻找Theysought(wanted)tohidethemselvesbehindthetrees.4．average替换ordinary普通的I’manaverage(ordinary)student.5．but替换veryvery很nothingbut整个表示很Thefilmwesawlastnightwasveryinteresting.→Thefilmwesawlastnightwasnothingbutinteresting.Thefilmwesawlastnightwasanythingbutboring.6．seat替换sit坐下Onhiswaytoschool,hefoundanoldladyseated(sitting)bytheroad,lookingworried.7．suppose替换should应该Heissupposedto(should)havedrivenmoreslowly.8．appreciate替换thank感激Thankyouverymuchforyouhelp.→Weappreciateyourhelpverymuch./Yourhelpismuchappreciated.9．thecase替换true正确的Idon’tthinkitisthecase(true).10．on替换assoonas一……就……Assoonashearrived,hebeganhisresearch.→Onhisarrival,hebeganhisresearch..11．dueto替换becauseof因为Hearrivedlatedueto(becauseof)thestorm.12．cover替换walk走Aftercovering(walking)10miles,weallfelttired.13．contributeto替换behelpful/useful有用，有贡献PlentyofmemoryworkisundoubtedlyhelpfultoEnglishstudy.→PlentyofmemoryworkwillundoubtedlycontributetoEnglishstudy.14．roundthecorner替换comingsoon/nearby①Thesummervacationisroundthecorner(coming).Doyouhaveanyplans?正在来②LiMingstudiesinaschoolroundthecorner(nearby).附近15．cometolight替换discover发现Thefamilyweresopleasedwhentheydiscoveredthelostjewels.→Thefamilyweresopleasedwhenthelostjewelscametolight.16．haveaball替换haveagoodtime/enjoyoneself玩得开心Aftervisitingtheworkshop,wewentbacktoschool.Everyoneofushadaball(hadagoodtime).17．comeupwith替换thinkof想到Jackisveryclever.Heoftencomesupwith(thinksof)newideas.18．setaside替换save节省下来Somestudentsthinkthattheyshouldsetasidesomeoftheirpocketmoneyforbooks.(2004天津卷)19．beof+n.替换adj.Theproductsareofhighquality(verygood)andaresoldeverywhereinChina.20．referto替换talkabout/of,mention提及到Theprofessoryoureferredto(talkedabout)isveryfamous.21．cannotbut/cannothelpbut替换havetodo不得不做……Icouldnotbut(hadto)gohome.22．moreoftenthannot替换usually经常Moreoftenthannot(Usually),themeaningofmanywordscanbeeasilyguessed.23．lest替换sothat/inorderthat为了IwrotedownhistelephonenumbersothatIwouldnotforgetit.→IwrotedownhistelephonenumberlestI(should)forgetit.24．belongforsth./belongtodosth.替换wanttodosth./wishfor想做某事Iwanttoseeyouverymuch.→Iamlongtoseeyou.25．becaughtupin/becrazyabout/beabsorbedin/beaddictedto替换beinterestedinHeiscaughtupin(veryinterestedin)collectingstamps.很感兴趣26．morethan替换very很①I’mverygladtolearnthatyouarecominginSeptember.→I’mmorethangladtolearnthatyouarecominginSeptember.(NMET2003)②IfthereisanythingIcandoforyou,Iwouldbemorethangladtohelp.(2004全国卷)27．perfect(ly)替换good/verywell好Hespeaksperfect(good)English./HespeaksEnglishperfectly(verywell).28．dosba/thefavor替换help帮助Wouldyoupleasedomethefavor(helpme)toturndowntheradio?29．theotherday替换afewdaysago以前TheotherdaymybrotherandIwenttothecinemabybicycle.(NMET1997)30．inthecourseof替换during在……期间Inthecourseof(During)themountain-climbing,pleasehelpeachotherandpayspecialattentiontoyoursafety.31．themajorityof替换most大部分Themajorityof(Mostof)theintervieweespreferwatchingTVathometogoingtothecinema.32．consistof替换bemadeupof由……组成Ourclassconsistsof(ismadeupof)50students.33．bewornout替换betired/broken坏掉了①Afterfivehours’non-stopwork,wewereallwornout(tired).②Myshoesarewornout(broken).Pleasebuymeanewpair.34．becomeof替换happen发生Whatdothinkhasbecomeof(happenedto)him?35．attendto替换lookafter照顾36．onconditionthat替换aslongas只要37．nevertheless替换however但是38．expressone’ssatisfactionwith替换besatisfiedwith感到满意39．sparenoeffortstodo替换tryone’sbesttodo尽全力做某事40．manya替换many许多41．berushedoffone’sfeet替换bebusyindoing忙于做某事42．ahandfulof替换alittle/some一些43．meanwhile替换atthesametime与此同时44．gettoone’sfeet替换standup站起来45．beneath替换under在……下面46．occasionally替换sometimes/onceinwhile有时47．forinstance替换forexample举个例子48．seldom替换notoften几乎不49．wealthy替换rich富有的50．amazing替换surprising令人惊讶的51．asamatteroffact替换infact事实上二．高级句型结构◆It句型①Itwillbe+sometime+before…Itwon’tbelongbeforehumansvisittheMars.②Itis+adj./n.+forsbtodosth.Itisveryimportantforustolearncomputerwell,becauseithaschangedourlifesomuch.HesaidsinceitwasanewmodelinChina,itwasimpossibletofixitwithouttherightspareparts.（2008年湖北卷）③Itis+被强调部分+that…1)ItiswhatYangLiweihasdonethatencouragesusalot.2)Thosewholikereadingextensivelysayitisthroughreadingthatwegetourknowledge.◆more…thananyother表示最高级Amongtheoptionalcourses,spokenEnglishandcomputerstudyaremorepopularthananyoneelse.◆名词从句①Itwouldmeanagreatdealtometolistentothetapeandlearnwhatiscoveredinthetalk.(2004全国卷Ⅲ)②Myhometownisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.◆（非限制性）定语从句①TheflatisinabuildingonFangcaoStreet.ItisnotfarfromJianxinChineseSchool.→TheflatisinabuildingonFangcaoStreet,whichisnotfarfromJianxinChinese②Itwasquiteanexperienceforusboth,whichI’llneverforgetfortherestofmylife.(2002北京卷)◆分词结构①Idon’tknowaboutothers,butIusedtohavetoworkevenatweekendsdoingendlesshomeworkandattendingclassesaswell.(NMET2001)②We’llmostlystayathomeintheeveningwatchingTV,playinggames,andmeetingpeople.(2004全国卷Ⅱ)③Hearingthis,afewpeoplebegantorunafterhim.（2004辽宁卷）=4\*GB3④BorninAmerican,ThomasEdisonwasagreatscientistandinventor.（2008年湖南卷）◆with结构①Aterribleaccidenthappenedyesterday,withninepeoplekilledandalmosteightyinjured.②Hewascarryingabedrollandalargebagonhisshoulder,withalargesuitcaseinhislefthand.◆倒装句①Thelibraryistotheeastoftheteachingbuilding.→Eastoftheteachingbuildingisthelibrary.②Althoughwearetired,wearehappy.→Tiredasweare,wearehappy.③Onlyinthiswaycanhegrowtobeausefulman.(2002上海卷)=4\*GB3④Mayallyourdreamscometrue!Mayourfriendshiplasttilltheendoftheuniverse.!（2007年湖南卷）◆被动语态①Opinionsaredividedonthequestion.(NMET2002)②Allclassesaretaughtbyteacherswithrichexperienceinteachingforeignstudents.(2004全国卷Ⅳ)③Newfactories,housesandroadshavebeenbuilt.(2004江苏卷)◆巧妙的改写（1）．Only改成noonebutOnlyTompassedtheexamlastweek.→NoonebutTompassedtheexam.（2）．assoonas…改成Nosooner…than…/Hardly…when…/Immediately…/ThemomentNosoonerhadwearrivedatthecinemathanthefilmstarted.（3）．havesb/sthdo/doneThegirlwasknockedoffherbicycleandhadherlegbroken(herlegwasbroken.).（4）．变换插入语的位置①However,theysuggestfeesshouldbechargedlow.→Theysuggest,however,feesshouldbechargedlow.(NMET2002)②Ithinkthisisagoodchanceforyoutoshowyoursingingtalent,andhowwellyou’velearnedChinese.→Thisisagoodchanceforyou,Ithink,toshowyoursingingtalent,andhowwellyou’velearnedChinese.(2004全国卷Ⅰ)(5).用同位语代替非限制性定语从句Meimei,whoissevenyearsold,hasbeenlearningtorideabicycleforseveraldays.→Meimei,agirlofthirteen,hasbeenlearningtorideabicycleforseveraldays.(2002上海卷)Shakespeare,asonfromapoorfamily,amanoflittleeducation,wroteplaysandpoemsthatarereadallovertheworld.（2008年湖南卷）◆其它（1）注重句子的开头①用with复合结构开头Withthesunsettinginthewest,wehadtowavegoodbyetotheworkers.Withhishelp,we'velearnedhowtoanalyzeandsettleproblems.（2006年湖南卷）Withthefunctionsofinserting,deleting,movingandcopying,itenablesustoedittest,browsewebpageanddownloadwhatwewant.（2009年江苏卷）②用非谓语动词形式开头ⅰ）InordertoimproveourEnglish,ourschoolheldanEnglishcontest.ⅱ）Walkingtowardsthecinema,hemetaforeigner.（2）长短句交错使用（注意：应突出主题句；长句子并非越长越好）◆◆相关过渡语1).表示时间顺序:first,then,afterwards,meanwhile,later，firstofall,finally,atlast…2).表示空间顺序:near,nextto,farfrom,infrontof,ontheleft,ononeside…3).表示比较、对照:like,unlike,suchas,but,however,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,nevertheless,otherwise…4).表示因果关系:because,for,asaresult,therefore,thus…5).表示递进关系:besides,what’smore,whatwasworse,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,ontopof…6).表示并列关系:and,aswellas,also…7).表示总结性:ingeneral,inaword,inshort,onthewhole,tosumup,inbrief,toconclude…一．巧用连接词要想使文章有整体性、连贯性，就要学会正确使用连接词。1.表示罗列增加First,second,third,First,then/next,afterthat/next,finallyForonething…foranother…,On(the)onehand…ontheotherhand,Besides/what’smore/inaddition/furthermore/moreover/another/also,Especially/Inparticular,2.表示时间顺序now,atpresent,recently,after,afterwards,afterthat,afterawhile,inafewdays,atfirst,inthebeginning,tobeginwith,later,next,finally,immediately,soon,suddenly,allofasudden,atthatmoment,assoonas,themomentformnowon,fromthenon,atthesametime,meanwhile,till,not…until,before,after,when,while,asduring,3.表示解释说明now,inaddition,forexample,forinstance,inthiscase,moreoverfurthermore,infact,actually4.表示转折关系but,however,while,though,or,otherwise,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,incontrast,despite,inspiteof,eventhough,except(for)，instead,ofcourse,afterall,5.表示并列关系or,and,also,too,notonly…butalso,aswellas,both…and,either…or,neither…nor6.表示因果关系because,becauseof,since,nowthat,as,thanksto…,dueto…,therefore,asaresult(of)，otherwise,so…that,such…that7.表示条件关系as(so)longas,onconditionthat,if,unless8.表示让步关系though,although,as,evenif,eventhough,whether…or…,however,whoever,whatever,whichever,wherever,whenever,nomatterhow(who,what,which,where,when,whom)9.表示举例forexample,forinstance,suchas…,take…forexample10.表示比较besimilarto,similarly,thesameas,incontrast,comparedwith(to)…justlike,justas,11.表示目的orthisreason,,forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto,soasto,12.表示强调indeed,infact,surely,certainly,nodoubt,withoutanydoubt,truly,obviously,aboveall,13.表示概括归纳inaword,inshort,inbrief,onthewhole,generallyspeaking,inmyopinion,asfarasIknow,asweallknow,ashasbeenstated,asIhaveshown,finally,atlast,insummary,inconclusion,二.常用句型(一)用于文章主题句

（1）不用说…

Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…（从句）

=Itisneedlesstosay(that)（从句）

=Itisobviousthat…（从句）

例如：不用说，早睡早起是值得的。

Itgoeswithoutsayingthatitpaystokeepearlyhours.

(2)…是不可能的，无法…

ThereisnoV.-ing.

=ThereisnowayofV.-ing.

=ThereisnopossibilityofV.-ing.

=ItisimpossibletoV.

=ItisoutofthequestiontoV.

=NoonecanV.

=WecannotV.

例如：不可否认，成功的关键在于健康的身心。

Thereisnodenyingthatsuccessfulbusinessliesinahealthybodyandmind.

(3)我深信…

Iamgreatlyconvinced(that)…（从句）

=Iamgreatlyassured(that)…(从句)

例如：我深信预防胜于治疗。

Iamgreatlyconvincedthatpreventionisbetterthancure.

(4)在各种…之中,…

Amongvariouskinds…

=Ofallthe…

例如：在各种运动中，我尤其喜欢慢跑。

Amongvariouskindsofsports,Ilikejogginginparticular.

(5)…是很容易证明的。

Itcanbeeasilyproved(that)…（从句）

例如：时间最宝贵是很容易证明的。

Itcanbeeasilyprovedthatnothingismorepreciousthantime.

(6)…无论怎样强调都不为过。

…cannotbeoveremphasized

例如：交通安全的重要性无论怎样强调都不为过。

Theimportanceoftrafficsafetycannotbeoveremphasized.

(7)就我的看法；…我认为…

Inmyopinion…

=AsfarasIamconcerned,…

例如：就我的看法，打电游既花费也有害健康。

Inmyopinion,playingvideogamesnotonlytakesupmuchtimebutalsoisharmfultoourhealth.

（8）（A）每个人都知道…

Everyoneknows(that)…（从句）

(B)就我所知，…

Asfarasmyknowledgeisconcerned…

例如：就我所知，下列方法对我帮助很大。

Asfarasmyknowledgeisconcerned,thefollowingwaysareofgreathelptome.

（9）根据我个人经验，…

Accordingtomypersonalexperience,…

=Basedonmypersonalexperience,…

例如：根据我个人经验，…

Accordingtomypersonalexperience,smilehasdonemealotofgood.

(10)在我认识的人当中，也许没有一个人比…更值得我尊敬。

OfallthepeopleIknow,Perhapsnonedeservesmyrespectmorethan…

例如：在我认识的人当中，也许没有一个人比我的英语张老师更值得我尊敬。

OfallthepeopleIknow,perhapsnonedeservesmyrespectmorethanMissZhang,myEnglishteacher.

(11)在我的求学过程中，我忘不了…

Inthecourseofmyschooling,Iwillneverforget…

例如：在我求学的过程中，我忘不了学习英语的巨大困难。

Inthecourseofmyschooling,IwillneverforgetthegreatdifficultyIencounteredinlearningEnglish.

(12)(A)随着人口的增加，…

Withtheincrease/growthofthepopulation,…

(B)随着科技的进步，…

Withtheadvanceofscienceandtechnology,…

例如：随着我国经济的快速发展，许多社会问题产生了。

Withtherapiddevelopmentofoureconomy,alotofsocialproblemshavesurfaced.

(13)在这信息的年代，…扮演重要的角色。

Intheageofinformationandcommunication,…playsanimportantrole.

例如：在这信息的年代，计算机扮演着非常重要的角色。

Intheageofinformationandcommunication,thecomputerplaysanextremelyimportantrole.

(14)在讨论…时，一个人不得不承认…

Indealingwith…,onecannotbutadmit(that)…(从句)

例如：在讨论未来职业的时候，一个人不得不承认尽早决定未来的职业很重要。

Indealingwithone’sfuturecareer,onecannotbutadmitthatitisveryimportanttodecideone’sfuturecareerasearlyaspossible.

(15)世界上没有什么比…更令我高兴。

Nothingintheworldcandelightmesomuchas…

例如：世界上没有什么比到快餐店吃汉堡包更令我高兴。

Nothingintheworldcandelightmesomuchashavinghamburgersinfastfoodrestaurants.

(16)…是必要的。ItisnecessarythatS.(should)V.

…是重要的。Itisimportant/essentialthatS(should)V.

…是适当的。ItisproperthatS.(should)V.

…是紧急的。ItisurgentthatS.(should)V.

例如：我们保持公共场所的清洁是应当的。

Itisproperthatwe(should)keepthepublicplacesclean.

(17)每当我听到…,我就忍不住感到兴奋。

WheneverIhear…,Icannotbutfeelexcited.

每当我做…,我就忍不住感到悲伤。

WheneverIdo…,Icannotbutfeelsad.

每当我想到…,我就忍不住感到紧张。

WheneverIthinkof…,Icannotbutfeelnervous.

每当我遭遇…,我就忍不住感到害怕。

WheneverImeetwith…,Icannotbutfeelfrightened.

每当我看到…,我就忍不住感到惊讶。

WheneverIsee…,Icannotbutfeelsurprised.

例如：每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪，我就忍不住感到悲伤。

WheneverIthinkofthecleanbrooknearmyhouse,Icannotbutfeelsad.

=EverytimeIthinkofthecleanbrooknearmyhouse,Icannothelpfeelingsad.

(18)据说…Itissaid(that)…(从句)

一般认为…Itisthought(that)…(从句)

大家都知道…Itisknowntoall(that)…(从句)

据报道…Itisreported(that)…(从句)

一般预料…Itisexpected(that)…(从句)

一般相信…Itisbelieved(that)…(从句)

例如：一般相信阅读增长我们的知识，拓宽我们的视野。

Itisbelieved(that)readingincreasesourknowledgeandbroadensourmind.

(19)…的主要原因是…

Themainreasonwhy…is(that)…（从句）

例如：青少年犯罪的主要原因是社会风气日益败坏。

Themainreasonwhythejuvenilescommitcrimesisthatsocialenvironmentisbecomingworse.

(20)俗话说得好：“…”

Wellgoesanoldsaying,“…”

=Asanoldsayinggoes,“…”

=Anoldsayinggoes,“…”

=It’sanoldsaying(that)…（从句）

例如：俗话说得好：“诚实为上策”。

Asanoldsayinggoes,“Honestyisthebestpolicy.”

(21)(A)…用下列方法。

…inthefollowingways.

(B)…有三个主要理由。

…forthreemajorreasons.

(C)要…，我们至少要做三件事。

To…,thereareatleastthreethingswecando.

例如：(A)我用下列方法增强信心。

Iincreasemyconfidenceinfollowingways.

(B)人们学习外语主要有三个理由。

Peoplelearnaforeignforthreemajorreasons.

(C)要保持身体健康，我们每天至少可做三件事。

Tokeephealthy,thereareatleastthreethingswecandoeveryday.

（二）用于文章承转句。（22）那就是说…;亦即…

Thatistosay,…

=Thatis,…

=Namely,…

例如：我们生活需要有规律。也就是说，早睡早起，戒除烟酒。

Weneedtolivearegularlife.Thatis(tosay),wecankeepgoodhoursandrefrainfromsmokinginthedailyactivities.

（23）我们有理由相信…

Wehavereasonstobelieve(that)…

例如：我们有理由相信体罚应该严格禁止。

Wehavereasonstobelieve(that)corporalpunishmentshouldbestrictlyprohibited.

（24）事实上，…

Asamatteroffact,…=infact…

例如；事实上，健康才是最重要的。

Asamatteroffact，itishealththatcount.

（25）（A）例如，…

Forexample,…=Forinstance

(B)以…为例

Take…forexample

例如：例如，我们盲目地提高生活水准，却降低生活质量。

Forexample,elevatethelivingstandardblindly,butlowerthequalityoflife.

（26）此外，我们不应忽视…

Besides(inaddition),weshouldnotneglect…例如：此外，我们不应忽视每个人都想要一个温馨祥和的社会。

Inaddition,weshouldnotneglectthateveryonewantsafriendlyandpeacefulsociety.

(27)相反的，…

Onthecontrary,…=Bycontrast,…

例如：相反的，少数学生似乎还在虚度光阴。

Onthecontrary,afewstudents,itseems,arestillfoolingaround.

(28)另一方面，…

Ontheotherhand,…

例如：政府应严格执法，另一方面，大众也应该培养减少污染的好习惯。

Thegovernmentshouldenforcelawsstrictly.Ontheotherhand,thepublicshouldalsodevelopthegoodhabitofreducingpollution.

(29)然而；很可惜的是…

However,itisapitythat…

例如：然而，很可惜的是他总是临时抱佛脚。

However,itisapitythatheshouldalwayscramattheeleventhhour.

(30)换言之，…

Inotherwords,…=Toputitdifferently

例如：换言之，我会尽最大的努力达到我的目标。

Inotherwords,Iwilltrymybesttoattain(gain;liveupto)mygoal.

(31)别人可能认为这是事实，但我不是。我认为…

Itwillbetrueasassumedbyother,butIdon’tbelieveit.Ibelievethat…(从句)

例如：别人可能认为这是事实，但我不是。我认为如果你有很大的决心和毅力，成功最终是属于你的。

Itwillbetrueasassumedbyothers,butIdon’tbelieveit.Ibelievethatifyouhavestrongdeterminationandperseverance,successwillcertainlycometoyouintheend.

(32)从此之后，我已发现…

Eversincethen,Ihavefoundthat…(从句)

例如：从此之后，我已发现微笑是避免我们日常生活中发生纠纷的最好办法。

Eversincethen,Ihavefoundthatsmilingisthebestwaytoavoidanypossibleconflictsinourdailylife

(33)这样说来，假如…,当然毫无疑问地…

Inthelight,if…,therecansurelybenodoubt(that)…(从句)

例如：假如我们能善于利用时间，当然毫无疑问地我们会成功。

Inthelight,ifwecanmakegooduseoftime,therecansurelybenodoubtthatwewillgetsomewhere.

(34)更严重的是，…

Whatismoreseriousis(that)…(从句)

例如：更严重的是，我们不珍惜野生动物。

Whatismoreseriousisthatwedonotcherishwildlife.

(35)鉴于社会实际的需要，…

Inviewofthepracticalneedofsociety,…

例如:鉴于社会实践的需要，愈来愈多的人对学英语有兴趣。

Inviewofpracticalneedofsociety,therearemoreandmorepeopleinterestedinlearningEnglish.

（三）用于文章结论句

（36）如果能实践这三点，…

Ifonecanreallyputthethreepointsintoaction(practice),…

例如：如果能实践这三点，他肯定能过上幸福的生活。

Ifonecanreallyputthethreepointsintoaction(practice),he