天津109中学2024届七年级英语第二学期期末质量检测试题含答案

天津109中学2024届七年级英语第二学期期末质量检测试题满分120分，时间90分钟一、单项选择（共10小题，满分20分）1、—Don’ttryto________anythingfromme,Mike!—Sorry,mum!It’sforyourbirthday.AndIjustwantedtogiveyouabigsurprise.A.hit B.hide C.hold D.hunt2、Duringtheweekend,they________toeatoutside________stayathome.A.prefer；to B.would

like；not

toC.had

better；than D.prefer；rather

than3、—Isyourmother________now?—Yes.Sheismakingchickensoup.A.drinking B.thinking C.cooking D.shopping4、Weknowvery_________aboutthe32ndOlympicGames.TheonlynewsisthatJapanesegovernmentwilldotheirbesttoprepareforit.A.afew B.few C.alittle D.little5、---interestingstory!---excitedyouare!MayIhavealookatit?A.Whata;How B.Howan;What C.Howa;What D.Whatan;How6、—Please___________yourthings,Alex.Theyarealloverthefloor.—Inaminute,Dad.A.preparefor B.payfor C.pickup D.putup7、—Didyouwinthefirstprizeintherunningrace?—No,atthelastsecond,Lisashotpastmeandcrossedthefinishingline.A.stayedquietly B.movedslowly C.ranquickly8、—Doyoulikethesoup?—Yes.Ittastes________.A.terrible B.new C.smart D.delicious9、—CouldIsmokeforamoment?—________,sir.Lookatthesign.Itsays“Nosmoking”.A.I’mafraidyoucan’t B.Ofcourseyoucan C.I’mafraidyoucouldn’t D.Ofcourseyoucould10、________putyourfoodonthetable.Thetableisnotclean.A.Don’t B.Doesn’t C.Mustn’t D.Can’t二、完形填空（10分）11、阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项,使文章完整、通顺。Itwastimetogobacktoschool.Iwasexcitedtoseefriends,butIalso___1___allthenewthings.That’s___2___Imademyplancarefully.Myplanwastogetupearly,putonmyclothes,eatmybreakfastandmakemylunch.Iwouldridemybiketoschool,walkintomynewclassroom,feel___3___,andwaitforsomethingnew.Mynew___4___—Mr.Jaxlookedverystrict.Heaskedeveryonetotalkaboutoursummerholidays.Mostchildrenwerealittle___5___andonlysaidafewwords.WhenSusantalkedabouthertrip,Iheardasoundcomingfrommyschoolbag.I___6___itandveryfastcloseditagain.Ihadnoideawhen,why,orhowmylittlemousecameintomyschoolbag,___7___therehewas!“Arizona,it’syourturn.”saidMr.Jax.Thenheasked,“Areyouallright?”Oh,no!Noweverybodywaslookingat___8___!Myfirstdaybacktoschoolshouldn’tbelikethis!WhenIfinallyrememberedtospeak,ItoldMr.Jaxaboutmylittle___9___—Mr.Nibbles.Luckily,Mr.Jaxwasreallystrictbutalsoreally____10____!“Don’tworry,Mr.Nibbles,”hesaid,kindly.“Thefirstdayofschoolisn’teasyforallofus.”ThenheaskedustofindsomewaterandaboxforMr.Nibbles.Ithelpedallofusfeelrelaxed.1.A.worriedabout B.foundout C.pickedup D.learnedabout2.A.when B.where C.how D.why3.A.sad B.great C.tired D.funny4.A.friend B.student C.teacher D.fan5.A.excited B.shy C.rude D.noisy6.A.opened B.cleaned C.carried D.touched7.A.so B.and C.but D.or8.A.me B.him C.it D.you9.A.brother B.bike C.bag D.mouse10.A.polite B.nice C.lucky D.difficult三、完成句子（共5小题，满分10分）12、你应该躺下休息。You________________down________________.13、The__________(care)driverdidn’tnoticethetrafficlights.Howdangerous!14、Ababyseesonlyinblack,white,andgreyjustafter__________(出生).15、他是一个对爬山感兴趣的美国人。HeisanAmericanmanwhois____________________mountainclimbing.16、从那时起，他就决定努力学习法语。______________________________四、阅读理解（40分）17、It’sasunnydaytoday.Ahungryfox(狐狸)iswalkingonthegrassandlookingforfood.Soon,heseesafatchickenplayingnearafarm.Hesaystohimself,“Wow,great!Thisismybreakfast.Itmustbereallydelicious!”Hecomesuptothechickenandsays,“Goodmorning,MissChicken.Iknowyoucansingverywell.Allmyfriendslikeyoursongsverymuch.Canyousingoneforme?”Thechickenishappytohearthat.Shecloseshereyesandbeginstosingasong.Atthemoment,thefoxseesthatandtakesherawayquickly.Onthefarm,therearesomefarmersworking.Theyseethefoxandshout,“Look!Thefoxistakingthechickenaway.”Hearingthis,thechickensaystothefox,“Mr.Fox,canyouhearthat?Thepeoplesayyouaretakingtheirchickenaway.TellthemIamyourchicken,nottheirchicken.”Thefoxopenshismouthandsays,“Yes,youareright.”Thenheshouts,“Thisismychicken,notyourchicken.”Justthenthechickenrunsawayfromthefoxandfliesintothetree.根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。1.Wheredoesthefoxseethechicken?A.Onthegrass. B.Onafarm. C.Nearafarm.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“one”referto(指的是)?A.Afox. B.Achicken. C.Asong.3.What’sthecorrectorder(顺序)oftheevents(事件)inthepassage?①Thechickenfliesaway.②Thefoxwalks.③Farmersshout.④Thechickensingsasong.A.②④③① B.④③②① C.②①③④4.Whydoesthechickensaytheunderlined(划线的)sentenceinParagraph2?A.Becauseshewantstoteachthefoxtosing.B.Becauseshewantstorunawayfromthefox.C.Becauseshewantstotellpeoplesheisthefox’schicken.18、Onweekends,schoolsarealwaysquiet.ButatFurongSchoolinChangsha,Hunan,it’snoisy.Arepeoplebuildingnewhouses?Arestudentshavingclasses?No,childrenaredoingdifferentkindsofactivitieshere.________?Theyareleft-behind(留守的)children.Theirparentsarenotathome.Sotheschoolletsthemstayhereonweekends.Thereareclubsforpainting,tabletennisandothers.Studentscanjoinclubstheylike.Theythinktheseactivitiesarerelaxingandinteresting.AstudentnamedHaohaolikedplayingphonegamesinhisfreetime.“EverytimeIwentbackhome,mysonwasplayinggamesonhisphone.Iworriedabouthim,butIdidn’tknowhowtostophim,”theboy’sfathersays.ButnowHaohaoisinterestedinplayingsportsafterhejoinedtheschoolbasketballclub.“Tryingtowinthegamemakesmehappy,”hesays.SunRong,astudentofGrade8,thankstheschoolverymuch.Hejoinedthemodelplaneclub.Theclubmakeshimfeelclosertohisdream.HuangYingjoinedthetabletennisclub.HeoftenwatchestabletennisgamesonTV.Forhim,thesportiscool.Sowhenheplaysintheclubatschoolhefeelshappy.Nowheisagoodtabletennisplayer.1.Whichsentencecanbeputin________?A.Wherearetheirparents B.WhataretheactivitiesC.Whoteachesthemtodotheseactivities D.Whydon’ttheygohomeonweekends2.WhydidHaohao’sfatherworryabouthim?A.Becausehedidn’tstudywell.B.Becausehemissedhisparentstoomuch.C.Becausehecouldn’tstopplayingphonegames.D.Becausehewasnotinterestedinplayingbasketball.3.HuangYingthinksplayingtabletennisis________.A.interesting B.cool C.difficult D.important4.Whatisthebesttitleforthereading?A.Weekendclubsforleft-behindchildren. B.Goodwaystotalkwithparents.C.Children’sloveforplayingsports. D.Howtohelpchildrenbehappy.19、LouisAgassizFuerteswasbornin1874.Hewasanartist.Hewasalsoanaturalist.Anaturalistissomeonewhostudiesnature(自然).Naturalistswanttotakecareofournaturalresources(资源).Louislovedbirdswhenhewasalittleboy.Hedrewmanypicturesofthem.Hisfathershowedhimpicturesofbirds.ThosepicturesweredrawnbyJohnJamesAudubon.Hewasanaturalist,too.Louis’sfatherwasfromPuertoRico.Hewasateacheratacollege.HisfatherwantedLouistogotocollege,too.ButLouisdidn’tdoverywellincollege.Louiswasnotsad.Heknewhewantedtopaintbirdsforaliving.IncollegeLouismetanotherartistandlearnedmoreaboutpaintingfromhim.Then,LouiswenttoAlaska.Hestudiedanddrewbirds.Helookedforbirdsthatwerenewtohim.Louismadenotesaboutthenewbirdsthathedrew.Louiswasalwayslookingfornewbirdstopaint.Heoftenpaintedbirdsthatweredead,butsometimeshestudiedbirdsthatwerestillalive.Hewenttomanyplacestolearnmoreaboutbirds.Hetaughtothersalotaboutbirds.Louismadehisbirdslookreal.Hemadesketches(草图)ofover400differentkindsofbirds.Heevenmademurals(壁画)foramuseum.Hediedin1927.Hewasafamouspainterofbirdsduringhislifetime.1.Accordingtothepassage,whoarenaturalists?A.LouisAgassizFuertesandhisfather.B.JohnJamesAudubonandhisfather.C.JohnJamesAudubonandanotherartist.D.LouisAgassizFuertesandJohnJamesAudubon.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“alive”inParagraph5meaninChinese?A.可爱的 B.醒着的 C.活着的 D.残疾的3.WhatwasLouisfamousfor?A.Drawingbirds. B.Keepingbirds.C.Makingsketchesofbirds. D.Takingcareofbirds.20、HaveyouheardofZibobarbecue（烧烤）?ZiboisasmallcityinShandongProvince.Initslocalbarbecue,dinerswrapthegrilledmeat（烤肉）inapancake（煎饼）.Somealsoaddscallions（大葱）toitandthenenjoyit.Recently,thisdishhasbecomeverypopular.Manypeoplelikeitsdelicioustaste.Thebarbecuehasattractedalargenumberofpeopletothecity.“We’veincreasedthenumberoftablesfrom60to200,”saidtheownerofalocalbarbecuerestaurant.“Butit’sstillnotenough.Somepeoplehavetowaitforhourstoenjoyabarbecuemeal.”Tomakeitmoreconvenient（方便的）fortourists,thecityhasprovidedsomespecialservices.Forexample,thecityhasadded21buslines.Ithasalsoincreasedthenumberofvolunteersatitstwolocaltrainstations.AndtraintravelerstoZibocanmakegooduseoftheirtraintickets.Theycanexchangethemforfreeticketstolocalscenicspots（景点）.Thecityhaswonthecheersofmanypeople.1题完成句子；五、补全对话（10分）21、请通读下面对话，根据对话内容，从选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有一项为多余选项。Peter:Hello,Cindy.Wheredidyougoonvacation?Cindy:Hi,Peter._____1_____Peter:Really?Tokyoisagoodplaceforvacation._____2_____Cindy:Iwenttherewithmyfamily.Peter:_____3_____Cindy:Well,wewenttoalotofmuseums.Wewentshopping,too.Peter:_____4_____Cindy:Themuseumswereinteresting.Buttheshopswerecrowded.Peter:______5______Cindy:Yes.Thepeoplewerereallyfriendly.A.Whodidyougowith?B.Whatdidyoudothere?C.Werethepeopletherefriendly?D.Howwerethepeoplethere?E.IwenttoTokyo.F.Howwerethemuseumsandtheshops?六、阅读表达（10分）22、阅读短文并用完整句子回答问题，答案写在横线上。Hi,Mona,Thanksforyoure-mailofApril17th.ThesedaysI’minBeijing,Chinaandhavingagoodtimehere.AreyouhappyathomeintheUS,too?TodayistheDragonBoatFestivalinChina.DoyouknowthisimportantChinesefestival?It’safestivaltorememberagreatChinesepoetnamedQuYuan.TherearemanyinterestingthingsinBeihaiPark,soIwalkherewithmyChinesefriendMeimei.Nowit’s8:30a.m.,andIcanseemanyboatsonthelake.Oneveryboat,therearesomemenwearingthesameclothes.Whataretheydoing?Theyarehavingtheboatraces.Theboatsarerunningveryfastandmanypeoplearecheeringforthemaroundthelake.Howexciting!However,notallthepeopleintheparkarewatchingtheboatraces.Ayoungfatheristakingaphotoofhisbeautifuldaughter.Ayoungwomanistakingawalkwithhermother.Underabigtree,somegirlsareplayinggames.Allofthemarehavingfun!Lastnight,ImadezongziwithMeimei.What’szongzi?It’sakindoftraditionalChinesefoodfortheDragonBoatFestival.It’sreallydelicious!Whatareyoudoingnow,Mona?Pleasee-mailandtellme.Yours,Judy1.WhydoChinesehavetheDragonBoatFestival?_______________________________________________2.WhendidJudymakezongzi?_______________________________________________3.Wherearesomegirlsplayinggames?_______________________________________________4.Whatarethemenontheboatwearing,thesameclothesordifferentclothes?_______________________________________________5.HowdoMeimeiandJudygettothepark?_______________________________________________七、书面表达（20分）那个小女孩再也不害怕动物了。___________________________________________________

参考答案一、单项选择（共10小题，满分20分）1、B【解析】【详解】句意：——不要试图对我隐瞒任何事情，迈克！——对不起，妈妈！这是给你的生日礼物。我只是想给你一个大惊喜。考查动词辨析。hit击中；hide隐藏；hold保持；hunt打猎。根据“AndIjustwantedtogiveyouabigsurprise.”可知，迈克要给妈妈生日惊喜，妈妈误以为迈克对自己隐瞒了一些事情，故用hide，hidesth.fromsb.“对某人隐瞒某事”。故选B。2、D【解析】【详解】句意：周末，他们宁愿在外面吃饭，也不愿待在家里。考查固定短语。根据“they...toeatoutside...stayathome.”及选项可知，此处是固定句型：prefertodosthratherthandosth“宁愿……也不愿……”。故选D。3、C【解析】【详解】句意：——你妈妈正在做饭吗？——是的。她正在做鸡汤。考查动词辨析。drinking喝；thinking思考；cooking做饭；shopping购物。根据“Yes.Sheismakingchickensoup”可知，针对问句作出了肯定回答，所以问句应是询问妈妈是否正在做饭，故选C。4、D【解析】【详解】句意：我们对第32届奥运会知之甚少。唯一的消息就是日本政府将尽全力筹备它。考查代词辨析。afew少许，修饰可数名词；few几乎没有，修饰可数名词；alittle少许，修饰不可数名词；little几乎没有，修饰不可数名词。此处指代不可数名词，再根据后文“TheonlynewsisthatJapanesegovernmentwilldotheirbesttoprepareforit”，可知应该表否定，故选D。5、D【解析】【详解】句意：——多么有趣的故事啊！——你是多么兴奋啊！我可以看一下吗？考查感叹句。通常有以下形式：1.How+形容词〔或副词〕+S+V…!2.Whata[an]+形容词+名词+S+V…!若名词为不可数或复数，则不能用不定冠词。前一句interestingstory有趣的故事，interesting以元音音素开头，是“形容词+名词”，需用Whata[an]+形容词+名词+S+V…!结构；后一句excited兴奋的，形容词，需用How+形容词〔或副词〕+S+V…!。根据句意语境，可知选D。6、C【解析】【详解】句意：——请把你的东西捡起来，亚历克斯。它们满地都是。——等一下，爸爸。考查动词短语。preparefor准备；payfor支付；pickup捡起；putup张贴。根据“Theyarealloverthefloor.”可知是要把地上的东西捡起来。故选C。7、C【解析】【详解】句意：——你在赛跑中得了第一名吗？——不，在最后一秒，丽莎从我身边冲了过去，冲过了终点线。考查动词和副词。stayedquietly安静地待着；movedslowly慢慢地走着；ranquickly飞快地跑着。根据对话语境可知，第一个说话人并没有在赛跑中获得第一名,而是丽萨在最后一秒的时候超过他冲过了终点线，由此推测shot应是“跑得很快”的意思，与ranquickly同义。故选C。8、D【解析】【详解】句意：——你喜欢这汤吗？——对。尝起来很美味。考查形容词辨析。terrible糟糕的；new新的；smart聪明的；delicious美味的。根据“Doyoulikethesoup?”可知，此处应是对汤的评价，故选D。9、A【解析】【详解】句意：——我能抽一会烟吗？——恐怕你不能，先生。看这个标志，上面写着“禁止吸烟”。考查情景交际和情态动词用法。I’mafraidyoucan’t恐怕你不能；Ofcourseyoucan你当然可以；恐怕你不能；Ofcourseyoucould你当然可以。根据“Itsays‘Nosmoking’”可知，是不能吸烟，且此处could是委婉语气，回答应用can’t。故选A。10、A【解析】【详解】句意：不要把你的食物放在桌子上。桌子不干净。考查祈使句的否定形式。此处是祈使句的否定形式：Don’t+动词原形。故选A。二、完形填空（10分）11、1.A2.D3.B4.C5.B6.A7.C8.A9.D10.B【解析】【导语】本文主要讲述了作者第一天回到学校的经历。【1题详解】句意：我很高兴见到朋友，但我也担心所有的新事物。worriedabout担心；foundout找出，查明；pickedup挑选；learnedabout了解。根据“Iwasexcitedtoseefriends,butIalso...allthenewthings.”可知，but表示前后句意相反，空处应表示担心所有的新事物。故选A。【2题详解】句意：这就是我仔细制定计划的原因。when什么时候；where哪里；how如何；why为什么。根据“butIalso...allthenewthings.”可知，此处是指作者仔细制定计划的原因，用why引导表语从句。故选D。【3题详解】句意：我会骑着自行车去学校，走进新教室，感觉棒极了，然后等待新的东西。sad伤心的；great很棒的；tired疲劳的；funny有趣的。根据“Iwouldridemybiketoschool,walkintomynewclassroom,feel...,andwaitforsomethingnew.”可知，作者心情感到很棒。故选B。【4题详解】句意：我的新老师——Jax先生看起来很严厉。friend朋友；student学生；teacher老师；fan粉丝。根据“Mr.Jaxlookedverystrict.Heaskedeveryonetotalkaboutoursummerholidays.”可知，Jax先生是我的老师。故选C。【5题详解】句意：大多数孩子都有点害羞，只说了几句话。excited兴奋的；shy害羞的；rude粗鲁的；noisy喧闹的。根据“onlysaidafewwords”可知，大多数的孩子有点害羞。故选B。【6题详解】句意：我打开它，并快速地再次把它关上。opened打开；cleaned打扫；carried携带；touched触摸。根据“Iheardasoundcomingfrommyschoolbag.”可知，此处是指作者打开书包。故选A。【7题详解】句意：我不知道我的小老鼠是什么时候，为什么，怎么进到我的书包里的，但他就在那里！so所以；and和；but但是；or或者。根据“Ihadnoideawhen,why,orhowmylittlemousecameintomyschoolbag,...therehewas!”可知，句子前后表示转折，用but连接。故选C。【8题详解】句意：现在每个人都看着我。me我；him他；it它；you你。根据“‘Arizona,it’syourturn.’saidMr.Jax.Thenheasked,‘Areyouallright?’”及前文描述作者的老鼠从他的书包里发出了声音可知，大家此刻都看着作者，用me指代作者本人。故选A。【9题详解】句意：当我终于想起来要说话的时候，我告诉了Jax先生关于我的小老鼠——Nibbles先生。brother兄弟；bike自行车；bag包；mouse老鼠。根据“Ihadnoideawhen,why,orhowmylittlemousecameintomyschoolbag”可知，此处是告诉Jax先生关于我的小老鼠。故选D。【10题详解】句意：幸运的是，Jax先生很严格，但人也很好。polite礼貌的；nice好的；lucky幸运的；difficult困难的。根据“‘Don’tworry,Mr.Nibbles,’hesaid,kindly.”可知，Jax先生人很好。故选B。三、完成句子（共5小题，满分10分）12、①.should②.lie③.and##to④.rest【解析】【详解】躺下：liedown；休息：rest；应该：should，情态动词后加动词原形；这两个动作可表示并列，用and连接，都用动词原形；也可表示目的状语，用动词不定式。故填should；lie；and/to；rest。13、careless【解析】【详解】句意：粗心的司机没有注意到红绿灯。多么危险！修饰名词driver用形容词，根据“didn’tnoticethetrafficlights”可知没有注意到红绿灯，可见他很粗心，即careless。故填careless。14、birth【解析】【详解】句意：婴儿出生后只能看到黑色、白色和灰色。作介词after的宾语用名词形式birth“出生”，此处用名词原形。故填birth。15、①.interested②.in【解析】【详解】通过中英文对比可知，此处考查短语beinterestedin“对……感兴趣”。故填interested；in。16、Fromthenon,hedecidedtoworkhardat/onFrench.【解析】【详解】从那时起：fromthenon；决定做某事：decidetodosth；努力学习法语：workhardatFrench=workhardonFrench。结合语境可知，主语为he，时态为一般过去时，动词用过去式，decided为动词decide的过去式，不定式to后接动词原形，作宾语，work“工作”，动词。故填Fromthenon,hedecidedtoworkhardat/onFrench.四、阅读理解（40分）17、1.C2.C3.A4.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述小鸡机智逃脱狐口的故事。【1题详解】细节理解题。根据“Soon,heseesafatchickenplayingnearafarm.”可知狐狸在一个农场的附近看到小鸡。故选C。【2题详解】词义猜测题。根据“Allmyfriendslikeyoursongsverymuch.”可知，此处one代指上文提到的歌曲。故选C。【3题详解】细节理解题。根据“Ahungryfoxiswalkingonthegrass”，“Shecloseshereyesandbeginstosingasong.”，“Theyseethefoxandshout”以及“Justthenthechickenrunsawayfromthefoxandfliesintothetree.”可知首先狐狸在散步，然后看到了鸡，他让鸡唱歌，然后抓走了鸡，之后农民大喊，鸡逃脱。事件的正确顺序为②④③①。故选A。【4题详解】细节理解题。根据“Justthenthechickenrunsawayfromthefoxandfliesintothetree.”可知，小鸡说这句话的目的是为了逃跑。故选B。18、1.D2.C3.B4.A【解析】【导语】本文讲述了在湖南长沙的芙蓉学校一些留守儿童在学校的周末活动。【1题详解】词句猜测题。根据后文“Theyareleft-behindchildren.Theirparentsarenotathome.Sotheschoolletsthemstayhereonweekends.”可知，此处是问他们周末为什么没回家，选项D“他们为什么周末不回家呢”符合语境，故选D。【2题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“EverytimeIwentbackhome,mysonwasplayinggamesonhisphone.Iworriedabouthim,butIdidn’tknowhowtostophim”可知，浩浩的爸爸担心他是因为他无法停止玩手机游戏，故选C。【3题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“HuangYingjoinedthetabletennisclub.HeoftenwatchestabletennisgamesonTV.Forhim,thesportiscool.”可知，黄英认为打乒乓球很酷，故选B。【4题详解】最佳标题题。本文讲述了在湖南长沙的芙蓉学校一些留守儿童在学校的周末活动，所以选项A“留守儿童的周末俱乐部”符合全文，故选A。19、1.D2.C3.A【解析】【导语】本文主要讲述了一个喜欢研究鸟的画家Louis的故事。【1题详解】细节理解题。根据“LouisAgassizFuerteswasbornin1874.Hewasanartist.Hewasalsoanaturalist.”以及“ThosepicturesweredrawnbyJohnJamesAudubon.Hewasanaturalist,too.”可知，LouisAgassizFuertes和JohnJamesAudubon都是自然主义者，故选D。【2题详解】词义猜测题。根据“Heoftenpaintedbirdsthatweredead,butsometimeshestudiedbirdsthatwerestillalive”可知，alive与前文的dead是反义词，也就是划线单词表示“活着的”，故选C。【3题详解】细节理解题。根据“HewasafamouspainterofbirdsduringhislifetimeHewasafamouspainterofbirdsduringhislifetime”可知，以画鸟而出名，故选A。20、3题回答问题；4题找出第三段的主题句；5题将文中画线句子译成汉语。1.Ziboisa________inShandongProvince.2.WhatattractsalargenumberofpeopletovisitZibo?____________________________________________3.HowmanybuslineshavebeenaddedtoservethepeopleinZibo?____________________________________________4.__________________________