航海英语阅读

Merchantshipsaredesignedtocarrycargo.Somearealsodesignedtocarry

passengers.Theycanoperateasliners.Theseareemployedonregularroutesonafixed

timetable.Alistoftheirarrivalanddeparturedatesispublishedinadvanceandtheysail

whetherfullornot.Linerscanbeclassedaseitherdeep-sealinersorshort-sealiners.The

formercarrymainlycontainerizedcargoacrosstheoceansoftheworld；thelatercarry

containerizedorconventionalcargoonshorterroutes.Ferriesarealsoclassedas

liners.Theseofferadailyorweeklyserviceforpassengersandvehiclesacrosschannels

andnarrowseas.Afewshipsarestillemployedaspassengerliners.Theynotonlycarry

passengersbutalsosomecargoonroutesfromEuropetoNorthAmericaandtotheFar

East.Nowadaysthepassengertradeisverysmallandpassengerlinersusuallyoperateas

cruiseshipsforpartoftheyear.

l.Thedeep-sealiners.

A.carrymainlycontainerizedcargo

B.carrymainlyconventionalcargo

C.offeradailyorweeklyserviceforpassengersandvehicles

D.sailacrosschannelsandnarrowseas

2.TheLiners.

A.alwayssailfull

B.sailregularlyevennotfull

C.alwayssailinballast

D.willnotsailifnotfull

3.Alistofthearrivalanddeparturedatesofliners.

A.willbepublishedweekly

B.willbepublishedwhentheysail,whetherfullornot,fromEuropetoNorthAmerica

andtotheFarEast

C.willnotbepublishedeventheysailfullyloaded

D.ispublishedpriortotheirdeparture

4.1tisimpliedinthepassagethat.

A.thenumberofpassengershipsissmall

B.allpassengershipswillcarrysomecargoinnearfuture

C.itisnotnecessaryforlinerstosailinregulartime

D.containercarriersshouldcarrysomepassengers

Nowadays,mostmerchantshipsarebuilttocarrycargoes.Andtheymainlyoperateas

tramps.Thesevesselsdonotsailonregularroutesorkeeptoafixedtimetable,butare

employedwherethereiscargoforthemtocarry.Trampscanbeclassedasdeep-sea

trampsorshort-seatramps.Anumberareclassedascoasters.Theseplyoncoastalroutes

andupriverstoinlandports.Thetraditionaltrampcargoesaredrybulkcargoes,but

somearedesignedtocarrygeneralcargoes.

Alargenumberofmerchantshipsoperateasspecializedvessels.Thesearedesignedto

carryaparticulartypeofcargo.Thereareseveraltypesofspecializedvessel.Themost

commonareoiltankers.Theyareownedbythemajoroilcompaniesorbyindependent

operators.Twoothertypesofliquidbulkcarrierofgrowingimportancearechemical

carriersandliquefiednaturalgas(LNG)carriers

l.Thedeep-seatramps.

A.carrybulkandgeneralcargoacrossthehighseas

B.arebuilttocarrypassengers

C.aremainlycoasters

D.arespecializedvessel

2.Thecoasters.

A.alwayssailacrossthehighseas

B.commonlycarryoilcargo

C.aremainlytankers

D.sailoncoastalroutesandupriverstoinlandports

3.TheimportanceofLNGcarriers.

A.isgrowing

B.isnotmentionedinpassage

C.isdecreasing

D.willbediscussedfurtherifnecessary

4.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat.

A.thenumberofspecializedvesselsisnotsmall

B.alloiltankerswillcarrysomechemicalsinnearfuture

C.thetrampsandspecializedvesselsarethebasictypeofmerchantships

D.containercarriersshouldnotbeclassedastramps

Cargoshipscanbedividedintotwobasictypes.Onetypecarriesdrycargo,theother

carriesliquidcargo；however,anOBOshipisdesignedtocarryboth.Atraditionaldry

cargoshipisthemulti-deckvessel.Herholdsaredividedhorizontallybyoneortwo

tweendecks,becausethesemakestowageofindividualpackageseasier.Drybulkcargo

iscarriedinbulkcarriers.Thesedonothave'tweendecksascargoiscarriedloose.The

mostmodemtypeofdrycargocarrieristhecontainership.Theycarrycontainersof

standarddimensions,consequentlystowageiseasier.Fruit,meatanddairyproduceare

carriedinrefrigeratedships.Oiltankersarethemostcommontypeofliquidcargo

carrier.Theyareoftenverylarge,becausehugequantitiesofoilneedtobetransported

andonelargevesselismoreeconomicaltooperatethantwosmallerones.Twoother

typesofliquidbulkcarrierofgrowingimportancearetheliquefiednaturalgas(LNG)

carrierandthechemicalcarrier,althoughchemicalcanalsobecarriedindrumsin

generalcargoships.

1.Therearetypesofliquidbulkcarrier.

A.2

B.3

C.4

D.5

2.Amulti-deckvesselhastweendecks.

A.hasmany

B.no

C.onlyone

D.hasuptotwo

3.Fruit,meatanddairyproducearecarriedin.

A.containerscarriers

B.traditionalships

C.OBOships

D.refrigeratedships

4.Thetypesofdrycargocarriersmentionedinthepassageare.

A.tweendeckers,OBOships

B.traditionaldrycargoshipandmulti-deckvessel

C.OBOships,oiltankers,chemicaltankersandLNGcarriers

D.drycargoship,drybulkcargoearner,containercarriersandrefrigeratedships

3-04

Theaxialthrustofthepropelleristheforceworkinginaforeandaftdirection.Thisforce

causestheshiptomoveaheadthroughthewaterortogoastern.Becauseofhershape,a

shipwillmoveaheadthroughthewatermoreeasilythangoingastern.

Thetransversethrustisthesidewaysforceofthepropellerasitrotates.Thetransverse

effectofthepropellerbladesatthetopnearthesurfaceofthewaterisnotstrongenough

tocounteracttheoppositeeffectofthelowerblades.Forright-handedpropellersthis

cantstheship，sstemtostarboardandherbowtoport,whentheshipisgoingahead.The

effectissmallandcanbecorrectedbytherudder.Whentheenginesareputastern,the

effectistheoppositeandthestemcantstoport.Thiseffectisstrongerandcannoteasily

becorrected.Vesselswithleft-handedpropellersbehaveintheoppositeway.

l.Theforcethatcausestheshiptomoveaheadthroughthewaterortogoasternisknown

as.

A.axialthrust

B.transversethrust

C.thetransverseeffectofthepropellerbladesatthetopnearthesurfaceofthewater

D.thetransverseeffectofthelowerbladesofthepropellernearthebottomofthewater

2.Aleft-handedpropellers,whentheshipisgoingahead,willcantship，sstem

to.

A.starboard

B.port

C.tomoveahead

D.moveastern

3.Thetransversethrustofthepropellerisstrongerwhentheshipis.

A.goingastem

B.goingahead

C.stopped

D.makingnowaythroughthewater

4.Thetransversethrustofthepropellercanmainlybeovercomeby.

A.therudder

B.thepropelleritself

C.thenauticalinstrument

D.windandtide

TheChiefOfficer,orFirstMateasheisoftencalled,istheMaster'schiefofficerand

headoftheDeckDepartment.HeisassistedbyaSecondOfficer(Mate),aThirdOfficer

(Mate),andsometimesaFourthOfficer(Mate).SeveralcompaniesemployaFirst

OfficeraswellasaChiefOfficer.TheDeckDepartmentalsoincludesaBoatswain

(Bosun)andaCarpenter,bothpettyofficers,andanumberofratings.Thesemadeup

ofAbleSeamen(AB),OrdinarySeamen(OS)andamiddlegradeknownasEfficient

DeckHands(EDH).Thereareothergradesofseamen.OnsomeshipsNavigatingCadets

arecarriedfortrainingpurposes.

TheChiefEngineerisheadoftheEngineDepartment.HeisassistedbyaSecond,Third,

FourthandsometimesFifthEngineer.AnElectricalOfficermayalsobecarried.The

engineroompettyofficersaretheStorekeeperandDonkeyman.Ontankersthereisalsoa

Pumpman.Heisalsoapettyofficer.TheengineroomratingsareFiremenand

Greasers.TheremayalsobeEngineerCadets.

TheCateringDepartmentisundertheChiefSteward.Itisdividedintoasaloonand

galleysection.TheformerisheadedbytheSecondSteward,thelatterbytheShip，s

Cook.Theyarebothusuallypettyofficers.Theyareassistedbyseveralstewardsand

cooks,andbyanumberofjuniorratings.

TheRadioDepartmentoftenconsistsofonlyoneman：theRadioOfficer.Onshipswhere

continuousradiowatchesarekepttheremaybethreeradioofficers：aChief,Secondand

Third.

1.isnotapettyofficer.

A.Boatswain

B.SecondSteward

C.RadioOfficer

D.Storekeeper

2.EDHisrankwhichishigherthan.

A.SecondSteward

B.AB

c.OS

D.ChiefEngineer

3.Storekeeperbelongto.

A.DeckDept

B.EngineDept

C.CateringDept

D.RadioDept

4.Therearedepartmentsonbardabigshipaccordingtothepassage.

A.two

B.three

C.four

D.five

3-06

WhileeveryeffortismadetoensurethatthedataprovidedthroughtheNoticesto

Marinersserviceisaccurate,theuserneedstobeawareoftheriskstoconuptionof

data.Itisimportantthattheusershouldonlyusethedataonsuitableequipmentandthat,

otherapplicationsshouldnotberunningontheusersmachineatthesametime.Users

shouldexercisetheirprofessionaljudgementintheuseofdata,andalsoconsultthe

MarinersHandbook(NP100)forfurtherdetails.Theuserneedstobeawarethatthereis

apossibilitythatdatacouldbecorruptedduringtransmission,orintheprocessofdisplay

orprintingontheuser，sequipment,orifconvertedtoothersoftwareformats,andis

accordinglyadvisedthattheUKHOcannotacceptresponsibilityforanysuchchange,or

anymodificationsorunauthorisedchanges,madebylicensees,orotherparties.

1.Thedatamaybecomecorruptedinanyofthefollowingprocessexcept.

A,duringtransmission

B.inthedisplayorprintingontheusersequipment

C.inconvertingtoothersoftwarefbnnats

D.inairmaildeliverytothereaders

2.Theuserofthedataisadvisedtoconsultforfurtherdetails.

A.MarinersHandbook

B.SailingDirections

C.GuidetoPortEntry

D.NoticestoMariners

3.OfthefollowingitemsisnotmentionedforwhichUKHOwillacceptno

responsibility.

A.changeintheprocessofdisplayorprinting

B.unauthorisedchangesmadebylicenseesorotherparties

C.modificationsmadebylicenseesorotherparties

D.professionalamendments

4.Itisimpliedthat.

A.thedataareincorrect

B.thedataaretobecorrectedintensively

C.althoughthedataareaccurateenough,youarestilladvisedtouseitwithcaution

D.nottouseitifyouhavenotenoughtimeorproperequipmenttoeffectnecessary

correction

3-07

Thecontainershipisdifferentfromtheconventionaltypeandisaninnovationnotedfor

easierhandlingandquickerturnoverofcargoes.Cargoestobecarriedbythistypeofship

arepre-packedintocontainersbeforebeingloadedaboardtheship.

Containersaresealedafterbeingpackedwithcargoes.Madeofmetalorotherdurable

materials,theyarewatertightaftersealingandcanthereforebestowedondeckwhilst

beingcarried.Oneofthefeaturesofcontainershipsisthatsomeofthecontainersare

usuallystowedondeck.

Thecontainershipisbecomingincreasinglypopularintradingcircles,andthetrendis

thatthetonnagethereofwillgrowatafasterpaceinfuture.

1.Whatdoes^innovation^inthefirstparagraphmean.

A.makingchanges

B.theintroductionofanantigenicsubstanceintothebodyagainstaspecificdisease

C.Theactofintroducingsomethingnew.

D.revolution

2.Containersaresealedafterbeingpackedwithcargoes.

A.filled

B.loaded

C.stuffed

D.closedofficiallyorunderthesupervisionofnotarypublic

3.Ofthefollowing,isnotthefeatureofthecontainership?

A.Someofthecontainersareusuallystowedondeck

B.Itiseasyforhandlingandquickturnoverofthecargo

C.Thecontainershipisbecomingincreasinglysafer

D.Cargoesarepre-packedintothecontainer

4.Thetonnageofcontainershipis.

A.decreasing

B.increasing

C.remainingthesame

D.changing

3-08

Nauticalchartsareindispensabletomariners.They,however,aresubjecttofrequent

changes,suchasthoseofnavigationalaids,ofwaterwaysduetothedredgingand

construction,ofdepthsofwater,andofremovalorappearanceofwrecks.Inorderto

keepup-to-dateandreliable,nauticalchartshavetoundergocorrection.Changesof

importancearegenerallypromulgatedbyweeklyeditionofNoticestoMariners,which

enablemarinerstocorrectthechartsbyhand.Ifmajorchangesmakeitimpracticableto

doso,theNoticeswillprovideareproductionofasmallarea,whichisalsocalledblock,

tobepastedontothechartinitscorrectposition.

1.Nauticalchartsneedcorrectionbecause.

A.navigationalaidsaresometimesindispensable.

B.therearealwayssomemistakes

C.wrecksmayappearorberemoved

D.theycouldneverbereprinted

2.Correctiontochartsaremadebycrewmembersinaccordancewith.

A.NoticestoMariners

B.SailingDirections

C.GuidetoPortEntry

D.Supplement

3.Inthepassage,Blocksare.

A.largescalecharts

B.representationsofcharts

C.reproductionsofportionsofcharts

D.smallscalecharts

4.Thepurposeofcorrectiontochartsisto・

A.keepthemup-to-date

B.makethechartsbrand-new

C.keepthechartsavailabletoallmarinersintheworld

D.keepthechartsfreefrommistakes

3-09

CorrectionstoSailingDirectionsaregiveninSectionIV.Thoseinforceattheendofthe

yeararereprintedintheAnnualSummaryofNoticestoMariners.Alistofcorrectionsin

forceispublishedinSectionIVoftheWeeklyEditionforthelastweekofeachmonth.

Itisrecommendedthatcorrectionsbekeptinafilewiththelatestlistofcorrectionsin

forceontop.Thelistshouldbeconsultedwhenusingtheparentbooktoseeifany

correctionsaffectingtheareaunderconsiderationareinforce.

Itisnotrecommendedthatcorrectionsbestuckintheparentbookorcurrentsupplement,

but,ifthisisdone,whenanewsupplementisreceivedcaremustbetakentoretainthose

correctionsissuedafterthedateofthenewsupplement,whichmaybeseveralmonths

beforeitsreceiptonboard.

1.arereprintedintheAnnualSummaryofNoticestoMariners.

A.TheSailingDirections

B.ThecorrectionstoSailingDirections

C.TheeffectivecorrectionstoNoticestoMariners

D.TheWeeklyEdition

2.Theparentbookis.

A.TheSailingDirection

B.ThecorrectionstoSailingDirectionsinforce

C.theAnnualSummaryofNoticestoMariners

D.theWeeklyEdition

3.ItisrecommendedthatcorrectionstotheSailingDirectionsbe.

A.madebyhand

B.consultedatthelastweekofeachmonth

C.stuckintheparentbookorcurrentsupplement

D.keptinafilewiththelatestlistofcorrectionsinforceontop

4.Ifthecorrectionsbestuckintheparentbookorcurrentsupplement,.

A.whenanewsupplementisreceived,thosecorrectionsissuedafterthedateofthenew

supplementmustberetained

B.theparentbookmustbeconsulted

C.thecurrentsupplementmustbeconsulted

D.theAnnualSummaryofNoticestoMarinersmustbeused

3-10

Theamountofdetailshownonachartvarieswiththescaleofthechart.Onalargescale

chart,forexample,fulldetailsofalllightsandfogsignalsareshown,butonsmaller

scalestheorderofreductionofinfbnnationinelevation,period,range,untilonanocean

chartoftheareaonlylightswitharangeof15milesormorewillnonnallybeinserted,

andthenonlytheirlight-starandmagentaflare.Ontheotherhand,radiobeaconsare

omittedfromlargescalechartswheretheirusewouldbeinappropriate,and,unlessthey

arelongrangebeacons,fromoceancharts.

1.Oceanchartsareones.

A.largescale

B.smallscale

C.inappropriate

D.omitted

2.Whatcannotbefoundinthelargescalecharts.

A.Radiobeaconsofsmallrange

B.Fulldetailsofalllights

C.Elevations

D.Fulldetailsoffogsignals

3.Thelight-starandmagentaflareareshownon.

A.largescalechartsonly

B.smallscalechartsonly

C.bothsmallandlargescalecharts

D.neithersmallnorlargescalecharts

4.Thetitleofthispassageshouldbe・

A.LightsandBeaconsonCharts

B.CharacteristicofLightsandBeacons

C.CorrectionstoSmallandLargeScalecharts

D.NavigationalChartsPublication

3-11

DALIANOBSYGALEWARNING190600Z

COLDFRONTWILLPASSBOHAISEABOHAISTRAITSNORTHANDCENTRAL

HUANGHAISEACAUSINGGALEWINDSTOMORROWAFTERNOONAND

EVENINGSTOP.

SYNOPTICSITUATION190600Z

LOW994HPAAT48N118EMOVINGSE8KTSWITHCOLDFRONTFROM

CENTERPASSISNG44N128EHIGH1013HPAAT38N124ESTATIONARYSTOP

24HOURSWEATHERFORECASTFROM191000Z

BOHAISEABOHAISTRAITSNORTHANDCENTRALHUANGHAISEAPARTLY

CLOUDYBECOMINGOVERCASTTOMORROWWITHRAINSWWINDSFORCE

7TO8TOMORROWATERNOONANDEVENINGSEAROUGHBECOMINGVERY

ROUGHSTOP.

l.TheCOLDFRONTwillpassBohaiSea,BohaiStraits,NorthandcentralHuanghaiSea

on.

A.The20th

B.The19th

C.The18th

D.The6,h

2.isstationaryat38N124E.

A.Low994hPa

B.High1013hPa

C.Coldfront

D.Warmfront

3.Thewindsareexpectedtomorrowtobe?

A.rough

B.veryrough

C.SE8knots

D.SW7-8inforce

4.Whatistheweatherliketomorrowinthisarea.

A.ItwillbepartlycloudybecomingovercastwithrainandSWforce7-8winds

B.LOW994HPAat48N118EismovingSE8KTSwithCOLDFRONTfromcenter

passing44N128E

C.HIGH1013HPAat38N124Ewillbestationary

D.Itwillrainthewholeday

3-12

Insomepartsofachartwherethespacesareratherblankandtherearenosymbolsofany

kind,theremaybeCautions,Warnings,Notes,etc.,whichshouldbetakenintoaccount

whileusingachart.AllofthoseCautionaryNotesgivethemarinerfacilitiestoensure

safenavigation,suchastoavoidrunningagroundinshallowwatersandmakingdamages

tonearbyfishinggears,andtokeepoffanyhazardsinareaswheresubmarinefrequently

exercises.Furthermore,theyareofGOODhelptomariners,astothereliabilityofthe

navigationalaidsespeciallyincongestedwatersornarrowchannels,topreventany

possibleaccidents.

1.Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage.

A.Regulationsoftheharbor

B.DetailsintheSailingDirections

C.Rulesoftheterminal

D.DescriptiononAdmiraltyCharts

2.Accordingtothepassage,youmustpayattentiontowhileusingachart.

A.Cautions,WarningsandNotes

B.Reports,SymbolsandCharts

C.Explanations,accountsandanswers

D.Damages,hazardsandinjuries

3.CautionaryNotesarehelpfulformariners・

A.torunagroundinshallowwaters

B.tomakedamagestonearbyfishinggears

C.tokeepoffhazardsinareaswheresubmarineexercises

D.tokeepthereliabilityoftheaidstonavigationincongestedwatersornarrowchannels

4.Cautions,Warnings,Notes,etc.arelikelyinsertedinsomepartsofachartwhere

A.submarinefrequentlyexercises

B.therearefishinggears

C.thewatersiscongestedandthechannelsarenarrow

D.thespacesareratherblankandtherearenosymbolsofanykind

Logbooksrequiredbylaw,tobefilledoutbymastersorofficersondutyofeveryship,

thefbnnsofwhichmustbeprovedbytheshippingcompaniesormarineauthorities.

Logbooksareusedtorecordtheeventsoccurringduringtheship，sstayinaharbor,at

anchorage,orunderway,andtheyarealsorequestedtoproduceevidencesincase

officialsinquireaboutaccidents.

Oncompletionofthevoyagethelogbookmustbesubmittedtothesuperintendentofthe

ownerorthemarineauthoritiesforjustification,checkingorapproval.Therefore,

everythingrecordedinthelogbookmustbetrueandaccurate.

Whenamisentryhasbeenmadeinthelog,aredlinewouldbedrawnonthoseparts.The

correctentrywithsignatureshouldbemadenearorabovethem.Noerasuresorcutsare

tobeallowed.

1.Thebesttitleforthepassageis""・

A.Theformsoflogbooks

B.Theuseoflogbooks

C.Characteristicsoflogbooks

D.Howtochecklogbooks

2.Whenamisentryhasbeenmadeinthelog,.

A.erasuresorcutsaretobeallowed

B.itistobecorrectedoutbymastersorofficersondutyofeveryship

C.itistobeproducedincaseofficialsinquireaboutaccidents

D.aredlinewouldbedrawnonthoseparts,withcorrectentrywithsignaturebeingmade

nearorabovethem

3.Theformsoflogbooksmustbeprovedby・

A.officialswhoinquireaboutaccidents

B.theshippingcompaniesormarineauthorities

C.mastersorofficersonduty

D.thesuperintendentoftheowner

4.Thelogbookmustbesubmittedtothesuperintendentoftheownerorthe

marineauthoritiesforjustification,checkingorapproval.

A.oncompletionofthevoyage

B.inaharbor

C.atanchorage

D.underway

Fornavigation,radarisofincrediblevalue.Itprovidesthenavigatorwithhisposition,

hisdistancefromshipsorobstructionsnearbyandotheraccurateinformationtoprevent

collisionandensurethesafetyoftheship.Radarcandisplayallobjectswithinits

workingrangeclearly,eitherinclearweatherorinthickfog.Inaddition,iftheradar

informationiscorrectlyinterpreted,thenavigatorcaneasilyworkoutthespeedand

directionofanapproachingobjectandtakepropermeasurestokeephisshipfromany

danger.

Shore-basedradaralsoplaysanimportantroleinshipping.Ifship'sradarisintrouble,

theradarobserveratthestationswilluseVHFradiotoalertthemtoothertrafficinthe

vicinityaswellastoadvisetheirposition.Uptonow,manyradarsurveillancesystems

havebeeninstalledinmostlargeseaports.Theyareintendedtosmoothandcontrolthe

flowoftraffictoandfromtheharbor.

1.Fornavigation,theradaris.

A.ofnovalue

B.veryimportant

C.soexpensivethatpeopledon，tknowhowmuchitis

D.valueless

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutradar，sfunctionformarinepurposesis

incorrect.

A.Itprovidesthenavigatortheship，sposition

B.Itprovidesinformationtoprotectshipsfromcollision

C.Itdisplaysalltheobjectsatseaclearly

D.Itdisplaystheobserversdistancefromshipsandobstructionsnearby

3.Iftheship，sradarisintrouble,theshore-basedradar.

A.mayprovidetheshipofherposition

B.shouldbeinstalledwithsurveillancesystems

C.shalladvisetheshiptouseVHF

D.willbeputintouseimmediately

4.Radarsurveillancesystems.

A.mayprovideallshipsoftheirtechnicalconditions

B.shouldbeinstalledwithVHF

C.shallbecorrectlyinterpreted

D.areintendedtosmoothandcontroltheflowoftraffictoandfromtheharbor

Communicationsoverrelativelyshortdistancescanbemadebyvisualorsound

signals.VisualsignalscanbesentbyusingflagsoranAldislamp.AnAldislampisan

electriclampusedforflashingmessagesinMorsecode.Thetraditionalmethodof

signalingfromoneshiptoanotherisbyusingflags.Therearedifferentcoloredflagsfor

eachletterofthealphabet.Therearealsopennant-shapedflagsfornumbers,andalong

pennant,knownasanansweringorcodepennant.Threeotherflags,whichare

burgee-shaped,areknownassubstitutes.Theseshowthattheflatorpennantisbeing

repeated.Besidesstandingforaletterofthealphabet,eachflag,whenhoistedalong,

hasanothermeaning.Forexample,the"W"flagalsomeans："Irequiremedical

assistance”.Flagscanalsobehoistedincombinationsoftwo,threeorfour.Siren,

whistle,bellorothersoundsignalscanbeusedinfogandsimilarcircumstanceswhen

visualsignalscannotbeseen.

1.Communicationsoverrelativelyshortdistancesmaybemadeby.

A.visualsignals

B.soundsignals

C.MorseCode

D.Eithervisualorsoundsignals

2.AnAldislampisusedfbr.

A.transmittingMorsecode

B.flashingflags

C.sendingflagsignals

D.sendingsoundsignals

3.Burgee-shapedflagsareusedassubstitutestoshow.

A.“repeating”

B.“answering”

C."code”pennant

D.”Irequiringmedicalassistance^^

4.areusedinfogandsimilarcircumstanceswhenvisualsignalscannotbe

seen.

A.Visualsignals

B.Substitutes

C.Pennant-shapedflags

D.Theship'ssiren,whistleorbell

WhenthesendersofGOODshavelargeshipmenttomake,andespeciallywhenbulk

cargoisconcerned,itisadvisablethattheyhavesomeshipsattheirdisposal.Someofthe

bigcompaniessetupafleetoftheirown,buttherestmayfinditmoreprofitabletohire

insteadofbuildingorbuyingships.ThisiscalledC4chartering,\Thecharteringoftheship

isusuallydonethroughtheintermediaryofbrokers,who,whenhired,willgothroughall

thenecessaryformalitiesonbehalfofthecharterer.InLondonthereisaspecial

center6€theBalticExchange”,wherethebrokersoperateinmuchthesamewayasstock

andsharebrokersonastockexchange.ButitiseasyforhomeshipperstohireChineseor

foreignshipsthroughChinaNationalCharteringCorporation,whichtakescareof

charteringbusinessonordersfromvariousimportandexportcorporations.

1.Whenlargeshipmentisconcerned,isnotthewayforthesendertohave

shipsattheirdisposal.

A.tocharterships

B.tobuildships

C.tobuyships

D.toscrapeships

2.Incharteringallthenecessaryformalitiesareperformedthrough.

A.theintermediaryofagents

B.theintermediaryofbrokers

C.thecharterers

D.the"BalticExchange”

3.Thefunctionof'theBalticExchangers.

A.todealwithstocks

B.toexchangecargoes

C.tooperateonshares

D.tocharterships

4.ChinaNationalCharteringCorporationtakescareofcharteringbusinessforhome

shippers."Totakecareof'means.

A.topayattentionto

B.tobeconcernedwith

C.tobeliablefor

D.totakechargeof

Atropicalstormisnotsoextensiveasthedepressionofhigherlatitudesbut,within75

milesorsoofthecenter,thewindisoftenfarmoreviolent,andthehighandconfused

seasnearthecentermaycauseconsiderabledamagetolargeandwell-foundships,while

smallvessels(forexample,destroyers)havefoundered.Thedangerisstillgreaterwhen

shipsarecaughtinrestrictedwaterswithoutadequateroomtomaneuver.Within5to10

milesofthecenterthewindislightormoderateandvariable,theskyisclearorpartially

so,andthereisaheavy,sometimesmountainous,confusedswell.Thisareaisknown

asthe"eye"ofthestorm.Afterpassingthroughtherelativelywindlesscenterofthestorm

thewindwillsuddenly,andwithgreatviolence,commencetoblowfromadirection

oppositetothatexperiencedontheothersideofthewindlesscenter.Duetotorrential

rainvisibilitynearthestoiTncenterisalmostnil.

1.Withinofatropicalstormcenter,thewindisviolent.

A.nomorethan75miles

B.notm