Lesson4教材衔接事物事理类说明文与新事物类说明文科普介绍与新兴事物2024初升高英语（2020牛津译林专用）学生版

Lesson4教材衔接+Lesson4教材衔接+事物事理类说明文与新事物类说明文——科普介绍与新兴事物Step1：知识积累之听力填词训练Duringthehourlonglunchtime,I.（eat）intheschooldininghall.Therewerelotsofoptionsincludingbreadandbutter,chickenpieandpuddings,butIstillmissedmymum’s（cook）!Afterlunch,Ioftenplayedontheschool’shugesportswithDanielandhisfriends.Sometimeswejust（relax）underatreeorsatonthegrass.Afterschool,thereweremanyclubstojoin.Theonethat（attract）memostwastheRugbyClub.Weplayed（one）aweek,anditwasgreatfun.Also,Ienjoyed（act）intheTheatreClub.IstillhavephotosofmyselfactinginWilliamShakespeare’sAMidsummerNight’sDream.Joiningclubswasagreatway.（meet）Britishstudentsandmakefriendswiththem.Iamgladtohavetheopportunity.（experience）thisdifferentwayoflife.Imetsomegreatpeopleand.（learn）alotaboutschoollifeintheUK.Danielandhisfamilywerefantastichosts,andhisfriendswereverynice.well.Ican’twaitforDanieltovisitChina!词汇及短语归纳总结optionn.可选择的事物，选择;选修课buttern.黄油puddingn.甜点;布丁attractvt.吸引，使喜爱;招引;引起(反应)rugbyn.橄榄球运动calligraphyn.书法，书法艺术opportunityn.时机，机会experiencen.经历，往事；经验，阅历；传统v.经历，遭遇；体会到，感受到fantasticadj.极好的，非常棒的；极大的，极高的；不切实际的，异想天开的；奇异的，怪诞的sportsfield运动场：一个平坦的土地区域，用于举办体育赛事。SectionA—初高衔接小题练Step2：阅读技能事物事理类说明文与新事物类说明文——科普介绍与新兴事物SectionA—初高衔接小题练PassageAInthedemonstration(示范)videoofthedevices.twodancersareperformingwiththeroboticarmsontheirbacks.Thehumansandmachinesmovetogetherintheperformance.Thedancersetogetherandmoveinsimilarwayseitherleadingorfollowingtherobotarms.Inamisaidsomewearersgrowattached(依恋的)tothearmsaftersometime.“Takingthemoffafterusingthemforawhilefeelsalittlesad.That'swherethey'realittledifferenttoothertools."hesaid.1.Whatcanweknowfromthethirdparagraph?A.Thetwodancersmoveindifferentways.B.Someusersformattachmenttothearms.C.Gettingusedtothearmsneedsalongtime.D.Thewearersthinkthearmsaresimilartoothertools.PassageBAnnaHoggoftheUniversityofLeedsinBritainwasoneoftheresearchers.Whenspeakingaboutthedroppingice,shesaid,"It'sgoingtotaketensofyearsforthedroppingicetorecover(恢复).There'snomethodtoreplaceit."Shetoldagroupofreporters,“Itwillcertainlytakealongtime,evenifit'spossible.”2.WhatdoesAnnaHoggtrytotellusinParagraph3?A.Itispossibletoreplaceseaice.B.Itisdifficultforseaicetorecover.C.Itisimpossibleforseaicetorecover.D.Itisimportanttoreplaceseaice.PassageCThesystemiscalledATLAS.ItcansearchthewholeskyseveraltimeseachnightlookingforNearEarthObjects(NEOs,近地天体）.WhentheyenterEarth'satmosphere(大气层），mostoftheNEOswillburnupbeforereachingtheplanet'ssurface.ButscientistsareworriedaboutlargerNEOsupto50metersinsize.Suchobjectscouldbringharmfulresultstoareastheyhit.3.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutNEOs?A.MostofthemarenotriskytoEarth.B.Mostofthemareharmfultoourplanet.C.Mostofthemareover50metersinsize.D.Mostofthemcan'tbeseenbytelescopes.SectionSectionB—题型及知识讲解1：何为事物事理类说明文说明文分为事物说明文和事理说明文两大类。但是，有时在一篇说明文中，介绍事物与阐释事理往往是交错使用的。事物事理类说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人知识的文章体裁。它通过揭示概念来说明事物特征、本质及其规律性。说明文一般介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、关系、功能，解释事物的原理、成因、特点、演变等。2：概念（1）事物说明文的说明对象是具体事物。通过对具体事物的形状、构造、性质、特点、用途等作客观而准确的说明，使读者了解、认识这个或这类事物。（2）事理说明文的说明对象是某个抽象事理。事物说明文是对事物进行详细介绍的文体形式,而事理说明文是对道理进行详细介绍的文体形式.区别是前者针对事物,后者针对道理。3：说明方法★分类法（byclassification）★比较法（byparison）★举例法（byexample）★程序法（byprocess）★因果法（bycauseandeffect）★定义法（bydefinition）★时序法（byfollowingtheorderoftime）★重要性法（byimportance,）★分析原因法（byanalyzingcause）★引入数据或研究（byusingdataormentioningsomestudies）★描述法（bydescription）4：解题重点关注正确选项与说明对象密切相关没有明显转折;看段首段尾有转折;递进;实际上:有因果;看转折递进因果之后内容5：何为新事物类说明文——对于新兴事物的科普介绍；涵盖新观点；新科技；新技术6：两点基本认识1、新事物一定具有旧事物不可比拟的优越性。也许新事物暂时并不完美，但是它一定有更好的发展潜力，也会在未来对我们的生活带来积极的改变。2、新事物一定会和旧事物长期共存。任何新旧交替都不能在短期内一蹴而就，而是需要漫长的人们了解、认知、熟悉、接受的过程。所以断言新事物一定取代旧事物是不合理的，即便新事物比旧事物优越很多。7：明显标志词在文章看到这些时候，你要有基本的意识，这篇文章可能是新事物类说明文。用于体现“新”的：new、uptodate、inthenearfuture…用于体现“发明革新”的：invention、innovation…用于体现“梦想成真”的：dreamestrue、dreamturnsintoreality…用于体现“旧”与“新”进行对比的：old、traditional、conventional…8：新事物类说明文最重要的内容1、新事物是什么？2、相较于旧事物，新事物有什么作用和优越性？3、新事物目前有什么局限性需要日后不断改进？9：主旨题一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心思想展开的。不少文章一开头便展示出文章的主题，特别是新闻报道，第一小段通常是故事的梗概，这一段往往表达了文章的中心思想;在文章的段落中，则通常由开头的一句作为主题句(topicsentence)来概括该段的中心思想。主题句一般具有三个特点:1．表述的意思比较概括，相对主题句来看，这种概括性更为明显。2．句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式。3．段落中其他的句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表述的主题思想。10：寻找主题句的6个微技能(1)Now(如今)New（新的）…暗示本文即将要讲的事很有可能与以往不同。(2)表转折的词。段落中出现but,however,actually,while,

infact,

on

thecontrary,

incontrast等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正要表达的观点。(3)表总结的词。如therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,inconclusion等词后内容也可能是主题。(4)多次重复的词。如果一篇文章中多次出现某个词，该词往往是体现文章主旨的关键词。(5)若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章的主旨。(6)说明实验结论或调查结果的句子。如theirstudiesshowthat…，the

experiment

showsthat…，scientists/researchershavefoundthat…或there

is

evidence

suggestingthat…中that从句的内容通常就是主旨。也可能是主题。SectionSectionC—高中同步训练PassageAWhileitisimpossibletolivepletelyfreeofstress,itispossibletopreventstressaswellasreduceitseffectwhenitcan’tbeavoided.TheUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesoffersthefollowingsuggestionsforwaystodealwithstress.1：Whatismostprobablythewriter’spurposeinwritingthearticle?A.Toreleasehisorherwrongpressure.B.Tohelpsolvetheuniversalproblemofstress.C.Toreducehisorheranxiety.D.Tohavemorepeoplecryout.PassageBFortravelexpertandauthorLaCarmina,slowtravelallowspeopletostopandsmelltherosesquitedirectly.“It’saboutbeingfullypresentinthemomentandexperiencingthesights,soundsandsensations(感觉)aroundyoupletely“lettingtheexperiencedevelopatitsownspeedandwithoutexpectations,”shesaid.“Tome,slowtraveldoesn’thaveastrictdefinitionorcertainthingstodo,butratherfocusesonthefeelingofbeingavisitortoaplace.”Slowtravelisbeingmoreandmorepopularnow,becauseitcandogoodtousinmanyways.2.WhatdoesLaCarminathinkofslowtravel?A.Itcanlettravelersexperiencetheplacedeeply.B.Itcanmaketravelerssavealotofmoney.C.Itcanallowtravelerstoexploremoreplaces.D.Itcansavetravelersmuchmoretime.PassageCNobusinesswouldwelebeingparedtogambling(赌博).Yetthatiswhatishappeningtomakersofvideogames.Foryearsparentshaveplainedthattheirchildrenare“addicted”totheirvideogamesandsmartphones.Today,however,evenmoredoctorsareusingtheterm.OnJanuary1thisyear,“gamingdisorder”—inwhichgamesareplayeduncontrollably,despitecausingharm—gainedrecognitionfromtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).3.WhatdoweknowfromParagraph1?A.Itisnotsuitabletoparevideogamestogambling.B.Parentsplainabouttheirchildren’saddictiontogambling.C.Gamingaddictionwasofficiallyrecognizedasadisease.D.Moredoctorsareagainsttheuseoftheterm“addicted”.PassageDPlasticislowcostandlonglasting.Itisnoteasilydegraded(降解)becausenaturaldegradationprocessescan’tdealwithitschemicalponents(成分).Ittakesinotheroceanpresentharmfulsubstances.Thesechemicalanddangerousponentsaregraduallygotintotheatmospherewithadditivessuchascolor,whichturnsouttobereallyharmfulwhentheplasticbreaksdown.ThedesignanddevelopmentofnewplasticproductswasspedupafterWorldWarII.Lifewithoutplasticseemedimpossibleinthemodernage.Buteventhoughplasticwasquiteconvenient,thedarksideofitwasseenaspeoplebegantoenjoythethrowawaymunity.Manyplasticproducts,suchasplasticbags,havealifetimeofafewminutestohours.However,they’llstayintheenvironmentforhundredsofyears.Wearedestroyingtheveryworldthatnurturedus.Just9%ofplastichasbeenrecycledand12%burntafterproductionroseinthe1950s,whichleavesabout79%ofthe8.3billiontonsproducedsittinginlandfills(垃圾填埋场)ordamagingourfields,oceans,andwaterways.Andeachyeartheplasticendsupascontaminants.Sotobeatplasticpollution,weneedtoworktogether.Whileplasticburningreducestheamountofwastedumpedintooceansandlands,harmfulgasesarestillproduced,whichalsoleadstogreenhousegases.However,ifwemakeafirmdecisionandusemodernwastemanagementmethods,wewillbeabletocreateasafeandhealthyworld.Itishightimethatweasresponsibleglobalcitizens,tookonthedutyofprotectingourenvironmentandmadegreateffortinsavingourmotherearth,insteadofjustleavingeverythingtoourgovernment.So,ladiesandgentlemen,let’smakeapromisetosuccessfullydealwithplasticwasteandprotectourworldfromallpossiblerisks.28.WhatisParagraph1mainlyabout?A.Theharmofplastic. B.Theconvenienceofplastic.C.Theprotectionofplastic. D.Theuseofplastic.29.Whichwordcanbestdescribethewriter’sfeelinginParagraph2?A.Happy. B.Worried. C.Excited. D.Relaxed.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“contaminants”inParagraph3mean?A.Thingsthatcausepollution. B.Thingsthatproduceplastic.C.Thingsthatcostmoney. D.Thingsthathelppeople.31.Fromwhichisthetextmostprobablytaken?A.Ashortstory. B.Aspeech. C.Anewspaper. D.Anotice.SectionSectionD—高考真题链接PassageATerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhaspleteditsfirstflight,bringingthepanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle–namedtheTransition–hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.Around100peoplehavealreadyputdowna$10,000deposittogetaTransitionwhentheygoonsale,andthosenumberswilllikelyriseafterTerrafugiaintroducestheTransitiontothepubliclaterthisweekattheNewYorkAutoShow.Butdon’texpectittoshowupintoomanydriveways.It’sexpectedtocost$279,000.Anditwon’thelpifyou’restuckintraffic.Thecarneedsarunway.Inventorshavebeentryingtomakeflyingcarssincethe1930s,accordingtoRobertMann,anairlineindustryexpert.ButMannthinksTerrafugiahasecloserthananyonetomakingtheflyingcarareality.Thegovernmenthasalreadypermittedthepanytousespecialmaterialstomakeiteasierforthevehicletofly.TheTransitionisnowgoingthroughcrashteststomakesureitmeetsfederalsafetystandards.MannsaidTerrafugiawashelpedbytheFederalAviationAdministration’sdecisionfiveyearsagotocreateaseparatesetofstandardsforlightsportaircraft,whicharelowerthanthoseforpilotsoflargerplanes.Terrafugiasaysanownerwouldneedtopassatestandplete20hoursofflyingtimetobeabletoflytheTransition,arequirementpilotswouldfindrelativelyeasytomeet.1.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.ThebasicdataoftheTransition. B.Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C.Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars. D.ThedesignersoftheTransition.2.WhyistheTransitionunlikelytoshowupintoomanydriveways?A.Itcausestrafficjams. B.Itisdifficulttooperate.C.Itisveryexpensive. D.Itburnstoomuchfuel.3.Whatisthegovernment’sattitudetothedevelopmentoftheflyingcar?A.Cautious.B.Favorable.C.Ambiguous.D.Disapproving.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.FlyingCaratAutoShow B.TheTransition’sFirstFlightC.Pilots’DreamingTrue D.FlyingCarClosertoRealityPassageBGettinglesssleephasbeeabadhabitformostAmericankids.Accordingtoanewsurvey(调查)bytheNationalSleepFoundation,51%ofkidsaged10to18gotobedat10pmorlateronschoolnights,eventhoughtheyhavetogetupearly.LastyeartheFoundationreportedthatnearly60%of7to12yearoldssaidtheyfelttiredduringtheday,and15%saidtheyhadfallenasleepatschool.Howmuchsleepyouneeddependsalotonyourage.Babiesneedalotofrest;mostofthemsleepabout18hoursaday!Adultsneedabouteighthours.Formostschoolagechildren,tenhoursisideal(理想的).ButthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyfoundthat35%of10to12yearoldsgetonlysevenoreighthours.Andguesswhatalmosthalfofthesurveyedkidssaidtheydobeforebedtime?WatchTV."MorechildrenaregoingtobedwithTVson,andtherearemoreopportunities(机会)tostayawake,withmorehomework,theInternetandthephone,"saysDr.MaryCarskadon,asleepresearcheratBrownUniversityMedicalSchool.Shesaystheseactivitiesatbedtimecangetkidsallexcitedandmakeithardforthemtocalmdownandsleep.Otherexpertssaypartoftheproblemischemical.Changinglevelsofbodychemicalscalledhormonesnotonlymaketeenagers’bodiesdevelopadultcharacteristics,butalsomakeithardforteenagerstofallasleepbefore11pm.Becausesleepinessissuchaproblemforteenagers,someschooldistrictshavedecidedtostarthighschoolclasseslaterthantheyusedto.Threeyearsago,schoolsinEdina,Minnesota,changedthestarttimefrom7:25amto8:30am.Students,parentsandteachersarepleasedwiththeresults.1.WhatisthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyon?A.Americankids’sleepinghabits.

B.Teenagers’sleeprelateddiseases.C.Activitiestopreventsleeplessness.

D.Learningproblemsandlackofsleep.2.Howmanyhoursofsleepdo11yearoldsneedeveryday?A.7hours.

B.8hours.

C.10hours.

D.18hours.3.WhydoteenagersgotosleeplateaccordingtoCarskadon?A.Theyareaffectedbycertainbodychemicals.B.Theytendtodothingsthatexcitethem.C.Theyfollowtheirparents’examples.D.Theydon’tneedtogotoschoolearly.SectionA—模考听力训练Step3：课后作业之SectionA—模考听力训练第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1．Wherearethespeakers?A．Athome. B．Inaclassroom. C．Inahospital.2．Whatdidthemanbuy?A．Amagazine. B．Adictionary. C．Astorybook.3．Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?A．Theman'sweekendplans.B．Theman'sschoollife.C．Theman'sfriends.4．WhatisJohn?A．Astudent. B．Ateacher. C．Aworker.5．Whenwillthefootballmatchtakeplace?A．OnTuesday. B．OnFriday. C．OnSunday.第二节（共15小题，每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。6．Whatisthewomandoing?A．Bookingatable.B．Callingherfriend.C．Applyingforarestaurantjob.7．Whenwillthewomanefordinner?A．At6:00. B．At7:00. C．At8:00.听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。8．Whichcitydidthemanefrom?A．Chicago. B．Boston. C．NewYork.9．Whatisthemanlookingfor?A．Acoat. B．Aletter. C．Apassport.10．Howdoesthemanprobablyfeelnow?A．Sad B．Dissatisfied. C．Excited.听第8段材料，回答第11至13题。11．Whatisthewomangoodat?A．Skiing. B．Singing. C．Swimming.12．Whatdoesthewomanlikedoinginsummerholidays?A．Playingtheguitar.B．Goingtothemountains.C．Swimmingmthesea.13．Whatisthewoman'sfavoritesubject?A．Maths. B．Geography. C．History.听第9段材料，回答第14至17题。14．Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthespeakers?A．Salespersonandcustomer. B．Homeownerandcleaner.C．Husbandandwife.15．Whatkindofapartmentdothespeakersprefer?A．Onewithtwobedrooms. B．Onewithoutfurniture.C．Onenearamarket.16．Howmuchrentshouldonepayfortheonebedroomapartment?A．$350. B．$400. C．$415.17．Whereistheapartmentthespeakerswouldliketosee?A．OnLakeStreet. B．OnMarket. C．OnSouthStreet.听第10段材料，回答第18至20题。18．Whatisprobablyblockingtheentryway?A．Acar. B．Abus. C．Ataxi.19．Howlongcanacarbeparkedatmostinthewestside?A．10minutes. B．15minutes. C．30minutes.20．WhatwillthespeakerdowiththeFordTaurusintenminutes?A．Haveitremoved. B．Givetheowneraticket. C．Calltheowner’spany.SectionSectionB—课后阅读训练PassageAExercisehelpstokeepusingoodhealth.DoctorsattheAmericanHeartAssociationsuggestgettingatleast150minutesofproperphysicalactivityeveryweek.Manypeopleexerciseforafewminuteseverydayoreveryotherday.So,getting150minuteseveryweekiseasy.Butwhataboutthosetimeswhenyouaresick?Ifyoudonotfeelwell,shouldyoukeepfollowingyourexercisehabit?Healthexpertsanswertheseandotherquestions.EdwardR.LaskowskiisadoctorattheMayoClinic.Heandotherexpertshaveageneralruleofyesaboutexercisingwhenyouaresick.Itisusuallyfinetoexercise,heexplains,ifyoursymptoms（症状）areall“abovetheneck".Thesesignsmayincludearunnynose,ablockednose,sneezingoraminorsorethroat.GeralynCoopersmithisaphysicalfitnesstrainerwhohaswrittenseveralbooksonexerciseandnutrition.BothCoopersmithandDr.Laskowskisuggesttakingabreakfromexercisingifsignsofyourillnessappear"belowtheneck".Payspecialattentiontosymptomssuchaschestcongestion,extremecoughorpaininthestomach.Thereareothersymptomsthatcantellyoutoavoidexercise.Theyinclude:ahigherthannormalbodytemperature,asenseoffeelingextremelytired,andwidespreadmusclepain.BothCoopersmithandDr.Laskowskisuggestlisteningtoyourbody.Ifyoufeelreallybad,takeabreakandletyourbodyrest.Ifyoudon'tfeeltoobad,theseexpertsbothsuggestreducingtheamountofexercise.Forexample,ifyouusuallyrun,takeaquickwalkinstead.1.Howlongshouldpeopledoexercisetokeephealthy?A.About150minutesperday. B.Around100minutesperday.C.Atleast150minutesperweek. D.Nomorethan100minutesperweek.2.WhenwillEdwardR.Laskowskisaynotoexercise?A.Whenyourleftlegisbroken. B.Whenyouhavearunnynoses.C.Whenyouhaveablockednose. D.Whenyouhaveaminorsorethroat.3.Whatisthemeaningof"listeningtoyourbody”inParagraph6?A.Becarefulwithyourcars. B.Learntotakeadviceofothers.C.Payattentiontobodysignals. D.Listentomusictokeephealthy.4.Whatwillthewriterbelikelytoagreewith?A.Practicemakesperfect. B.Nothingseek,nothingfind.C.Putyourheartintoexercise. D.Actaccordingtoyourabilities.PassageBAsmuchasIlovewatchingOlympicdiving,I’veneverunderstoodwhyathleteshurryofftotheshowersandthenproceedtorelaxinahottub(热水浴池)aftereachdive.They’realreadywet.They’reonlyinthepoolforahandfulofseconds,soit’snotliketheyneedtogetcleanedup.Anddoesn’ttakingashowerservethesamepurposeassittinginahottub?Actually,that’swhatOlympicdiversusuallyd