《计算机专业英语》课件第27章

What’sanIntranet?

AnIntranetissimplytheapplicationofInternettechnologywithinaninternalorclosedusergroup.IntranetsarecompanyspecificanddonothavetohaveaphysicalconnectiontotheInternet.However,theunderlyingprinciplebehindIntranettheoryisinformationdemocracy.Usedproperly,anIntranetisahighlyeffectivecorporatetool,capableofregularlyupdatinginformationtoempowertheworkforcewiththeinformationneededtoperformtheirroles.1Usedinthisway,Intranetsrepresentasteptowardsthepaperlessoffice,replacingprinteddocumentationwithelectronicdata.

Untiltheearly’90s,Intranettechnologywasmainlyusedbygovernments,academicsandtechnologists.2ThencametheWorldWideWebandthedramaticexpansionoftheInternetuserbase.TheWWWenablestransferanddisplayofmultimediadocumentsbetweenserverswhichholdtheinformation,andclientsorusers.TheWWWwasquicklyfollowedbythedevelopmentofWebserverswhichintegratewithdatabasesandlegacysystemstoprovidedistributedplatformindependentapplications.

ThebeautyofanIntranetliesinplatformindependence.3BasedonInternettechnology,IntranetsofferaUtopianapproachtoapplicationsandoperatingsystems,enablingaccess

toandfromvirtuallyanycomputer.4Whenapplyingplatformindependencetoaclosedcorporateenvironment,theheadacheofcomplexnetworkoutingandbridgingmultipleproprietaryproductsiseliminated.

ThetypicalcorporateinfrastructureisaLAN.AnIntranetdeliversthesamelevelofpowertousersasaLAN,butoffersgreatlysimplifiednetworkmanagement.5IntranetsworkwithinanorganizationovertheexistingLANinfrastructure,makingcostofownershipveryattractive.

CorporateIntranetholdinformationcentrallyinaWebserver.6AllIntranetrelateddocumentsarewritteninhypertextmark-uplanguage(HTML),theindustrystandardmethodofencodingadocumentwhichcontainstextandgraphicstomakeittotallyplatformindependent.InformationcanbesentandreceivedtoandfromtheWebserverusingTCP/IPwithaWebbrowser.Thebrowserissoftwarewhichsourcesdocumentsimages,sound,videofilesandapplications.7Itenablesuserstoaccessanendlessvarietyofcorporateinformationfromtheserverrangingfromupdatedshareprices,personnelandcorporatepolicydocumentstocompanybulletinboards.Organizationalsoutilizebrowsersfordatacollectionfromemployees,includingtime-sheetlogs,holidayrequestformsandexpensesreports.

BecauseWebserversareplatformandapplicationindependent,theycansendorrequestdatafromlegacyorexternalapplicationsincludingdatabases.8Allreplies,onceconvertedintoHTML,canthenbetransmittedtoabrowser.Usedinthisway,Intranetscanofferlowerdesktopsupportcosts,easylinkwithlegacyapplicationsanddatabasesand,aboveall,easeofuse.NewWords

intranetn.企业内联网internaladj.内部的user-groupn.用户群underlyingadj.根本的,基本的democracyn.民主corporaten.公司empowerv.授权workforcen.劳动力representv.代表documentationn.文档,文件academicsn.学术界technologistn.技术人员dramaticadj.急剧的expansionn.扩张,扩展multimedian.多媒体Integratev.使结合databasen.数据库approachn.方法,途径virtuallyadv.虚假地proprietaryadj.专用的infrastructuren.基础设施simplifyv.简化hypertextn.超文本mark-upn.标记encodev.编码graphicsn.图形utilizev.利用time-sheetn.时间表legacyadj.传统的externaladj.外部的transmitv.传送PhrasesandExpressions

baseon在……基础上rangefrom...to与……不同replace...with用……替换TheExplanationofDifficultStatements

1.Usedintheway,intranetsrepresentasteptowardsthepaperlessoffice,replacingprinteddocumentationwithelectronicdata.

分析:“usedinthisway”为过去分词作状语。“replacingprinteddocumentationwithelectronic”为现在分词作状语。

句意:这样使用,内部网是迈向无纸办公的一步,即用电子数据代替印刷文档。

2.ThencametheWorldWideWebandthedramaticexpansionoftheInternetuserbase.

分析:此句为倒装句,正常语序应该为:TheWorldWideWebcamethen...在英语中,如果here,there,now,then等副词置于句首时,句子通常用倒装。例如:

Thencamethedaywehadbeenlookingforwardto.

Theregoesyourlastchance.

句意:后来出现了环球网(简称WWW),互联网用户急剧扩张。

3.BasedonInternettechnology,InternetsofferaUtopianapproachtoapplicationsandoperatingsystems,enablingaccesstoandfromvirtuallyanycomputer.

分析:“BasedonInternettechnology”为过去分词作状语。句意:基于互联网技术,内部网为应用程序和操作系统提供了乌托邦式的方法,这样能使(用户)实际上对任何一台计算机进行访问或从(任何一台计算机)进行访问。

4.Whenapplyingplatformindependencetoaclosedcorporateenvironment,theheadacheofcomplexnetworkoutingandbridgingmultipleproprietaryproductsiseliminated.

分析:“Whenapplyingplatformindependencetoaclosedcorporateenvironment”为现在分词作状语。

句意:当将平台独立性应用于封闭的公司环境时,多个专有产品的复杂的网络路由连接和桥接等令人头疼的问题就迎刃而解了。

5.IntranetsworkwithinanorganizationovertheexistingLANinfrastructure,makingcostofownershipveryattractive.

分析:“makingcostofownershipveryattractive”为现在分词作状语。

句意:内部网在已有的局域网基础设施上,运行于一个机构的内部,这使拥有的成本相当低。

6.AllIntranetrelateddocumentsarewritteninhypertextmake-uplanguage(HTMI),theindustry-standardmethodofencodingadocumentwhichcontainstextandgraphicstomakeittotallyplatformindependent.

分析:“relateddocuments”为过去分词作定语;“makeittotallyplatformindependent.”句型应为“make+n.+adj/n.”,表示“使某人或某物成为某种状态”,例如:Thesmellofcookingmakesmehungry.

句意:所有与内部网有关的文档均用超文本标记语言(HTML)编写,这是业界标准的编制含有文本与图形的文档方法,以便文档完全独立于平台。

7.Itenablesuserstoaccessanendlessvarietyofcorporateinformationfromtheserverrangingfromupdatedshareprices,personnelandcorporatepolicydocumentstocompanybulletinboards.

分析:“enablesomebodytodosomething”意为“使某人做某事”;“rangefrom...to”意为“(范围)从……到”。

句意:使用户能访问服务器上各种各样的公司信息,从最新的股票价格、人事和公司政策文档到公司的公告牌等。

8.Allreplies,onceconvertedintoHTML,canthenbetransmittedtoabrowser.

分析:“onceconvertedintoHTML”为过去分词作状语。

句意:一是转换成HTML格式,所有的应答都能传送给浏览器。GrammarTranslationSkills增词的翻译方法

由于英汉两种语言在结构与表达方式上存在差异,有时在英译汉过程中,为了表达准确,需增加一些原文中虽无其词,但有其意的词,或需加上英语句式中可以省略,而汉语句式不可以省略的词。例如:

(1)Thelatesttypeofcarsarefast,efficientandhandy.这种新型汽车速度快,效率高,操作方便。

(2)Englishisthelanguageofcommerceandthesecondlanguageofmanycountries.英语是国际贸易中的通用语言,也是许多国家的第二语言。(3)Manypersonslearnedtoprogramwithlittleunderstandingofcomputersorapplicationstowhichcomputerscouldorshouldbeapplied.许多人虽然已经学会了编程序,但对计算机以及计算机能够或必备的种种用途所知甚少。

(4)Noteagainthatconsiderablesimplificationinsolvingtheabovecanbeachievedifthedataismadesymmetrically.还要注意,在解决上述问题时,如果使数据对称,就能得到很大程度的简化。

2.减词的翻译方法

减词译法也是经常采用的翻译技巧之一。它与上面讲述的增词译法正好相反,即它并是从原文中删词减意,而是减词存意。例如:

(1)Sincecopperpossessesgoodconductivity,itiswidelyusedinelectricalengin-eering.由于铜具有良好的导电性,所以被广泛应用于电气工程。(2)Wehavefoundamethodforsolvingthisproblem.我们已经找到解决这个问题的办法。

(3)Whenshortwavesaresentoutandmeetanobstacletheyarereflected.短波发射出去,遇到障碍就反射回来。

(4)Machinesenablestoperformsuchtasksaswouldotherwisebeunthinkable.机器使我们能执行那些如果没有机器就无法完成的任务。ExercisesⅠ.Fillintheblanksaccordingtothetext:(1)______________issimplytheapplicationofInternettechnologywithinaninternalorcloseduser-group.(2)Usedinthisway,Intranetsrepresentasteptowardsthe______________,replacingprinteddocumentationwithelectronicdata.(3)Basedon______________,IntranetsofferaUtopianapproachtoapplicationsandoperatingsystems,enablingaccesstoandfromvirtuallyanycomputer.(4)AnIntranetdeliversthe______________tousersasaLAN,butoffersgreatlysimplifiednetworkmanagement.(5)______________issoftwarewhichsourcesdocumentsimages,sound,videofilesandapplications.Ⅱ.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalseaccordingtothetext:(1)TheWWWenablestransferanddisplayofmultimediadocumentsbetweenserverswhichholdtheinformation,andclientsorusers.(2)Whenapplyingplatformindependencetoaclosedcorporateenvironment,theheadacheofcomplexnetworkoutingandbridgingmultipleproprietaryproductsiseliminated.(3)IntranetsworkwithinanorganizationovertheexistingLANinfrastructure,notmakingcostofownershipveryattractive.(4)AllIntranetrelateddocumentsarewritteninhypertextmark-uplanguage(HTML).(5)BecauseWebserversareplatformandapplicationindependent,theycansendorrequestdataonlyfromexternalapplicationsincludingdatabases.Ⅲ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:(1)Atthebeginningofthe1970s,thetotalpopulationofthecitywas150,000,andattheendofit,abouthalfamillion.(2)Theoryissomethingbutpracticeiseverything.(3)Supposeyougotintoafruiter’sshopwantinganapple—youtakeupone,and,onbitingit,youfinditsour;youlookatit,andseethatitishardandgreen.(4)Morerecently,Americanshavebeenmovingfromthecitiestothesuburbs.(5)Thefinishedproductsshouldbesampledtocheckthembeforetheyleavethefactory.Ⅳ.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese:

WhileitisnotessentialforanIntranettohaveaphysicalconnectionintotheInternet,thebenefitscanoftenoutweightherisks.AssoonasanInternetlinkhasbeenestablished,theinternalcompanyinfrastructurebecomesextremelyvulnerable.Ithasbeenopeneduptoaccessfromthepublicdomainwhichisinturnopentoaccessand(intheory)abusefromanyone.Whilethismaysounddramatic,theimplementationofstringentsecuritymeasuresinessentialtoavoidsensitivedatabeingaccessedbynon-authorizedpers-onnel.

AconnectionbetweentheInternetandanIntranetcreatesavirtualprivatenetwork(VPN),andconstitutesamajorsecurityrisk.Itshouldnotbetakenlightly.Whilethebenefitsofaccess,availability,performanceandcostofownershipareallhighprioritiesforIntranetimplementation,securityissuesusuallytoptheprioritylist.ReadingMaterialsWhat’sanIntranet?

Intranetsareanidealsolutiontotheproblematicissueofcost-effectiveremoteaccessconnectivity.OneofthemostsignificantbenefitsanIntranetcanofferistoprovideahighlyefficientandcost-effectivemethodofcommunicatingwithgeographicallydisparateofficeorremoteworkers.Manylargecorporatedependheavilyontheregulardistributionofdataintensivematerialtolocalandremoteemployees.ThisisanareawherecorporateIntranetsreallycomeintotheirown,easingthecommunicationsheadache.

RemoteaccessintoacorporateIntranetcanbeachievedthroughavarietyofmethods.Generally,branchandremoteofficearelinkedtothecorporateLANviaadedicatedleasedlinewhichremainsopenallthetime.Leasedlinesareusedinthisinstanceasthedatarequirementsbetweenbranchofficesandtheheadquarterstendtobemuchhigherthanthatoftele-workers,makingthemarginalcostsubstantiallylower.Incontrast,remotetele-workerswillgenerallyusedialuptechniques,eitherusingamodem(runningatspeedsofupto28.8kbps)oranISDNlink(runningatspeedsupto128kbps).However,duetothelargefilesizesusuallyassociatedwithIntranets,ISDNisthemorelikelychoiceofconnection.Remotetele-workersalsohavetheoptiontohaveanISDNlineinstalledtotheirhomeorofficelinkingthemtothecorporateIntranetviaalocalInternetserviceprovider(ISP).Thisreducesthecostbyreplacinglong-distancecallchargeswithalocalcallrate.

WhileitisnotessentialforanIntranettohaveaphysicalconnectionintotheInternet,thebenefitscanoftenoutweightherisks.AssoonasanInternetlinkhasbeenestablished,theinternalcompanyinfrastructurebecomesextremelyvulnerable.Ithasbeenopeneduptoaccessfromthepublicdomainwhichisinturnopentoaccessand(intheory)abusefromanyone.Whilethismaysounddramatic,theimplementationofstringentsecuritymeasuresinessentialtoavoidsensitivedatabeingaccessedbynon-authorizedpersonnel.

AconnectionbetweentheInternetandanIntranetcreatesavirtualprivatenetwork(VPN),andconstitutesamajorsecurityrisk.Itshouldnotbetakenlightly.Whilethebenefitsofaccess,availability,performanceandcostofownershipareallhighprioritiesforIntranetimplementation,securityissuesusuallytoptheprioritylist.

TheadventofVPNsandopennetworkspresentorganizationswithmajorsecurityconcerns.Asmostcompanies,andinparticularthoseinthefinancialsector,retainconfidentialinformationonelectronicmedia,theyarejustifiablypreventdatafallingintothewronghands.Theprovisionof‘open’accesspipesbetweentheInternetandthecorporatenetworkjustcompoundstheirfearsandconcerns.However,benefitsofthisapproachincludelowcostaccesstoth