高三英语一轮复习冠词用法讲义

冠词一 冠词的概念：冠词是一种虚词，没有数和格的变化,不能单独使用，放在名词（或名词化的形容词、分词）前面，用来说明其所指的人或物，起限定作用，是最主要、最典型的限定词。二冠词的分类：当代英语语法把冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词（即不用冠词）三种。1.定冠词the在辅音音素前面读/δə:/thebook在元音音素前面读/δi:/theearth2.不定冠词有a和an，a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前面abookan用在以元音音素开头的单词前面anapple3.零冠词：不用冠词三冠词的用法(一).不定冠词的用法1.用在文章第一次提到的单数可数名词之前，表示某人或某物（泛指）。Theyliveinasmallhouse.Thehouseisatthefootofthehill.Heboughtabookyesterdayfromthatbookstore,whereheusedtogowhenhewasyoung.2.表示“一”的概念，但数的语气不如“one”强烈。Ineedanapple.(Idon’tneedabanana.)Ineedoneapple.(Idon’tneedtwoapples.)3.表示“每一”，相当于“every／per”。Theeggscosttwentypenceapound.Youcantakethismedicine3pillsatatime.4.表示“同一”的概念。Thingsofakindetogether,sodopeopleofamind.Yourshoesandmineareofasize.Theyareofanage.5.指某类人或事物中的任何一个。Anelephantisbiggerthanahorse.Acarrunsfasterthanabike.6.指人或事物的某一种类。Hisfatherisadriver.Longjingisawonderfultea.7.用在某些物质名词前面，使物质名词具体化。Whataheavyrain!8.用在不可数名词前，使不可数名词“份数”化。Pleasegivemeatea,twodrinksandacoffee.9.用在抽象名词前，使抽象名词具体化。①.当象success,failure,friendship等这样的名词指具体的某一事情／或人的成败的时候，给此抽象名词附于具体的意义和内涵时，此抽象名词前面可以加不定冠词。Heisafailure.(人)HeissuchanhonestboythatIdevelopafriendshipwithhim.Theyhadbeendoingtheexperimentforthreeyearsanditturnedouttobeasuccess.②．aknowledgeofEnglish,dosb.agoodkindness,apleasure;ayouth,awonder,abeauty10.当动作动词名词化，表示特征，状态，思维，行为等的一次，一种，一类，一下，一顿等，常组成“a/an+抽象名词”或“a/an+形容词＋抽象名词”。takea(quick）look,havea(deep)sleep,dieanawfuldeath,makeanapology,livea(happy)life,11.否定比较级表达最高级意义时,常用借助于不定冠词a/an.a/an+比较级。—Whatdoyouthinkofthefilm?—Oh,I’veneverseenaworseone.—HowdoyoulikeTom?—I’mafraidthatnooneinmyclasshasaclevererbrainthanhe.12.用在a/an+(adj.)er+单数可数名词结构中，表示比以往更…的一…Inordertofindabetterjob,hedecidedtostudyasecondlanguage.Haveyougotthesejeansinalargersize?Thispairisabittoosmallaroundthewaist.13.不定冠词用在序数词前面表示“又一”或“再一”的意义。Wouldyoulikeasecondcupoftea?Theyhadasecondson3yearslater.14.用在感叹句中的单数名词前。Whatacleverboyheis!Howbrightagirlsheis!15.用在某些表示姓氏专有名词前面表示“某一个”姓该姓的人。ThereisaMr.Wangwhoiswaitingforyouattheschoolgate.AJamesSmithiscallingforyouonthephone.16.用在某些时间或星期几的专有名词前面表示“某一个特定时间/星期几”的意思。Mr.Smithcouldn’texactlyrememberwhenhefirstmetMr.John,buthecouldremberthatitwasaSundaybecauseeveryonewasatchuch.17.用在前面加形容词的一日三餐“breakfast,lunch,supper”等词的之前，表示“一顿／样…的早、午、晚餐”。Heisfatbecauseheoftenhasabigsupper.Ihadaquickbreakfastthismorning.Theyhadagoodlunchyesterday.18.用在quite(rather,many,half,what,such)＋a/an＋名词结构中。Heisratherafool.Shespentsuchabusyafternoon.Manyastudentshowsgreatinterestinit.Hewassuchafoolastobelievewhatshesaid.19.用在so(as,too,how)＋adj.＋a(an)的结构中。Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtobe.Thisistoodifficultaproblemforme.Youcanhardlyimaginehowcleveraboyheis.20.用在某些固定的搭配中。alotofabithavearesthaveacoldakindofapieceofhaveagoodtimeasawholeasaresultinahurry(二).定冠词的用法1.上文提到的人或事再次出现用定冠词。Theyliveinasmallhouse,thehouseisatthefootofthehill.Heboughtabookyesterdayfromthatbookstore.Itisthebookwhichhewaslookingforwardtoforalongtime.2.用在谈话双方都知道的人或事前面表示特指。－Closethedoor,please.－Allright!－Passmethebook,please.－Hereyouare.3.用在形容词最高级前（副词前可省略）。Ofthethreeparks,thisisthemostbeautiful.4.用在序数词前。Heisalwaysthefirsttoeandthelasttoleave.5.用在某些比较级前，表示两者人或物中特指的一个。Ifyouhavetwodifferenttaskstochoosefrom,I’msureyou’lltakeupthemoredifficult(one).Ofthetwobooks,theboychosethelessexpensiveone.Thesooner,thebetter.6.用在表示世界上独一无二的自然现象或事物前面。Theearthgoesaroundthesun.theworld,theuniverse,7.用在表示方位名词前面或者表示时间的词组与短语中。ontheright,ontheleft,intheeast,inthemiddleof…inthemorning/afternoon/evening…inthedaytime,intheend,ontheotherhand…8.用于形容词之前，使其名词化,表示具备这个形容词特点的一类人或物。thetrue,thegood，thesick,thewounded,thepoor,theold，theblind…9.用在单数的普通名词前面表示一类人或者一类事物。Thehorseisausefulanimal.=Ahorseisausefulanimal.=Horsesareusefulanimals.10.用在姓氏复数名词之前，表示姓该姓的一家人或夫妻二人。TheGreensareatthetable.TheChenswillmovetoNanjing.11.用在有限定性定语修饰的名词前面表特指。Thisistheplacewhereheoncelived.Themilkonthetableishers.12.用在表示乐器的名词之前。Thegirlisgoodatplayingthepiano.Heoftenplaystheviolinintheevening.注1：当此类名词作普通名词时，可以与不定冠词连用：Heisplayingaborrowedpiano.注2：当乐器名词为汉语拼音借用的英语单词时，前面不加定冠词theHelikesplayingerhu.13.用在逢十/或整十的复数数词前表示某个年代。inthe1990s,inthe1990’sinone’sseventies在某人几十多岁的时候WhenhewenttotheAmericaintheseventies,hewasalreadyinhisforties.Inthe1870’s,MarxbegantolearnRussian.14.用在计量单位的单数名词之前，表示“按…而论”、“以…来计”的意思。Eggsaresoldbythedozen.Ihavehiredthecarbythehour.Wecancountthedatebytheday.15.用在“国家人”的复数名词前表示“国民”的意思。theChinese，theSwiss，theAustralians，theRussians，theItalians，theGreek，theFrench，theJapanese，theAmericans，theIndians，theCanadians，theGermans，theEnglish，theSwedish16.用在某些表示江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛等的地理名词之前。theChangjiangRiver,theEastLake，theRedSea,theSummerPalace17.用在由普通名词所构成的专有名词之前。表建筑物theGreatWall,表组织机构theUnitedNations，表国家名theUnitedStates,thePeople’sRepublicofChina报纸,会议,条约等的名称theNewYorkTimes,theDailyMail18.用在以“festival”组成的节日前。theSpringFestivaltheMidautumnFestival由“day”所构成的节日前不加定冠词theTeachers’Day,MayDay19.在某些动词词组中，涉及到身体部位名词的前面要加定冠词。take/catch/grab/pat/hit/strike/beat/…+someone（受力的人）+介词＋the+受力的身体部位名词Ihithimonthechin.Hecaughtmebythearm.Hepattedherontheshoulder.20.用在表示语言的专有名词加“language”一词之前，表示某种语言。theEnglishlanguagetheChineselanguage21.用在被后置定语结构修饰的季节前面表示特指。TheycametoBeijinginthespringof1996.(三).零冠词的用法1.不含普通名词的专有名词前用零冠词。WearestudyingEnglish.2.表示总称的复数名词之前用零冠词。Childrenlovecartoons.（儿童喜欢卡通影片。）3.物质名词之前用零冠词。steel,iron,glass,water,sand…4.抽象名词、人名、地名前面用零冠词。Heisoutofthinking.JohnSmithwenttoseehisdaughter.HelivesinShanghai.5.名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时用零冠词。Ilikethispicture.Idonothaveanymoney.Astimewenton,Einstein’stheoryprovedtobecorrect.6.季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。Shelikesspringmost.TomwasborninMay.TheyallgottothehotelonMonday.注：当季节被后置定语结构修饰的时候，前面要加定冠词the。7.节假日、一日三餐、学科名词前用零冠词。Teachers’DayisonAugust10thinChina.Wehadbreakfastintheschooldininghallyesterdaymorning.Hestudiedbiologyatuniversity.8.称呼语、头衔、职务、职位的名词（做表语、同位语、补足语）前面前用零冠词。Dad,areyouready?Mr.Liwaschairmanofthemeeting.Weelectedhimpresidentofourunion.Obama,presidentoftheUS,cametoChinalastyear.9.球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。Sheisfondofplayingbasketball.Theytwolikeplayingchesstogether.10.表示抽象意义或一般意义的时间名词前面用零冠词。atdaybreak,atsunset,atnoon,atmidday,atnight,atmidnight,beforedark,fromdawnuntildark,frommorningtillnight11.与介词by连用表示乘坐的交通工具或运行方式的名词前面用零冠词。bybike,bycar,bybus,byroad;bytrain,byrailway;byplane,byair;byship,bysea;注：onfoot12.系动词turn（变成）之后的单数名词作表语，单数名词前面用零冠词。Howhasheturnedrunner?Nothingcanmakemeturntraitor(背叛者)againstmycountry.13.“单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋谓语”这种结构作让步状语时，单数名词前面用零冠词。Childasheis,heknowsalotofthings.Youngmanthoughheis,hehasseenmuchoftheworld.14.在独立主格结构中的一些形式中，名词前面用零冠词。Theteachercamein,bookinhand(withabookinhishand).Th