课件模块2专题1第3讲词义猜测题

模块二语篇能力专题一阅读理解第3讲词义猜测题1高频考点·研析透2模拟精练·巧押题高频考点·研析透考点1词义猜测题词义猜测题是基本上每年必考的阅读理解题型。词义判断是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速判断所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。词义猜测题的命题方式有：(1)Theunderlinedword“...”inParagraph...isclosestinmeaningto

.(2)Whatdoestheunderlinedword“...”probablymean?(3)Theunderlinedword“...”couldbestbereplacedby“

”．(4)Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheword“...”？(5)Bysaying“...”，theauthormeans

.(6)“...”usedinthepassagecanbestbedefinedas

.1．根据定义、释义或同位语猜测词义(1)科技说明文等文章中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语下定义，通过阅读定义和解释部分，考生便可理解该词或短语的意思。(2)需要猜测的单词或短语后面有时会紧跟一个同位语，作为对前面的词或短语的解释说明。(3)文章下文中常以某种特定方式对前文进行解释，如利用or，thatis(tosay)，inotherwords，namely等词语。(4)用冒号、破折号、括号等对某个词或短语加以解释说明。例如：Taylor’sswiftactionhelpedherteammatescalmdown.Onegirlcalled911.Twomorerantogettheschoolnurse，whobroughtadefibrillator，anelectronicdevice(器械)thatcanshocktheheartbackintowork.Luckstayedwiththem：Paris’sheartbeatreturned.分析：所猜测单词defibrillator后面出现了同位语“anelectronicdevice(器械)thatcanshocktheheartbackintowork”(一个可以电击心脏使其重新工作的电子器械)来进行解释说明，我们可推知其词义应为“(心脏)除颤器”。2．根据构词法猜测英语中通过词根加词缀或合成两个单词的方式可以构成新词。因此，掌握了一定的构词知识，再结合上下文语境，也可以快速猜测词义。例如：Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness，

uneasiness，orworry.分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。3．根据因果关系进行猜测在阅读理解文章的句子或段落中，若两个事物或两种现象之间构成因果关系，这时我们可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推断词或短语的含义。表示因果关系的标志词有because，so，thus，therefore，asaresultof，since，sothat，so/such...that...等。例如：Mysoncouldnotfollowtheteacher’sdirections，hetoldme，andthus，Scolawasdisruptingtheclass.Didn’theknowmysondidnotspeakEnglishyet?试题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disrupting”probablymean?A．Breaking.

B．Following.C．Attending.

D．Disturbing.分析：画线单词所在的句子出现了因果关系标志词thus，由前面的原因“我儿子听不懂老师的指示”可以推知，“他因此认为我儿子斯科拉干扰了课堂”，故选D项。其余三项都不符合这一因果逻辑关系。4．根据同义或近义关系进行猜测在画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，它往往暗示了该词或该短语的含义，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词或短语的含义。常见的表示相同或相近意义的词和短语有and，or，like，aswell，similarly，too，also，either等。例如：Thefineselectionofthemajorworkswasdoneinclosecollaboration(合作)withtheMuseoNacionalReinaSofiainMadrid，Spain，andwithcontributionsfromotherinstitutionsliketheSalvadorDaliMuseuminSt.Petersburg，Florida.试题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“contributions”referto?A．Artworks.

B．Projects.C．Donations.

D．Documents.分析：画线单词contributions前出现了and，可利用同义或近义关系进行猜测。and前面提到了“thefineselectionofthemajorworks”(精选的重要作品)，后面说contributions来自其他机构，由并列关系可以推断出contributions应该属于works的范畴，同时文中明确表示contributions是来自museum的。故选A项。5．根据转折、对比或反义关系进行猜测有些需要猜测词义的词或短语前后会出现表示转折或对比的词语，运用这些词语也可以帮助猜测词义。能体现转折、对比关系的词汇很多，常见的有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead(of)，ontheotherhand，ratherthan，onthecontrary等。例如：Intheevening，ridesareusuallyatamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace，withgoldenlightstreamingacrossthegrassydeltaandtheanimalscomingouttoeatanddrink.Sedatethoughtheyare，ridesatthistimeofdayarestillveryimpressive.试题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sedate”probablymean?A．Wildandromantic. B．Slowandpeaceful.C．Hungryandthirsty. D．Activeandexcited.分析：画线词语所在句子的句意为“虽然它们

，但是在一天的这个时候骑马观赏仍然令人印象非常深刻。”由though可知，前后两句是转折关系，再结合前一句中提到的“atamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace”可知，应选B项，sedate意为“不慌不忙的”。6．根据上下文进行推测有些词义猜测题找不到以上标志线索，这时可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。例如：真题体验典例2中的25题。一、(2020·全国Ⅱ·C)Whenyouweretryingtofigureoutwhattobuyfortheenvironmentalistonyourholidaylist，furprobablydidn’tcrossyourmind.Butsomeecologistsandfashion(时装)enthusiastsaretryingtobringbackthemarketforfurmadefromnutria(海狸鼠)．UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhave(showcased)nutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.“Itsoundscrazytotalkaboutguilt-freefur—unlessyouunderstandthatthenutriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear”，saysCreeMcCree，projectdirectorofRighteousFur.ScientistsinLouisianaweresoconcernedthattheydecidedtopayhuntersMYM5atail.SomeofthefurendsupinthefashionshowsliketheoneinBrooklynlastmonth.NutriawerebroughttherefromArgentinabyfurfarmersandletgointothewild.“Theecosystemdowntherecan’thandlethisnon-nativespecies(物种)．It’sdestroyingtheenvironment.It’sthemorus.”saysMichaelMassimi，anexpertinthisfield.Thefurtradekeptnutriacheckfordecades，butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s，thecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.BiologistEdmondMoutonrunsthenutriacontrolprogramforLouisiana.Hesaysit’snoteasytoconvincepeoplethatnutriafurisgreen，buthehasnodoubtaboutit.Huntersbringinmorethan300,000nutriatailsayear，sopartofMouton’sjobthesedaysistryingtopromotefur.Thenthere’sRighteousFuranditsunusualfashion.ModelPaigeMorgansays，“Togivepeopleaguilt-freeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem—Ithinkthat’sgoingtobeamassivething，atleasthereinNewYork.”DesignerJenniferAndersonadmitsittookherawhiletocomearoundtotheopinionthatusingnutriafurforhercreationsismorallyacceptable.She’stryingtocomeupwithalabletoattachtonutriafashionstoshowitiseco-friendly.【语篇解读】本文是说明文。介绍了美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀。展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣。海狸鼠们每年都在破坏大片的湿地，因此设计师称这是一种环保的举措，科学家们也对海狸鼠损坏生态平衡表示了担忧。28．WhatisthepurposeofthefashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklyn?A．Topromoteguilt-freefur.B．Toexpandthefashionmarket.C．Tointroduceanewbrand.D．Tocelebrateawinterholiday.【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段“UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhaveshowcasednutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.’Itsoundscrazytotalkaboutguilt-freefur—unlessyouunderstandthatthenutriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear，’saysCreeMcCree，projectdirectorofRighteousFur.”得知，美国新奥尔良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀，时装秀上展出海狸鼠皮制成的不同风格的衣服，项目总监CreeMcCree说：“除非了解海狸鼠正每年破坏大片湿地，否则谈论无罪感皮衣是很疯狂的事情”，可以判断出由于海狸鼠对生态造成了巨大的破坏，这场海狸鼠皮衣时装秀销售的是无罪恶感皮衣。故选A。29．Whyarescientistsconcernedaboutnutria?A．Nutriadamagetheecosystemseriously.B．Nutriaareanendangeredspecies.C．Nutriahurtlocalcat-sizedanimals.D．Nutriaareillegallyhunted.【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段“ScientistsinLouisianaweresoconcernedthattheydecidedtopayhuntersMYM5atail.”得知，科学家们如此担心以至于他们决定按照一条海狸鼠尾巴付给猎人们5美元，可以推断出科学家们担忧海狸鼠们严重破坏生态平衡。故选A。30．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“collapsed”inparagraph5probablymean?A．Boomed.

B．Becamemature.C．Remainedstable.

D．Crashed.【答案】D【解析】词义猜测题。根据第五段可知，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠受到了几十年的控制，但是当海狸鼠市场在20世纪80年代末崩溃时，这种猫大小的动物数量疯长，根据but判断，这是转折关系，以前由于皮毛交易，海狸鼠处于控制，现在这种海狸鼠之所以能够数量激增，是由于市场不再销售海狸鼠皮毛导致的，可以推断出划线词collapsed是和D.Crashed(倒闭的)意思最相近。故选D。31．WhatcanweinferaboutwearingfurinNewYorkaccordingtoMorgan?A．It’sformal. B．It’srisky.C．It’sharmful.

D．It’straditional.【答案】B【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段ModelPaigeMorgansays，“Togivepeopleaguilt-freeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem—Ithinkthat’sgoingtobeamassivething，atleastinNewYork.”

得知，为了给人们一种无罪的选择，人们可以穿皮衣而不被人们泼油漆，我认为在纽约将是一件巨大的事情，根据模特摩根所说得知，在纽约穿皮质衣服是有风险的。故选B。二、(2019·全国Ⅰ，B)ForCanaanElementary’ssecondgradeinPatchogue，N.Y.，todayisspeechday，andrightnowit’sChrisPalaez’sturn.The8-year-oldisthejokeroftheclass.Withshiningdarkeyes，heseemslikethekindofkidwhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.Buthe’snervous.“I’mheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould...should...”Christripsonthe“-ld，”apronunciationdifficultyformanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers.Histeacher，ThomasWhaley，isnexttohim，whisperingsupport.“...Votefor...me...”Exceptforsomestumbles，Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion，Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.Asonofimmigrants，ChrisstartedlearningEnglishalittleoverthreeyearsago.Whaleyrecalls(回想起)howatthebeginningoftheyear，whencalledupontoread，Chriswouldexcusehimselftogotothebathroom.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguagecanbeapainfulexperience.Whatyouneedisagreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes.“Ittakesalotforanystudent，”Whaleyexplains，“especiallyforastudentwhoislearningEnglishastheirnewlanguage，tofeelconfidentenoughtosay，’Idon’tknow，butIwanttoknow.’”Whaleygottheideaofthissecond-gradepresidentialcampaignprojectwhenheaskedthechildrenonedaytoraisetheirhandsiftheythoughttheycouldneverbeapresident.Theanswerbrokehisheart.Whaleysaystheprojectisaboutmorethanjustlearningtoreadandspeakinpublic.Hewantsthesekidstolearntoboast(夸耀)aboutthemselves.“Boastingaboutyourself，andyourbestqualities，”Whaleysays，“isverydifficultforachildwhocameintotheclassroomnotfeelingconfident.”【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了小学教师托马斯·沃利通过组织学生演讲来帮助学生增强自信的教学实践。24．WhatmadeChrisnervous?A．Tellingastory.

B．Makingaspeech.C．Takingatest.

D．Answeringaquestion.【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“todayisspeechday...ChrisPalaez’sturn”和第二段中的“Buthe’snervous.”可知，克里斯在进行竞选演说时感到非常紧张。25．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“stumbles”inParagraph2referto?A．Improperpauses. B．Badmanners.C．Spellingmistakes. D．Sillyjokes.【答案】A【解析】词义猜测题。根据文章内容可知，老师借助竞选演说鼓励同学们学会赞美自己。文中克里斯·帕莱兹的母语不是英语，他学英语才三年多，说话不流利，而且他在演讲时非常紧张，所以说话磕磕绊绊。因此选A。26．WecaninferthatthepurposeofWhaley’sprojectisto

.A．helpstudentsseetheirownstrengthsB．assessstudents’publicspeakingskillsC．preparestudentsfortheirfuturejobsD．inspirestudents’loveforpolitics【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Whaleysaystheprojectisaboutmorethanjustlearningtoreadandspeakinpublic.Hewantsthesekidstolearntoboast(夸耀)aboutthemselves.”和最后一段的内容可知，老师让学生参加竞选演说不仅仅是让学生们学会在公开场合演说，更重要的是让他们发现自己的长处，从而树立自信。27．WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesWhaleyasateacher?A．Humorous.

B．Ambitious.C．Caring.

D．Demanding.【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知，当克里斯·帕莱兹发表竞选演说遇到问题时，老师耳语为他提示。文章最后两段解释了老师举办这项活动的初衷，我们可以判断这个老师是关心他人的人。因此选C。考点2替代词指代题判断替代词的指代内容，要求考生判断代词(it，one，they，this，that，these，those，which等)或代动词(do，does，did等)具体替代什么。1．代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多，动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。2．代动词do，does，did一般用来替代前文中出现的一个动词短语，以避免重复。3．设问形式常有：(1)Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this/it/them/which...”referto?(2)Theunderlinedpart“it/that/they/which...”inParagraph...refersto“

”．(3)Whatdoestheunderlinedword“do/does/did”inParagraph...mean/referto?判定指代三步法第一步：确定代词在文中所指代的内容。弄清代词指代的是前文中的人、物还是一件事，要用单数还是复数。第二步：掌握代词的含义、用法。(1)it/this/that可指代一件事。(2)it/he/them/they/one/those指上文提到的人或物。(3)which/that/who等关系代词指代其所修饰的先行词，非限制性定语从句中which可指代前面整句话的内容。第三步：替换核实再比较(1)用所找的指代内容替换画线代词，核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。(2)比较所代部分与选项，确定意思最接近的选项。例如：【真题体验】中第21题。由标题MyFavouriteBooks以及第一段内容可知，文章是以JoUsmar的口吻进行写作的。故C选项正确。(2019·全国卷Ⅱ，A)MyFavouriteBooksJoUsmarisawriterforCosmopolitanandco-authoroftheThis

Book

Willseries(系列)oflifestylebooks.Hereshepickshertopreads.MatildaRoaldDahlIoncewroteapaperontheinfluenceoffairytalesonRoaldDahl’swritinganditgavemeanewappreciationforhisstrangeanddelightfulworlds.Matilda’sbattleswithhercruelparentsandthebossyheadmistress，MissTrunchbull，areequallyfunnyandfrightening，butthey’realsoaspirational.After

DarkHarukiMurakamiIt’sabouttwosisters—Eri，amodelwhoeitherwon’torcan’tstopsleeping，andMari，ayoungstudent.Intryingtoconnecttohersister，Maristartschangingherlifeanddiscoversaworldofdiverse“nightpeople”whoarehidingsecrets.Gone

Girl