2025版高考英语一轮复习第2部分人与社会主题群3历史社会与文化主题语境2对社会有突出贡献的人物教师用书教案

PAGE主题语境(二)对社会有突出贡献的人物阅读理解A(2024·浙江卷·A)In1812,theyearCharlesDickenswasborn,therewere66novelspublishedinBritain.Peoplehadbeenwritingnovelsforacentury—mostexpertsdatethefirstnoveltoRobinsonCrusoein1719—butnobodywantedtodoitprofessionally.Thesteam­poweredprintingpresswasstillinitsearlystages;theliteracy(识字)rateinEnglandwasunder50%.Manyworksoffictionappearedwithoutthenamesoftheauthors,oftenwithsomethinglike“Byalady.”Novels,forthemostpart,werelookeduponassilly,immoralorjustplainbad.In1870,whenDickensdied,theworldmournedhimasitsfirstprofessionalwriterandpublisher,famousandbeloved,whohadledanexplosioninboththepublicationofnovelsandtheirreadershipandwhosecharacters—fromOliverTwisttoTinyTim—wereheldupasmoraltouchstones.TodayDickens'greatnessisunchallenged.Removinghimfromthepantheon(名人堂)ofEnglishliteraturewouldmakeaboutasmuchsenseastheLouvresellingofftheMonaLisa.HowdidDickensgettothetop?Forallthefeelingsreadersattachtostories,literatureisanumbersgame,andthetestoftimeisextremelydifficulttopass.Some60,000novelswerepublishedduringtheVictorianage,from1837to1901;todayacasualreadermightbeabletonameahalfdozenofthem.It'spartlytruethatDickens'styleofwritingattractedaudiencesfromallwalksoflife.It'spartlythathiswritingsrodeawaveofsocial,politicalandscientificprogress.Butit'salsothatherewrotethecultureofliteratureandputhimselfatthecenter.Noonewilleverknowwhatmixoftalent，ambition，energyandluckmadeDickenssuchadistinguishedwriter.Butasthe200thanniversaryofhisbirthapproaches,itispossible—andimportantforourownculture—tounderstandhowhemadehimselfalastingone.【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲解并描述了英国著名作家查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品是如何奠定他在英国文学中的地位的。1．WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesBritishnovelsinthe18thcentury?A．Theyweredifficulttounderstand.B．Theywerepopularamongtherich.C．Theywereseenasnearlyworthless.D．Theywerewrittenmostlybywomen.C[细微环节理解题。依据第一段最终一句“Novels,forthemostpart,werelookeduponassilly,immoralorjustplainbad.”可知，那时印刷技术落后，人们识字率低，许多作品上没有作者名字，小说被认为是愚蠢的、有悖道德的或糟糕透顶的。故选C项。]2．DickensiscomparedwiththeMonaLisainthetexttostress________.A．hisreputationinFranceB．hisinterestinmodernartC．hissuccessinpublicationD．hisimportanceinliteratureD[推理推断题。依据其次段最终一句“Removinghimfromthepantheon(名人堂)ofEnglishliteraturewouldmakeaboutasmuchsenseastheLouvresellingofftheMonaLisa.”可知，把他从英国文学的名人堂移除就跟卢浮宫廉价出售《蒙娜丽莎》的感觉一样，可见狄更斯在英国文学史上的重要性，由此可推知D项正确。]3．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?A．Torememberagreatwriter.B．TointroduceanEnglishnovel.C．Toencouragestudiesonculture.D．TopromotevaluesoftheVictorianage.A[写作意图题。依据文中对查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的介绍和文章最终一句可知，本文写于查尔斯·狄更斯诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念查尔斯·狄更斯这位宏大的作家。]B(2024·全国卷Ⅰ·A)YouprobablyknowwhoMarieCuriewas,butyoumaynothaveheardofRachelCarson.Oftheoutstandingladieslistedbelow,whodoyouthinkwasthemostimportantwomanofthepast100years?JaneAddams(1860－1935)AnyonewhohaseverbeenhelpedbyasocialworkerhasJaneAddamstothank.Addamshelpedthepoorandworkedforpeace.Sheencouragedasenseofcommunity(社区)bycreatingsheltersandpromotingeducationandservicesforpeopleinneed.In1931,AddamsbecamethefirstAmericanwomantowintheNobelPeacePrize.RachelCarson(1907－1964)Ifitweren'tforRachelCarson,theenvironmentalmovementmightnotexisttoday.Herpopular1962bookSilentSpringraisedawarenessofthedangersofpollutionandtheharmfuleffectsofchemicalsonhumansandontheworld'slakesandoceans.SandraDayO'Connor(1930－present)WhenSandraDayO'ConnorfinishedthirdinherclassatStanfordLawSchool,in1952,shecouldnotfindworkatalawfirmbecauseshewasawoman.ShebecameanRosaParks(1913－2005)OnDecember1,1955,inMontgomery,Alabama,RosaParkswouldnotgiveupherseatonabustoawhitepassenger.HersimpleactlandedParksinprison.ButitalsosetofftheMontgomerybus【语篇解读】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了不同领域的四位女性先驱。4．WhatisJaneAddamsnotedforinhistory?A．Hersocialwork.B．Herteachingskills.C．Hereffortstowinaprize.D．Hercommunitybackground.A[细微环节理解题。依据JaneAddams下的第一句话“AnyonewhohaseverbeenhelpedbyasocialworkerhasJaneAddamstothank.”(任何一个受到社会工作者帮助的人都要感谢JaneAddams)可知，在历史上，JaneAddams因她的社会工作而出名，与A项相符。]5．WhatwasthereasonforO'Connor'sbeingrejectedbythelawfirm?A．Herlackofpropertraininginlaw.B．Herlittleworkexperienceincourt.C．Thediscriminationagainstwomen.D．Thepoorfinancialconditions.C[细微环节理解题。依据SandraDayO'Connor下的第一句“WhenSandraDayO'ConnorfinishedthirdinherclassatStanfordLawSchool...”可知，她没能在法律事务所找到工作，是因为她是一名女性，这与C项“对于女性的卑视”相符，故选C项。]6．Whomadeagreatcontributiontothecivil­rightsmovementintheU．S.?A．JaneAddams.B．RachelCarson.C．SandraDayO'Connor.D．RosaParks.D[细微环节理解题。依据RosaParks下的“...italsosetofftheMontgomerybusboycott.Itlastedformorethanayear,andkickedoffthecivil­rightsmovement.”可知，它导致了蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动，这场运动持续了一年多，起先了民权运动，故选D项。]7．Whatcanweinferaboutthewomenmentionedinthetext?A．Theyarehighlyeducated.B．Theyaretrulycreative.C．Theyarepioneers.D．Theyarepeace­lovers.C[推理推断题。通读全文可知这四位女性都是各自领域的先驱者，都在各自领域作出了巨大的贡献，故选C项。]完形填空(2024·浙江卷)AliaBakerisalibrarianinIraq.Herlibraryusedtobea1placeforallwholovedbooksandlikedtoshareknowledge.They2variousmattersallovertheworld.Whenthewarwasnear,Aliawas3thatthefiresofwarwoulddestroythebooks,whicharemore4toherthanmountainsofgold.Thebooksareineverylanguage—newbooks,ancientbooks,5abookonthehistoryofIraqShehadaskedthegovernmentfor6tomovethebookstoa7place,buttheyrefused.SoAliatookmattersintoherownhands.8，shebroughtbookshomeeverynight,9hercarlateafterwork.Herfriendscameto10herwhenthewarbrokeout.Aniswhoownedarestaurant11tohidesomebooks.Allthroughthe12，Alia,Anis,hisbrothersandneighbourstookthebooksfromthelibrary,13themovertheseven­footwalland14themintherestaurant.Thebooksstayedhiddenasthewar15.Thenninedayslater,afireburnedthe16totheground.Oneday,thebombingstoppedandthe17left.Butthewarwasnotoveryet.Aliaknewthatifthebooksweretobesafe,theymustbe18againwhilethecitywas19.Soshehiredatrucktobringallthebookstothehousesoffriendsinthesuburbs(郊区).NowAliawaitedforthewartoendand20peaceandanewlibrary.【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲解并描述了在战火中，艾丽娅·贝克和身边的人英勇地爱护书籍的故事。1．A.meeting B．workingC．personal D．religiousA[依据下文可知，爱书人士常常到艾丽娅的图书馆看书、共享学问，对于这些人来说，该图书馆是一个聚会处，故选meeting。]2．A.raised B．handledC．reported D．discussedD[结合语境可知，他们在这里探讨全世界各种各样的事情，故选discussed。]3．A.worried B．angryC．doubtful D．curiousA[依据上文提到的斗争即将来临，以及下文提到的艾丽娅和身边的人爱护图书馆书籍的内容可知，此处指艾丽娅很担忧书籍在战火中被毁掉，故选worried。]4．A.practical B．preciousC．reliable D．expensiveB[依据语境及下文的“mountainsofgold”可知，艾丽娅认为这些书比金山还要宝贵，故选precious。]5．A.then B．stillC．even D．ratherC[空处上下文在语义上表示递进，指甚至(even)还有700年前的有关伊拉克历史的书籍。]6．A.permission B．confirmationC．explanation D．informationA[依据语境可知，她希望得到政府的允许(permission)把书搬到平安的(safe)地方，但他们拒绝了。asksb.forpermission表示“恳求某人的许可”，符合语境。]7．A.large B．publicC．distant D．safeD[参见上题解析。]8．A.Fortunately B．SurprisinglyC．Seriously D．SecretlyD[依据语境可知，每晚很晚下班后，艾丽娅偷偷地把书带回家。secretly“隐私地，偷偷地”，符合语境。]9．A.starting B．parkingC．filling D．testingC[依据上下文语境及空后的“hercar”可知，艾丽娅把书装到她的汽车里运回家。]10．A.stop B．helpC．warn D．rescueB[依据下文的内容可知，斗争爆发后，她的挚友们也赶来帮助(help)她。]11．A.intended B．pretendedC．happened D．agreedD[依据下文可知，安尼斯同意把一些书藏在自己的餐馆里，agreetodo...表示“同意做……”。]12．A.war B．nightC．building D．wayB[依据语境可知，他们整晚都在从图书馆里搬书，这也照应了上文中的“everynight”。]13．A.put B．openedC．passed D．threwC[依据上下文可知，他们要把书递过(passed)7英尺的高墙，并把它们藏在(hide)餐馆里。]14．A.hid B．exchangedC．burnt D．distributedA[参见上题解析。]15．A.approached B．eruptedC．continued D．endedC[依据语境及上文中的“thewarbrokeout”可知，斗争还在接着(continued)。]16．A.restaurant B．libraryC．city D．wallB[依据语境及下文中的“anewlibrary”可知，图书馆被全部焚毁了，故选library。]17．A.neighbours B．soldiersC．friends D．customersB[一天，轰炸停止了，士兵们也离开了，所以选soldiers。]18．A.sold B．readC．saved D．movedD[依据下文可知，艾丽娅知道，尽管城市是宁静的(quiet)，假如要想这些书平安，他们必需把这些书再转移(moved)出去。]19．A.occupied B．bombedC．quiet D．busyC[参见上题解析。]20．A.dreamedof B．believedinC．caredabout D．lookedforA[依据语境可知，艾丽娅等待着斗争的结束，幻想着(拥有)和平和一个新图书馆。]语法填空(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)A90­year­oldhasbeenawarded“WomanOfTheYear”for1.________(be)Britain'soldestfull­timeemployee—stillworking40hoursaweek.NowIreneAstburyworksfrom9amto5pmdailyatthepetshopinMacclesfield,2.________sheopenedwithherlatehusbandLes.Heryearsofhardworkhave3.________(final)beenacknowledgedafteracustomernominated(提名)hertobeCheshire'sWomanOfTheYear.Pickingupher“LifetimeAchievement”award,proudIrene4.________(declare)shehadnoplans5.________(retire)fromher36­year­oldbusiness.Irenesaid,“Idon'tseeanyreasontogiveupwork.IlovecominghereandseeingmyfamilyandallthefriendsI6.________(make)overtheyears.IworknotbecauseIhaveto,7.________becauseIwantto.”GranddaughterGayleParks,31—whoworksalongsideherinthefamilybusiness—saiditremainedunknownastowhonominatedIrenefortheaward.Shesaid,“Wedon'thaveanyideawhoputgrandmaforward.Whenwegotacall8.________(say)shewasshort­listed,wethoughtitwas9.________joke.Butthenwegotanofficialletterandwewereblownaway.Wearesoproudofher.It's10.________(wonder)．”【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。介绍了一位90岁的英国女性仍旧坚持每周工作40个小时而获得“年度女性奖”的事迹。语篇以主动工作为切入点，宣扬劳动精神，引导学生培育劳动意识。1．being[考查非谓语动词。介词for后跟动词时，要用其动名词形式。]2．which[考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，thepetshop是先行词，定语从句中缺少opened的宾语，故用which引导非限制性定语从句。]3．finally[考查副词。副词修饰动词acknowledge。]4．declared[考查时态。分析句子结构可知，主句中缺少谓语动词；结合后面的had可知，此处应运用一般过去时。]5．toretire[考查非谓语动词。此处用不定式短语作plans的后置定语，表示“她没有退休的支配”。]6．havemade[考查时态。依据空格后的时间状语overtheyears可知，句子要用现在完成时。]7．but[考查连词。not...but...不是……而是……。句意：我工作不是因为我必需工作，而是因为我想工作。]8．saying[考查非谓语动词。say与前面的acall之间是主动关系，故填saying，现在分词短语saying...作后置定语，修饰acall。]9．a[考查冠词。joke“笑话，玩笑”，是可数名词。空格后用了单数joke，故其前用a。]10．wonderful[考查词性转换(名词变形容词)。系动词is后面跟形容词作表语。wonder对应的形容词是wonderful。]Ⅰ.写出所给单词的汉语意思1．professionallyadv.专业地2．fictionn.小说；虚构出来的事3．mournv.哀痛；哀悼4．belovedadj.被宠爱的5．readershipn.读者人数；读者群6．touchstonen.试金石7．unchallengedadj.不成问题的8．distinguishedadj.杰出的；卓越的9．anniversaryn.周年纪念(日)10．sheltern.遮挡物；栖身之地11．decidingadj.起确定作用的12．boycottn.联合抵制13．backgroundn.背景14．discriminationn.卑视15．religiousadj.宗教的16．confirmationn.证明；确认17．distributev.安排；分发18．customern.顾客19．short­listedadj.列入入围名单的Ⅱ.依据所给汉语写出英文单词1．socialadj.社会的2．energyn.能量；活力3．movementn.运动4．practicaladj.好用的5．preciousadj.宝贵的6．achievementn.成就7．officialadj.正式的；正式的Ⅲ.依据所给提示写出派生单词1．moraladj.道德的→immoraladj.非道德的2．publishv.出版→publicationn.出版→publishern.出版商3．politicsn.政治→politicaladj.政治的4．sciencen.科学→scientificadj.科学的5．pollutev.污染→pollutionn.污染6．harmn.&v.损害→harmfuladj.有害的7．relyv.信任→reliableadj.牢靠的；可信任的8．explainv.说明→explanationn.说明9．wondern.奇迹；惊异→wonderfuladj.极好的；精彩的Ⅳ.依据所给汉语写出惯用习语1．for_the_most_part大部分；多半2．be_looked_upon_as被看作3．set_off引燃；引起4．break_out爆发5．burn_..._to_the_ground把……烧成平地[即时演练]单句语法填空1．Infact,smokingisabadhabit,whichisharmful(harm)topeople'shealth.2．Ifyoudropalightedcigaretteinthewood,youcouldsetoffabigfire.3．Hisfirstbookwas_published(publish)lastyearanditturnedouttobeabest­seller.4．Heisnotareliable(rely)person,forhenevercarriesouthispromises.5．SummersinthesouthofFranceareforthemostpartdryandsunny.6．Manypeopleinthevillagefellillbecauseofdrinkingthepolluted(pollute)water.7．Eveninhislateyearsoflife,theoldmanisstilldoingscientific(science)research.8．Severalhouseshavebeenburnedtothegroundwhentheblazeisputout.9．Thehighofficialwasforcedtoresignbecauseofhisimmoral(moral)conduct.Ⅰ.熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)1．Novels,forthemostpart,werelookeduponassilly,immoralorjustplainbad.完全；简直2．In1870,whenDickensdied,theworldmournedhimasitsfirstprofessionalwriterandpublisher,famousandbeloved,whohadledanexplosioninboththepublicationofnovelsandtheirreadershipandwhosecharacters—fromOliverTwisttoTinyTim—wereheldupasmoraltouchstones.骤增3．HersimpleactlandedParksinprison.使陷入Ⅱ.似易实难(将句中黑体词部分译成汉语)1．It'spartlytruethatDickens'styleofwritingattractedaudiencesfromallwalksoflife.It'spartlythathiswritingsrodeawaveofsocial,politicalandscientificprogress.[译文]狄更斯的写作风格吸引了来自各行各业的读者，这在确定程度上来说是正确的；部分缘由是他的著作掀起了社会、政治和科学进步的浪潮。2．Butthenwegotanofficialletterandwewereblownaway.[译文]但是后来我们收到了一封公函，令我们大为惊异。Ⅲ.困难晦涩(分析句子结构并译成汉语)1．In1870,whenDickensdied,theworldmournedhimasitsfirstprofessionalwriterandpublisher,famousandbeloved,whohadledanexplosioninboththepublicationofnovelsandtheirreadershipandwhosecharacters—fromOliverTwisttoTinyTim—wereheldupasmoraltouchstones.[分析]本句是一个复合句。when引导时间状语从句，theworldmournedhimasitsfirstprofessionalwriterandpublisher是主句，who和whose分别引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词firstprofessionalwriterandpublisher。[译文]1870年狄更斯去世，全世界都沉痛悼念这个世界上第一位职业作家和出版商，他声名远扬而且受人爱戴，他使小说的出版数量和读者人数急剧增加，他小说中的主子公——从奥利弗·_特维斯特到小蒂姆——被视为道德的试金石。2．Butasthe200thanniversaryofhisbirthapproaches,itispossible—andimportantforourownculture—tounderstandhowhemadehimselfalastingone.[分析]本句是一个复合句。要留意as引导的是时间状语从句，而主句中andimportantforourownculture是插入语。[译文]但是在狄更斯200周年诞辰之际，我们自己的文化有可能，也须要去弄明白他永恒历史的缘由。3．Whenthewarwasnear,Aliawasworriedthatthefiresofwarwoulddestroythebooks,whicharemoreprecioustoherthanmountainsofgold.[分析]本句是一个复合句。Whenthewarwasnear是when引导的时间状语从句，thatthefiresofwarwoulddestroythebooks是wasworried的宾语从句，whicharemoreprecioustoherthanmountainsofgold是非限制性定语从句修饰先行词thebooks。[译文]斗争接近时，艾丽娅很担忧战火会毁了这些书，对她来说，这些书比金山还要宝贵。4．GranddaughterGayleParks,31—whoworksalongsideherinthefamilybusiness—saiditremainedunknownastowhonominatedIrenefortheaward.[分析]本句是一个复合句。whoworksalongsideherinthefamilybusiness为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词GranddaughterGayleParks，said后是省略that的宾语从句，whonominatedIrenefortheaward作asto的宾语。[译文]31岁的孙女盖尔·帕克斯与艾琳一起在自己家的宠物店里工作。她说，至于谁提名艾琳获奖，目前尚不得而知。1．removev.迁移，搬迁；脱掉，摘掉；开除；消退[一词多义]——写出下列句中remove的含义①Someofthemarebeingremovedandsomearebeingputintomuseums.迁移，搬迁②ItisacustomamongtheJapanesetoremovetheirfootwearbeforeenteringahouse.脱掉，摘掉③AsfarasIknow,threechildrenwereremovedfromschoolforbadbehaviour.开除remove...from...把……从……移开removefrom...to...从……搬迁到……removesb.fromschool/office开除/撤职某人removepovertyandinjustice消退贫困和不公beremovedfromoffice被罢撤职务withthemisunderstandingremoved随着误会被消退[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Teenagersshouldn'tbe_removed(remove)fromschoolalthoughtheydon'tdowellinstudies.②Willyoupleaseremoveyourhandbagfromtheseat?③Themisunderstandingbeing_removed(remove)thetwoboymadeupagain.[实力提升]——完成句子由于空气污染严峻，这家人确定从城市搬到乡下。Becauseoftheseriousairpollution,thefamilydecidedtoremove_from_the_city_to_the_countryside.2．sensen.感觉；意义v.感觉到(1)asenseof...……的感觉inasense在某一方面；就某种意义来讲innosense决不(位于句首时，句子用部分倒装)(2)makesense有意义；有道理；讲得通，可理解makesenseof了解……的意义；懂得(3)Itmakessensetodosth.做某事是有意义的Thereisnosensein(doing)sth.做某事是没有道理/意义的。haveagoodsenseofhumour很有幽默感givemeasenseofgreatachievement给我巨大的成就感trytomakesenseofwhatwasgoingonoutside努力弄清外面出了什么事[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Onlythosewhohaveasenseofresponsibilitycanholdsuchanimportantposition.②OnlyafterIreadthepoemasecondtimedidImakesenseofit.③Thereisnosenseinpretendingtoknowwhatyouactuallydon'tknow.[实力提升]——一句多译埋怨是没有意义的，我们现在应当实行行动了。①Itdoesn't_make_sensetocomplain.Weshouldtakeactionnow.②There_is_no_senseincomplaining.Weshouldtakeactionnow.3．mixv.使混合；使结合；相融合(1)mix...with/and...把……和……混合mixwithsb.与某人交往mixup混合，掺和；混淆(2)mixedadj.混合的mixturen.混合物mixredpaintwithyellowpainttomakeorangepaint把红色和黄色涂料混合成橙色涂料getmixedupinafightwithanotherplayer卷进了与另一位球员的斗殴amixtureofChinesetraditionwithwesternstyle中国传统与西方风格的融合[基础练习]——单句语法填空①HeisfamousformixingChinesemusicaltraditionswith/andwesternformsandinstrumentation.②Helookedatherwithamixture(mix)ofamusementandhappiness.③ImustadmitthatIhavemixed(mix)feelingsaboutmynewdeskmate.[实力提升]——完成句子我认为保持年轻的秘诀就是与年轻人交往。Ithinkthesecretofstayingyoungisto_mix_withyoungerpeople.4．dangern.危急；危急的人或物(1)indanger处于危急之中indangerof有……的危急outofdanger脱离危急(2)dangerousadj.危急的endangerv.危及；危害；使遭遇危急endangeredadj.濒危的adangertothepublic对大众来说是个危急indangeroflosinghisjob他有失去工作的危急stopillegaltradeinendangeredanimals阻挡濒危动物的非法交易[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Peoplewhodrinkanddriveareadangerbothtothemselvesandtoothers.②Tigersaredangerous(danger)toman,buttheyareindangerofdyingoutnow.③Theoperationwasasuccessandsheisnowoutofdanger.[实力提升]——一句多译的确到了我们实行措施爱护濒危动物的时候了。①It'stimeforusto_take_measures_to_protect_endangered_animals.②It'stimethatwe_took_measures_to_protect_endangered_animals.5．pretendv.假装；佯作pretendeq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(tobe＋n./adj.假装是……,todosth.假装做某事,tobedoingsth.假装正在做某事,tohavedonesth.假装已经做过某事,that...假装……))pretendtobeangry假装生气pretendtobedoinghishomework他假装正在做作业pretendtohaveknowntheanswertotheproblem假装已经知道了那道题的答案[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Ifyoupretendto_know(know)whatyoudon'tknow,you'llonlymakeafoolofyourself.②Hepretendedto_be_reading(read)animportantpaperwhenthebosscamein.③Theboypretendednothinghad_happened(happen)afterbreakingthewindow.[实力提升]——完成句子他们很快就识破了那个骗子，那人伪装成该领域的一个专家。Itdidn'ttakelongforthemtoseethroughthecheat,who_pretended_to_be_an_expert_in_this_area.(定语从句)6．exchangevt.&n.交换；兑换(1)exchangesth.forsth.以……换取……exchangesth.withsb.与某人交换……(2)inexchangefor作为……的交换(3)exchangeableadj.可交换/兑换的anexchangestudentfromChina一名来自中国的交换生exchangeaquicksmilewithher与她会意一笑oftenexchangeideaswithourparents常常与我们的父母沟通想法[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Attheendofthegame,playerstraditionallyexchangeshirtswitheachother.②Theotherday,Iexchangedthatpairoftrousersforalargesize.③Itisillegalforapublicofficialtoaskpeopleforgiftsormoneyintheexchangeforfavorstothem.[实力提升]——词汇升级一般表达：I'veofferedtopaintthekitchentoexchangeaweek'saccommodation.高级表达：I'veofferedtopaintthekitchenin_exchange_foraweek'saccommodation.(exchangen．)7．acknowledgev.承认；认为；感谢；告知收到[一词多义]——写出下列句中acknowledge的含义①Theboyacknowledgedusinghermobilephone,butsaidhereturnedittoher.承认②I'mgoingtoinviteyoutodinnerwithmetoacknowledgeyourfavor.感谢③Thearmysentmeapostcardacknowledgingmyrequest.告知收到④Almostallthepeoplepresentacknowledgedthathewasinnocent.认为acknowledgedoingsth.承认做了某事acknowledge...as.../tobe...认为……是……(常用于被动语态)Itiswidely/universallyacknowledgedthat...大家公认……refusetoacknowledgebeingdefeated拒绝承认被战胜beacknowledgedtobeamasterofPekingOpera被认为是京剧大师beacknowledgedasamust­seetouristattractioninChina被认为是中国的一个必看景点[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Withnosolidevidence,herefusedtoacknowledgestealing(steal)thelady'spurse.②MarkTwainisacknowledgedto_be(be)oneofthebestwritersinAmerica.③Thefirststeptoknowledgeisto_acknowledge(acknowledge)thatweareignorant.[实力提升]——完成句子大家一样认为除非我们创建一个污染更少的世界，否则我们不行能看到更蓝的天空。It_is_widely/universally_acknowledged_thatwecanneverexpectabluerskyunlesswecreatealesspollutedworld.1．Noonewilleverknowwhatmixoftalent,ambition,energyandluckmadeDickenssuchadistinguishedwriter.没有人会知道才能、雄心、干劲和运气的组合使得狄更斯成为这样一位令人敬重的作家。[句型公式]Noonewilleverknow为全部否定。(1)英语中的no,noone,none,never,nobody,nothing,neither,nowhere等表示否定意义的词与确定式谓语一起运用构成“全部否定”。(2)英语中的all,both,every,everybody,everything,always,whole,entirely等具有总括意义的代词、形容词和副词与否定词not连用，无论not位置如何，均构成部分否定，表示“并非都”的意思。[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Asamatteroffact,noneofuscanlivealoneinsociety.②Whileonlineshoppinghaschangedourlife,notallofitseffectshavebeenpositive.③Noteveryonepresentatthemeetingisinfavouroftheplan.[实力提升]——一句多译事实是并不是每个人都把合理支配时间看得重要。①Thetruthisthatnot_everyone_is_attaching_great_importance_totimemanagement.(noteveryone...)②Thetruthisthateveryone_isn't_attaching_great_importance_totimemanagement.(everyone...not)2．YouprobablyknowwhoMarieCuriewas,butyoumaynothaveheardofRachelCarson.你很可能知道玛丽·居里是谁，但是你或许没有听说过蕾切尔·卡逊。[句型公式]maynothaveheardof为“情态动词＋完成时”的结构。情态动词后跟完成时主要指过去，包括对过去的推想、表达缺憾、表示责怪等。常见“情态动词＋完成时”如下：(1)musthavedone表示“确定做过某事”，其否定形式为can't/couldn'thavedone表示“不行能做过某事”(2)couldhavedone表示“原来能够做但却未做；可能做过某事”(3)may/mighthavedone表示“或许/可能做过某事”(4)should/oughttohavedonesth.表示“本该做但却未做”，其否定形式表示“本不该做但却做了”(5)needn'thavedone表示“做了本没有必要做的事情”[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Hemighthave_said(say)soatthemeeting,butI'mnotsure.②Hecouldhavepassedthedrivingtestatthefirstattempt,buthewastoonervous.③Iwasreallyanxiousaboutyou.Youshouldn'thave_left(leave)homewithoutaword.④Georgecan'thave_gone(go)toofar,ashiscoffeeisstillwarm.[实力提升]——完成句子你很熟识这个城市，你确定在这里呆了很长时间。Youareveryfamiliarwiththecity;youmust_have_stayed_here_for_a_long_time.夯基固本·学问落实Ⅰ.用所给词的正确形式填空1．Oneofthebiggestdangers(danger)wefacemaybetheclimatechange.2．Noneofthesepensworks/work(work)．3．Weneedn'thave_bought(buy)somuchfoodnowthatSuziewon'tbewithusfordinner.4．Withmixed(mix)feelingsinmind,shedidn'tknowwhattodonext.5．Thepolicemanwaspretendingto_be_reading(read)anewspaper,inreality,hewaswatchingthemannearthewindow.Ⅱ.在空白处填入一个适当的词1．Thosewhohaveasenseofhumorarelikelytomakemorefriends.2．ReferencebooksmustnotberemovedfromtheReadingRoom.3．We'llhaveanopportunitytoexchangeviewswiththemanagertomorrow.4．Hetoldmeallpiecesofthenews,butnoneofthemwasveryexciting.5．CharlieChaplinisacknowledgedasoneofthemostoutstandingcomediansinthehistoryofthecinema.强技提能·学问应用Ⅰ.完形填空AlexandervonHumboldtwasborninBerlin，Germanyin1769.Whenhewas28，hebeganto1travelswithBonpland，abotanist.UponarrivalinSouthAmerica，they2theplants，animals，andtopography(地形)ofthecontinent.In1800Humboldt3over1,700milesoftheOrinocoRiver.Thiswas4byatriptotheAndesandaclimbofMt.Chimborazo.Theydidn't5ittothetopbuttheydidclimbtoover18,000feetinaltitude.HumboldtwaslaterinvitedtoRussiaandafterexploringthenationanddescribing6suchaspermafrost(永冻层)，he7thatRussiaestablishweatherobservatoriesacrossthecountry.AsHumboldtgot8，hedecidedtowriteeverythingknownabouttheearth.HepublishedhisfirstvolumeofKosmosin1845，whenhewas76yearsold.Kosmoswaswellwrittenandwell9.Thefirstvolume，ageneraloverviewoftheuniverse，soldoutintwomonthsandwas10translatedintomanylanguages.Humboldtdiedin1859andthefifthandfinalvolumewaspublishedin1862，11hisnotesforthework.CharlesDarwin12himas“thegreatestscientifictravelerwhoeverlived”．Heiswidelyrespectedasoneofthefoundersofmodern13.AlexandervonHumboldt's14，experiments，andknowledge15Westernscienceinthenineteenthcentury.1．A.plan B．directC．imagine D．informA[考查动词。洪堡28岁时起先支配旅行。plan支配；direct指导；imagine想象；inform通知。故选A。]2．A.admired B．examinedC．collected D．studiedD[考查动词。一到南美洲，他们就起先探讨那里的植物、动物和地形。admire观赏；examine检查；collect收集；study探讨。故选D。]3．A.drew B．sawC．mapped D．wanderedC[考查动词。此处表示“制图”。map作名词时意为“地图”，在这里作动词，意为“绘制……的地图”。故选C。]4．A.supported B．followedC．explained D．affectedB[考查动词。befollowedby...然后，接着。support支持；follow跟随；explain说明；affect影响。故选B。]5．A.do B．makeC．finish D．succeedB[考查动词。makeit胜利，为固定搭配。故选B。]6．A.mines B．treasuresC．inventions D．discoveriesD[考查名词。依据上下文语境可知，此处表示“描述了诸如永冻层之类的发觉”。mine矿；treasure珍宝；invention独创；discovery发觉。故选D。]7．A.recommended B．orderedC．required D．demandedA[考查动词。此处表示“建议”。recommend建议；order吩咐；require要求；demand剧烈要求。故选A。]8．A.wiser B．richerC．older D．strongerC[考查形容词。依据后文的“whenhewas76yearsold”可知，此处表示“随着洪堡年龄的增长”。故选C。]9．A.treated B．takenC．printed D．receivedD[考查动词。依据下文中的“Thefirstvolume，ageneraloverviewoftheuniverse，soldoutintwomonths”可知这本书大卖，选D项。]10．A.slowly B．graduallyC．immediately D．eventuallyC[考查副词。依据语境可知，此处表示“这本书大卖，马上被翻译成了多种语言”。slowly缓慢地；gradually渐渐地；immediately马上，立刻；eventually最终。故选C。]11．A.advertisedfor B．basedonC．adaptedfrom D．preparedforB[考查动词短语。斯人已逝，第五卷也是最终一卷只好依据相关笔记整理出版。故选B。]12．A.described B．reportedC．expected D．rememberedA[考查动词。同为科学家且深受洪堡影响的达尔文这样描述他……。describe描述；report报道；expect期盼；remember记得。故选A。]13．A.physics B．biologyC．chemistry D．geographyD[考查名词。依据全文阐述可知，洪堡主要在地理方面进行探究发觉和探讨创新。故选D。]14．A.words B．lecturesC．travels D．fightsC[考查名词。依据前文所叙述的旅行探险及达尔文的评述——thegreatestscientifictravelerwhoeverlived可知，选C项。]15．A.introduced B．transformedC．confused D．delayedB[考查动词。此处表示“变更了19世纪的西方科学”。introduce介绍，引进；transform使变更；confuse使困惑，使迷惑；delay延迟，耽搁。故选B。]Ⅱ.语法填空(2024·齐齐哈尔市模拟)Asthesayinggoes,“Ahero1.________(know)inthetimeofmisfortune”.ZhongNanshanisaherolikethis.HeisadoctorinGuangdong,2.________savedmanypeople'slivesin2003.In2003,SARS3.________(break)outinGuangdong.Later,itspreadacrossChinaandotherpartsoftheworld.Patientscoughedalotandgotfevers.4.________(hundred)ofpatientsevendiedfromthedisease.Soeveryonewasafraidofit.Zhongspentdaysandnightstofind5.________causeofthedisease.Thanks6.________hiswayoftreating,manypatientsbegantogetbetter.Zhongfinallywonpeople'strust.Inearly2024,adisease7.________(call)COVID­19hitWuhan.Itspreadaroundquicklyandtensofthousandsofpeoplewereinfected.Zhong,84,led8.________(he)teamtofighttheillness.Zhong'steamtookmanymeasures9.________(cure)thepatientswithCOVID­19.Headvisedpeopletowearmasks,washhands10.________(frequent),stayathomeandnottogotocrowdplaces.Nowattheageof84,Zhongstilltreatspatientsinthehospitalandteachesyoungdoctors.【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了钟南山院士在2003年SARS和2024年COVID­19中所做的贡献。1．isknown[考查时态和语态。由于此处是谚语，应用一般现在时；hero与know之间为动宾关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态isknown。]2．who[考查定语从句。空格处引导非限制性定语从句，指人，并在从句中作主语，故填关系代词who。]3．broke[考查时态。依据时间状语In2003可知此处应为一般过去时，故填broke。]4．Hundreds[考查单复数。Hund