北京理工大学考博英语模拟试卷12

北京理工大学考博英语模拟试卷12

一、词汇（本题共30题，每题1.0分，共30分。）

KAsadevelopingcountry,wemustkeepwiththerapiddevelopmentofthe

worldeconomy.

A、move

B、step

C、speed

D、pace

标准答案；D

知识点解析:keep不与move,speed搭配,故可排除A、Cokeeppacewith（=hold

pacewith）表示“跟上，与...同步，并驾齐驱“，如：Arewageskeepingpacewith

inflation?（工资的提高能否与通货膨胀同步?）keepst叩wi由表示“步调整齐”，与句意

不符。所以，答案为D。

2^Everypersononthesalesteamisbecausetheyworktogetherwell.

A、incompatible

B、incredible

Csindefinite

D、indispensable

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题空格处是说销售队伍的每个人都是不可或缺的。D项

indispensable"不可或缺的“符合题意，如；Waterisindispensabletoplants.（水是植

物不可缺少的。）其他三项incompatible“不相容的“，incredible"难以置信的“，

indefinite”不确定的”都不正确。

3、However,growthinthefabricatedmetalsindustrywasabletosomeofthe

declineintheironandsteelindustry.

A、overturn

B、overtake

C、offset

Dxoppress

标准答案：C

知识点解析：offset表示“抵消,弥补A项overturn表示“打翻;颠覆”；B项

overtake表示“赶上，超过“；D项oppress表示“压迫，挤压”。

4、Theelectroniccomputerissomeofthetasksthatwereonceaccomplishedby

ourownbrains.

A、takingcare

takingin

C^takingoff

D、takingover

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题的空格处是说接管一些工作。D项takingover“接管”符合题意。

其他三项takingcare“当心”，takingin"接收，欺骗”，匕kingofT脱衣，离开”都不正

确。

5、Somegoodluckbroughtusnothingbuttrouble.

A、seemingly

B、satisfactorily

C、uniformly

D、universally

标准答案：A

知识点解析；seemingly意为“表面上的”;satisfactorily意为“满意的"；uniformly意

为“统一的"；universally意为“完全的，普遍的”。本句话意思是：一些表面上的幸

运只会给我们带来麻烦。

Businessinthisareahasbeenbecausepricesaretoohigh.

A、prosperous

secretive

C、slack

D、shrill

标准答案：C

知识点解析:C选项：slack的意思为（经济）不景气、不活跃的，如:Tradeisslack

thisweek.（这周的买卖不景气）。其他三项中，A选项：prosperous繁荣的，B选

项：secretive秘密的、偷偷摸摸的，D选项：shrill尖声的，"不符合句意，本句意

为“因为物价太高，这个地区的商业一直不景气”。

7、Youshouldfillintheapplicationformbeforeyousenditbacktothe

university.

A、regularly

Bscomprehensively

C、properly

D、eventually

标准答案；C

知识点解析；（properly适当地,正确地）。句意为：首先，你应该正确地填写申请

表，然后把它寄回该大学。A.regularly定期地；B.comprehensively综合地：

D.evenlually终于，最后。

8^Rebuildingthehighwayswilltakeayearormoreevenifthey'rewith

hundreddollarbills.

A^approved

B、laid

C>paid

D、paved

标准答案：D

知识点解析，句意：即使他们有几百美元作保障，重新建设高速公路也得花一年甚

至一年以上时间。pave(with)铺平道路，创造条件。approve(of)赞成，支持。lay搁

置，放置，Pay支付，付款9

9、Overindulgencecharacteraswellasphysicalstamina.

A、strengthens

B%stimulates

C、maintains

D^weakens

标准答案：D

知识点解析：(weaken削弱，减弱)。句意为:过份纵情既削弱身体的耐力，又削弱

人的性格eA.strengthen强化,加强;B.stimulate刺激;C.maintain维持°

10、Livinginpoverty,Johnsoldfbr500dollarstheofhismother'sfirstwork

whichmadeherfamous.

A、document

B、file

C、duplicate

D、manuscript

标准答案；D

知识点解析：documeni文件，档案，文献；file文件，档案，卷宗；duplicate复制

品，副本；manuscript手稿,原稿。

11、AsianeconomiccrisishasonlyaeffectonthelivesofChinesepeople.

A、discrete

massive

C、marginal

Dssubordinate

标准答案，C

知识点解析：discrete不连续的，离散的；massive厚重的，大块的；marginal最低

限度的，仅维持在某一较低标准或限度内的，次要的；subordinate次要的，从属

的，常与to连用。

12、Consumersdeprivedoftheinformationandadvicetheyneededwerequite

simplyverycheatinthemarketplace.

A、atthemercyof

B、inlieuof

C^bycourtesyof

D、forthepriceof

标准答案：A

知识点解析：句中的（be）deprivedof…意为"被剥夺了……”，在此句的意思相当于

（be）shortof...,即“缺乏（信息）而且未被给以（必要的忠告的消费者们））据此推知，

后面句子的大意是“很容易在市场上受骗上当”，因此选用atthemercyof,意思是

"任...摆布，在....前亳无办法”。再如；Thechampionhadtheotherboxerathis

mercy.（这位冠军拳击手征服了他的对手。）inlieuof意为“替代”；bycouriesyof意

为“在...的允许下“：forthepriceof不是固定用法，但可以说selltwothingsfor

thepriceofone（两件商品只收一件的钱）。

13^Astheartistwastopollen,heseldomwentintothecountrytosketchthe

naturalbeautyinspring.

A^destructive

B、allergic

C、fragile

D、unchallenged

标准答案：B

知识点解析:各项的意思是:destructive"对……有破坏力的"；allergic“过敏的”,

beallergictosth.“对某物过敏”；fragile”脆弱的，易碎的”;unchallenged”未引起质

疑的”。

14、Itcouldnotberuledouithat,soonerorlater,thecountrywouldbreakoutofthe

treaty.

A、confirmed

B、tolerated

C^excluded

D、refuted

标准答案.r

知识点解扁暂无解析

15、Don'trestonyourlaurels;yoursuccessandstartlookingfbrnewmarkets

now.

Asaddup

B、followup

C、workup

D、countup

标准答案；B

知识点解析：本题空格处是说巩固你的成功。followup的意思是“用继续行动来加

强...的效果”，符合题意。如：followupherinterviewwithatelephonecall（ffl

进一步完成面试）。其他三项“addup加起来，合计；work叩综合加工，整理：

countup共计”都不正确。

16>Theinkhasfadedwithtimeandsopartsoftheletterwere.

illegible

indelible

C、illegitimate

Dsinscrutable

标准答案，A

知识点解析：illegible难以辨认的；indelible难忘的，持久的；川egitimate不合理

的，非法的；inscrutable难以理解的，不可思议的。根据句意应选A。

17>Wasittheprofessorregardedwithsuchcontempt?

A、themwho

B、themwhom

C^hewho

D、those

标准答案：D

知识点解析：这里强调宾语。当宾语是代词them,要改用those.

18、Thechieffunctionsofdirect-mailadvertisingaretofamiliarizeprospectivebuyers

withaproduct,itsname,itsmaker,anditsmeritsandwiththeproduct'slocal

distributors,

A、potential

B、responsive

C、inquisitive

D、perceptive

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题中，prospeclive的意思是“预期的”。A项“polenlial预期的”符合

题意,如：Everyseedisapotentialplant.（每粒种子都可能长成植物）。其他三项

^responsive响应的；inquisitive好奇的Iperceptive有理解的”都不正确。

19^Whenmoistureonthesurface,itdrawshealoutoftheland.

A^evaporates

B、dilutes

C、diffuses

D、dissipates

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

20、Whenhearrived,hefoundtheagedandthesickathome.

A^nonebut

B、noneotherthan

C、nothingbut

D、nootherthan

标准答案：A

知识点解析；nonebul和noihingbut意义相同，都作only讲，但用法不同，none

but修饰人，而nothingbut多半修饰事物。

21、Adagesarefrequentlymutuallyantagonisticwitness,"ignorancebreedsprejudice"

and"familiarity,breedscontempt."

A、isattheheartof

multiplies

C、worsens

D、generates

标准答案；D

知识点解析：暂无解析

22、Thesymphonyconcertsherearebythemunicipalgovernment

A^subdued

B、subscribed

C>subordinated

D、subsidized

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题的四个选项中，A项subdued的意思是“制服，征服，镇压;压

抑；减轻；缓和“，B项subscribed的意思是“认捐；捐助；签（名）”，C项

subordinated的意思是“使居次要地位；使隶属，使服从“，D项subsidized的意思是

“资助，津贴；向…行贿二

23、Bothaperson'sheredityandhisenvironmenthelptoshapehischaracter.

A、relative

B、education

C、nationality

D、suiroundings

标准答案：D

知识点解析；空格处意思是；遗传因素和环境共同塑造了他的性格特征。划线单词

environment的意思是“环境,外界各项的意思是：relative“亲戚”；education"教

育，培养“：nationality”国籍,国家，民族“：surroundings“环境

24、Toensurethedevelopmentandexploitationofanewtechnology,theremustbea

constantofseveralneverthelessdistinctactivities.

A、interplay

B、implementation

C>improvement

D、exploration

标准答案：A

知识点解析，(interplay相互作用，相互影响)。句意为：为了保证新技术的开发和

利用，必须让儿种截然不同的原动力经常产生相互的影响。B.implementation实

施；C.improvemenl改善；D.exploralion探索。

25、InthemorningBernardwaspaleandhishandtrembledtoomucheventolifthis

coffeecup,butterhistoast.

A、aswellas

Bxratherthan

C^orelse

D、letalone

标准答案：D

知识点解析；暂无解析

26、Theyreacheda(n)tokeeptheirdisputeoutofthemassmedia,

Axunderstanding

acknowledgement

C、concession

D、surrender

标准答案；A

知识点解析：暂无解析

27、Itishardtoreconcilehissplendidspeecheshisactualbehaviour.

Asto

B、on

C>against

with

标准答窠；D

知识点解析，reconcilesth.withsth.使...一致，使符合。

28、,afterlongpondering,Iarrivedatthefollowingconjecture.

A、Todate

B、Incase

C>Forsure

D、Atlength

标准答案：D

知识点解析：四个选项的意思分别是T。date“到此为止”：Incase“万一，以免

Forsure“确实”；Atlength"最后，详细地”。句意是，经过长时间的思考，最后我得

到了这样一个猜想。所以推出答案是D选项。

29、Environmentaliststhatitwillnotbeeasytopersuadecardriversto,usetheir:

vehicleslessoften.

A、deliver

B、deserve

C^contrast

D^concede

标准答案；D

知识点解析：A.deliver救，救出。B.deserve应受，值得。C,contrast对照,对

比。D.concede（勉强）承认。

30、Thereareanestimatedeightmillionpeoplecurrentlythoughttobeeligibleto

incometax.

A^reclaim

B、recover

C>restore

D、return

标准答案：D

知识点解析；各项的意思是，reclaim要求归还，收回，开垦：recover重新获得，

恢复,使改过；restore恢复，使回复，归还，交还；return报告,申报。

二、阅读理解（本题共“5题，每题上0分，共

分。）

Alcoholabuseanddependenceareseriousproblemsaffecting10percentofadult

Americans,andthetollishigh:3outof100deathsintheUnitedStatescanbelinked

directlytoalcohol.Inadditiontotrafficcrashes,injuriesinthehomeandonthejob,and

seriouslong-termmedicalconsequences,alcoholabusehasbeenimplicatedinaggression

andcrime.Althoughpatternsvary,itispossibletoclassifydrinkersassocialdrinkers,

alcoholabusers,andalcohol-dependentpersons.Whilealcoholconsumptionisnever

entirelyarisk-freeactivity,thesecategoriesrepresentarangefromrelativelybenignto

extremelyproblematic.Anevaluationoftreatmentforanyalcohol-relateddisordermust

besituatedhistorically.Fornearly200years,theexplanationofalcoholismasadisease

competedwithexplanationsinwhichcharacterormoraldefectswerebelievedtoleadto

problematicdrinkingbehavior.Evidenceaccumulated,however,suggestingthatalcohol

abuseandalcoholdependencearedistinguishable."Alcoholabuse"referseitherto

transitoryorlong-termproblemsinaccomplishingbasiclivingactivitiesinwhichalcohol

isimplicated,and"alcoholdependence"describesaseveredisabilityinwhich

dependencebringsaboutareductionintheindividual'sabilitytocontrolthedrinking

behavior.Thisdelineationwasendorsedin1987bytheInstituteofMedicine,which

definedalcoholabuseas"repetitivepatternsofheavydrinkingassociatedwith

impairmentoffunctioningand/orhealth"anddiscussedalcoholism（dependency）asa

separatephenomenon.Alcoholdependenceisassociatedwithadditionalsymptomssuch

ascraving,tolerance,andphysicaldependencethatbringaboutchangesinthe

importanceofdrinkingintheindividual'slife,andimpairedabilitytoexercisebehavioral

restraint.Thedistinctionhasimportantclinicalimplications.Forsomenondependent

alcoholabusers,drinkingpatternsmaybemodifiedbyexhortaiionsorbysocietal

sanctions.Foralcohol-dependentpersons,exhortationsandsanctionsareinsufficient,and

thegoalofmodifieddrinkinginappropriate.Thegoalforthesepersonsisabstinence,and

arangeoftreatmentoptionsisavailable^includingpharmacologicinterventions^

psychotherapy,andcounseling.Butevenalcohol-dependentpersonsdonotconstitutea

homogeneousgroup.Theyarenotidenticalinpersonality,lifeexperiences,family

characteristicsandsocialstatus.Knowledgeofthedifferencesamongalcohol-dependent

personsisimportantbecauseresearchshowsthatalcoholismtreatmentmethodsare

differentiallyeffectiveaccordingtopatientcharacteristics.(365words)

31、Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

标准答案：B

知识点解析；本篇主要讲的是，酗酒能带来很多害处，但对于酗酒的原因必须进行

分类，这样有利于治疗。虽然酗酒人有三类:socialdrinkersyalcoholabusers>and

alcohol—dependentpersons,但作者主要谈论的是后面两类。从第四段到结束都是

在谈论alcoholabusers和alcohol—dependentpersons的区别。

32、AccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingrepresentstheprogressionfrom

least-serioustomost-serious?

标准答案：A

知识点解析：A的等级顺序除了依据文章提供的信息外，我们用基本常识也能看出

这种排列是由不严重到严重。

33>InParagraph3,whatdoestheauthorcontraststo?

标准答案：C

知识点解析：参考第三段第二句。

34、Whatdoes"exhortations"(Line2,Para.6)mean?

标准答案：A

知识点解析：exhortation是“劝告”之意，与persuasion接近，故选A。

35、Themostlogicalcontinuationofthepassagewouldbe.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：由于文章最后一句说的是，酒精依赖者的性格不同，治疗的方法就不

一样，所以如果后面还有文章，从逻辑来看应该是论述什么样性格的酒精依赖者要

用什么样的方法来医治。

Aladywasoncereferredfortreatmentforemotionaldistress.Thisdistresshadresulted

fromunpleasantmemoriesofhavingundergonesexualabuse.Inhercasecognitive

therapyhadbeenunhelpful.Herownopinionwasthatcognitivetherapydidnotaddress

theangerandfearthatshewasfeelingstrongly.Therearemanyapproachesintherapy

thatareavailableforanyonewhowantsthisservice.CognitiveBehaviorTherapy(CBT)

isthemostwellknown,becauseitisthemostresearchedformoftherapy.CBTisthe

productoftheWest,wherepeopleareencouragedtothinkanddiscouragedtofeel

emotions.CBTisbasedonthepremisethatourthinkingcanchangeourfeelings.Thisis

notalwaystrue.Whenpeopleundergoabuseortorture,noamountofthinkingisgoingto

sortoutthefeelingofragethatunderliessuchexperiences.Theragethatonefeelsabout

suchexperiencesoverwhelmsthethinkingabilityofanindividualandthepersonstill

endsupactingouttheemotion.InallsuchcasesCBTfailstogetanyresults.Yetbecause

ithasbeenwrittenaboutwidely,mentalhealthpractitionerserroneouslybelievethatitis

theonlysuitableformoftherapyinalmostallformsofpsychologicalconditions.A

middleagedman,enragedbyanex-employee'sdeceptionwantedtoharmtheex­

employeephysically.Overwheliredbyanger,hefeltthattheonlywaythepersonwould

realizehowtheyfeltwasbyconferringphysicalpain.Noamountofreasonorlogicwas

useful.Accordingtohim,^actionhadtobetaken."Thebestsolutioninthiscasewasto

reducetheangerbyreleasingit.Whenitwasdoneinafewminutes,hethankedmefor

helpinghimoutofthesituation.Theperceptionhadchanged.Thethoughtswerenon-

aggressive.Needlesstosay,hedidnotactouttherage.Whenourinnerdrivesarestrong,

theyoverwhelmourthinking.Atsuchtimesreasonorlogicisgovernedbythedrives.

Angerisonesuchemotion.Whenittakestheformofrage,thepersonmaylashout

physically.Thesolutiondoesnotlieinreasoningwiththeperson,buttohelptheperson

reducethedrive.Inothersituationswhentheangerisintheformofannoyance,reason

canstillbeusedto"distract"thepersonawayfromtheissue.Butthefeelingstays.To

distinguishbetweentimeswhenbehaviorcanbechangedbythinkingandwhenitcannot

bechangedbythinkingrequireswisdom.(414words)

36、Therapy?

标准答案：A

知识点解析：A“心理学家”，B•，精神病医生”，C“儿科医生”，D“生理学家工

37、Theword"premise1'(Line4,Para.2)probablymeans?

标准答案：B

知识点解析：premise意思为“逻辑命题，假设“，与proposition接近，故选B。

38^Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothepassage?

标准答案：D

知识点解析：A”由于认知行为疗法能治疗任何心理疾病，所以它最有名气”，与第

一段心理医生医治一位病人失败的事例相反，故不选。认知行为疗法本身是不用药

物的，所以B项不对。C与第三段第一句相反，故不对。D项内容在第二段第三

句。

39、Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

标准答案：A

知识点解析：从文章最后一段倒数第二句和第三句可以看出，一个人恼火时还是可

以与他讲道理的。

40、Whatdoesthelastparagraphrevolvearound?

标准答案：C

知识点解析：文章最后一段说的是依据病人所得的不同的心理疾病以及不同程度来

采取相应的治疗方法。

AllthegettingandgivingispossiblethroughanorganizationcalledFreecycle,a

grassrootsmovementofpeoplewhogiveawaythingsforfreeintheirowntowns.Each

localgroupisrunbyalocalvolunteermoderator.Allofthetradingisdoneonline.

Membershipisfree.Freecycleisopentoindividualsandnon-profitorganizations.The

FreecycleNetworkwasstartedin2003inTucson,Arizona,topromotewastereduction

andhelpsavedesertlandscapefrombeingtakenoverbylandfills.Injusttwoyearsthe

ideahasspreadworldwide.Theprocessisquitesimple.Gotowww.freecycle.organd

findagroupnearyou.(Ifthere'snotoneclose,considerstartingoneyourself.)Then

whenyouwanttofindanewhomeforsomething,justsendane-mailofferingitto

membersofyourFreecyclegroup.Somegroupshaverestrictionsonwhatyoucanand

cannotpost,butmostlimitationsaresimplythattheitemneedstobecompletelyfree,

legal,andappropriateforallages.Whatyouofferdoesn'tmatter:computerparts,couch,

clothing,anoldwindow,brokencar,perfume,whatever.Ifyouhaveitanddon*twantit,

someoneelseprobablycanputittogooduse.Ifsomethingispostedthatyou'reinterested

inobtaining,simplyrespondtothemember'soffer.Thegiverdecideswhoreceivesthe

giftandsetsupapickuptimefbrpassingonthetreasure.Sometimesit'sassimpleas"Fil

leaveitonthefrontporchof123MainSt.,comebyanytime.*'Manylocalnetworksalso

allow"wanted"posts.Ifyou'relookingfora10gallonaquarium,checkwithFreecycle

first.Od小aregoodsomeonemayhaveonesiltingintheirbasememcollectingdust.

Whileeachindividualnetworkmayhaveslightlydifferentrestrictions,mostaresimilar.

Therearegenerallyfourtypesofpostsandthesewordsmustappearinthesubjectlineof

youremail:Wanted:xxx,Offer:xxx,Taken:xxx,orFound:xxx.Generally,youshould

elaborateabitinyouremailsastowhyyouareinneedofsomethingorwhyyouare

interestedinpickinguptheitem.Pleasesaveyourentirelifestoryforanotherforum,but

responseslike"I'minterested"willlikelygetdeleted.Ontheotherhand,somethinglike:

"I'masinglemomwhojustmovedhereaftermydivorce.I'dlovetopickupyour

washingmachinetonight.Iwouldgreatlyappreciatenothavingtosqueezeintimetogo

tothelaundryafterwork,"willlikelygetconsideration.Besincere.Don'tmakeupa

woefulstorytryingtogetsomething.TheintentofFreecycleistohelpothersbygiving

andgetting.Andatthesametime,helptheenvironment.Whatagreat,funorganization.

(450words)

41xWhatisthemostsuitabletitleforthispassage?

标准答案；A

知识点解析：本文中心思想是介绍Freecycle”免费物品交换站”，四个选项里只有A

项点到了这个关键词。

42>WhatdoesHit"(Line5,Para.2)referto?

标准答案：B

知识点解析：it应该指的是上面的somethingo

43、WhatisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据文章第四段第二句，我们可以看出捐物者和受物者有时无需见

面，故选D。

44>Theunderlinedsentence“Oddsaregoodsomeonemayhaveonesittingintheir

basementcollectingdust"isclosestinmeaningtothat.

标准答窠：B

知识点解析:Oddsaregood相当于Changearethat,或相当于Itispossiblethato通

过上一句，我们可以看出此句的意思是“完全有可能别人家里正好有一个能盛10加

仑水的鱼缸闲置在地下室装垃圾呢

45、Whatstatementistrueaccordingtothepassage?

标准答案：C

知识点解析；参考第四段，A、B和D都是与文章相反。

Howmenfirstleamttoinventwordsisunknown;inotherwords,theoriginoflanguage

isamystery.Allwereallyknowisthatmen,unlikeanimals,somehowinventedcertain

soundtoexpressthoughtsandfeelings,actionsandthings,sothattheycould

communicatewitheachother;andthatlatertheyagreeduponcertainsigns,calledletters,

whichcouldbecombinedtorepresentthosesounds,andwhichcouldbewrittendown.

Thosesounds,whetherspokenorwritteninletters,wecallwords.Thepowerofwords,

then,liesintheirassociations-thethingstheybringupbeforeourminds.Wordsbecome

filledwithmeaningforusbyexperience;andthelongerwelive,themorecertainwords

recalltousthegladandsadeventsofourpast;andthemorewereadandlearn,themore

thenumberofwordsthatmeansomethingtousincreases.Greatwritersarethosewho

notonlyhavegreatthoughtsbutalsoexpressthesethoughtsinwordswhichappeal

powerfullytoourmindsandemotions.Thischarminguseofwordsiswhatwecall

literarystyle.Aboveall,therealpoetisamasterofwords.Hecanconveyhismeaningin

wordswhichsinglikemusic,andwhichbytheirpositionandassociationcanmovemen

totears.Wcshouldthereforeleamtochooseourwordscarefullyandusethem

accurately,ortheywillmakeourspeechsillyanddull.

46、Theoriginoflanguageis.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：第一段一开始就回答了本题，正确答案是D项。

47、Oneofthereasonswhymeninventedcertainsoundstoexpressthoughtsandactions

wasthat.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：第二段第一句指出了本题的正确答案。

48、Whatistrueaboutthewords?

标准答案：C

知识点解析：第一段最后一句表明C项为正确答案。

49Inexpressingtheirthoughts,greatwritersareable.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：第三段第四句指出，一位真正的诗人是一位语言大师，他可以通过语

言来传递思想。这种语言像音乐一样美妙，而且这种语言能感动得我们掉下眼泪。

正确答案为B项。

50、WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttherealpoetisNOTtrue.?

标准答案：A

知识点解析：正确答案为A项,A项中的nomore...than意为“与其说……还不如

说是……

Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically"proved"byeconomiststhatthe

lawsofsocietymakeitnecessarytohaveavastarmyofpoorandjoblesspeopleinorder

tokeeptheeconomygoing.Today,hardlyanybodywoulddaretovoicetheprinciple.Itis

generallyacceptedthatnobodyshouldbeexcludedfromthewealthofthenation,either

bythelawofnatureorbythoseofsociety.Theopinionsareoutdated,whichwerecurrent

ahundredyearsago,thatthepoorowedtheirconditionstotheirignorance,lackof

responsibility.Inallwesternindustrializedcountries,asystemofinsurancehasbeen

introducedwhichguaranteeseveryoneaminimumofsubsistenceincaseof

unemployment,sicknessandoldage.Iwouldgoonestepfurtherandarguethat,evenif

theseconditionsarenotpresent,inotherwords,onecanclaimthissubstanceminimum

withouthavingtohaveany"reason".Iwouldsuggest,however,thatitshouldbelimited

toadefiniteperiodoftimejet'ssaytwoyears,soastoavoidtheencouragementofan

abnormalattitudewhichrefusesanykindofsocialobligation.Thismaysoundlikea

fantasticproposal,butso,!think,ourinsurancesystemwouldhavesoundedtopeoplea

hundredyearsago.Themainobjectiontosuchaschemewouldbethatifeachperson

wereentitledtoreceiveminimumsupport,peoplewouldnotwork.Thisassumptionrests

onthefallacyoftheinherentlaziness,inhumannature»actually,asidefromabnormally

lazypeople,therewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethanthe

minimum,andwhowouldpreferiodonothingratherthanwork.However,thesuspicions

againstasystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimumarenotgroundlessfromthe

standpointofthosewhowanttouseownershipcapitalforthepurposeofforcingothersto

accepttheworkconditionstheyoffer.Ifnobodywereforcedtoacceptworkinordernot

tostarve,workwouldbesufficientlyinterestingandattractiveinordertoinduceoneto

acceptit.Freedomofcontractispossibleonlyifbothpartiesarefreetoacceptandreject

if;inthepresentcapitalistsystemthisisnotthecase.Butsuchasystemwouldnotonly

bethebeginningofrealfreedomofcontractbetweenemployersandemployeesjts

principaladvantagewouldbetheimprovementoffreedomininterpersonalrelationships

ineverysphereofdailylife.

51、Peopleusedtothinkthatpovertyandunemploymentweredueto.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：题目问：人们曾经认为，贫困和失业是由于什么?文章提到“The

opinionsareoutdated,whichwcrccurrcntahundredyearsago,thatthepoorowedtheir

conditionstotheirignorance,lackofresponsibility.”根据这句话可知,过去，人们

认为，贫困和失业是由于贫困的人以及失业的人的个人缺点造成的。所以，答案是

Bo

52、Nowitiswidelyacceptedthat,

标准答案：C

知识点解析；题目问；现在，已被广泛接受的观点是什么?文章提到“isgenerally

acceptedthatnobodyshouldbeexcludedfromthewealthofthenation,eitherbythe

lawofnatureorbythoseofsociety.”根据这句话可知，现在，已被广泛接受的观点

是大家都有权分享国家财富。所以，答案是C。

53、Theauthorarguesthatthesocialinsurancesystemshould.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：题目问：作者认为，社会保险制度应该怎样?文章提到“wouldgoone

stepfurtherandarguethat,eveniftheseconditionsarenotpresent,inotherwords,

onecanclaimthissubstanceminimumwithouthavingtohaveany4<reasonM.Iwould

suggest,however»thatitshouldbelimitedtoadefiniteperiodoftime.”通过这段话

可知，作者认为，社会保险制度应该为每个人在一段时间内提供最低的生活保障。

所以，答案是D。

54、Theword''fallacy,'means.

标准答案，D

知识点解析•：题目间：单词“回lacy”的意思是什么?fallacy的意思是：谬误，谬论。

各选项的意思是：doubt怀疑，疑最fact事实，实际；strongargument有力的论

据；wrongbelief谬误,谬论。所以，答案是D。

55、Accordingtotheauthorssystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimum,

标准答案：D

知识点解析：题目问：根据作者的观点，最低生活保障制度怎么样?最后一段：But

suchasystemwouldnotonlybethebeginningofrealfreedomofcontractbetween

employersandemployees,itsprincipaladvantagewouldbetheimprovementof

freedomininterpersonalrelationshipsineverysphereofdailylife.通过这段话可知，

答案是Dp

Amongthemanywaysinwhichpeoplecommunicatethroughspeech,publicspeaking

hasprobablyreceivedmorestudyandattractedmoreattentionthananyother.Politicians

campaigningforpublicoffice,salespeoplepresentingproducts,andpreachersdelivering

sermonsalldependuponthisformofpubliccommunication.Evenpeoplewhodonot

makespeakingapartoftheirdailyworkareoftenaskedtomakepublicspeeches:

studentsatgraduation,forinstance,ormembersofchurches,clubs,orother

organizations.Nearlyeveryonespeaksinpublicatsometimeorother,andthosewho

performthetaskwelloftenbecomeleaders.Therearemanyreasonsforspeakingin

public.Apublicspeakermayhopetoteachanaudienceaboutnewideas,forexample,or

provideinformationaboutsometopic.Creatingagoodfeelingorentertainingan

audiencemaybeanotherpurpose.Publicspeakers,however,mostoftenseektopersuade

anaudiencetoadoptnewopinions,totakecertainactions,ortoseetheworldinanew

way.Publicspeakersusuallyknowwellinadvancewhentheyarescheduledtomakean

address.Consequentlyitheyareabletopreparetheirmessagebeforetheydeliverit.

Sometimes,though,speakersmustdeliverthemessageunprepared,oroffthecuff,such

aswhentheyareaskedtoofferatoastataweddingreceptionortoparticipateina

televiseddebateorinterview.Whentheydonothavetospeakunprepared,mostspeakers

writetheirownspeeches.Politiciansandbusinessexecutivessometimesemploy

professionalwriterswhopreparetheirspeechesfbrthem.Theseprofessionalwritersmay

workaloneorinsmallteams.Althoughthespeakermayhavesomeinputintothe

contentsofthespeech,thewriterssometimeshaveagreatinfluenceovertheopinions

expressedbytheiremployers.Regardlessofhowaspeechisprepared,thepersonwho

deliversitisgivencreditfbritseffectuponitshearers.

56、Publicspeakingiswellknowntotheaveragepeoplebecause.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：第1段和第1句话指出：“演讲比起其他形式的交流活动被研究得更

多、更引人注目。”从下面几个句子来看，人们以这样或那样的方式加演讲这一活

动了解不少：“政治家竞选国家官员(publicoffice)、销售员推介产品、传教士传道

等，使用的都是这一宣传方式v即使平时不做演讲的人在某些场合下也不得不做演

讲，如：即将毕业的学生(论文答辩或毕业典礼)，教会、俱乐部或其他组织和机构

的成员◊几乎每个人都在这样或那样的场合做过演讲，而善于演讲的人经常成为领

导。”这与B的意思吻合，故应选B。

57、Whichofthefollowingisrarelythepurposeofpublicspeaking?

标准答案；B

知识点解析：原文第2段列举了演讲活动通常的目的。第2段第2句提到，演讲者

也许想教一种新思想或告知一件新事项。最后一句指出，演讲者的目的经常是说服

人接受新观念、采取某种行动或改变世界观(seeiheworldinnewways)。综合本段

所谈的内容，演讲的目的当然不足演讲者自身得到快乐，这与B的意思