隧道施工项目二隧道开挖方法ItemExcavationm

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隧道施工项目二隧道开挖方法Item2Excavationmethodofproject任务一隧道施工方法Task1Tunnelconstructionmethod学习目标

Learningobjectives2知识目标通过本任务的学习，学生应该了解常见的隧道施工方法，以及其各自的特点。KnowledgeobjectivesThroughthestudyofthistask,studentsshouldunderstandcommontunnelconstructionmethods,aswellastheirrespectivecharacteristics.学习目标

Learningobjectives3能力目标通过本任务的学习，学生应能初步具备根据不同的地质判断选择何种隧道施工方法。AbilityobjectivesThroughthestudyofthistask,studentsshouldbeabletoinitiallychoosewhichtunnelconstructionmethodaccordingtodifferentgeologicaljudgments.隧道施工的特点

Characteristicsoftunnelconstruction隧道施工宜符合安全环保、工艺先进、质量优良、进度均衡、节能降耗的要求，隧道施工应本着“安全、有序、优质、高效”的指导思想,按照“保护围岩、内实外美、重视环境、动态施工”的原则组织施工。Tunnelconstructionshouldmeettherequirementsofsafetyandenvironmentalprotection,advancedtechnology,excellentquality,balancedprogress,energysavingandconsumptionreduction.Tunnelconstructionshouldfollowtheguidingideologyof'safe,orderly,highqualityandefficient',andorganizeconstructionaccordingtotheprincipleof'protectingsurroundingrock,theoutsideandinsidebeautyofstructure,payingattentiontotheenvironmentanddynamicconstruction'.隧道施工方法分类Classificationoftunnelconstructionmethods隧道施工方法的分类

Classificationoftunnelconstructionmethods隧道施工方法的分类

Classificationoftunnelconstructionmethods隧道施工方法tunnelingmethod山岭隧道施工方法ConstructionMethodofMountainTunnel浅埋及软土隧道施工方法ConstructionMethodofShallowBuriedandSoftSoilTunnel水底隧道施工方法Constructionmethodofunderwatertunnel矿山法（钻爆法）Minemethod(drillingandblastingmethod)掘进机TBM传统矿山法traditionalminetunnelingmethod新奥法NewAustrianTunnelingMethod明挖法openandcutmethod地下连续墙diaphragmwall盖挖法coveredexcavation浅埋暗挖法shallowminingmethod盾构法shieldmethod沉管法sunkentubemethod盾构法shieldmethod隧道施工矿山法

Tunnelconstruction—Minemethod

7以经典土力学理论为理论基础，不考虑围岩的自承能力。Basedonthetheoryofclassicalsoilmechanics,theself-supportingcapacityofsurroundingrockisnotconsidered.以弹性力学理论为基础，利用围岩自承能力。Basedonthetheoryofelasticity,theself-supportingabilityofsurroundingrockisused.矿山法Miningmethod钻爆法开挖Drillingandblastingexcavation喷锚支护Shotcreteanchorsupport新奥法NewAustrianTunnelingMethod喷锚支护考虑围岩自承能力的，则为“新奥法”，反之为“矿山法”。Shotcreteanchorsupportconsiderstheself-supportingcapacityofsurroundingrock,thenitisthe"NewAustrianmethod",otherwise,itisthe"minemethod".隧道施工矿山法

Tunnelconstruction—Minemethod

矿山法因最早因用于矿石开采而得名,它包括传统方法和新奥法。由于在这种方法中，多数情况下都需要采用钻眼爆破进行开挖,故又称为钻爆法。近年来,由于施工机械的发展,传统矿山法明显地不符合岩石力学的基本原理、同时也很不经济，所以已逐渐由新奧法所取代。Minemethods,whichincludethetraditionalmethodandthenewAustrianmethod,gettheirnamebecausetheywerefirstusedintheminingofore.Inthismethod,drillingblastingisneededforexcavationinmostcases,soitisalsocalleddrillingblastingmethod.Inrecentyears,duetothedevelopmentofconstructionmachinery,thetraditionalminingmethodobviouslydoesnotconformtothebasicprinciplesofrockmechanics,butalsoveryuneconomic,soithasbeengraduallyreplacedbythenewAustrianmethod.8新奥法施工流程

NewAustrianConstructionProcess9确定施工方案Determinetheconstructionscheme施工准备Preparationforconstruction量测监控measuringAndmonitoring初期支护Initialsupport二次支护Secondarysupport必要时须超前支护或预先进行地层改良Advancesupportorstrataimprovementshouldbecarriedoutifnecessary开挖Excavation防水隔离层Waterproofbarrier竣工Becompleted是否符合管理标准Compliancewithmanagementstandards修改施工方案ModificationofconstructionschemeModifyexcavationmethodandsequence修改开挖方法和顺序修改支护参数Modifysupportparameters否NO是Yes新奥法方法概述

OverviewofNewAustrianMethod常用的开挖方法有全断面法、台阶法、台阶分部开挖法、中隔壁法(CD法),交叉中隔壁法(CRD法)、双侧壁导坑法等。Thecommonlyusedexcavationmethodsarefullsectionmethod,stepmethod,steppartialexcavationmethod,middlepartitionmethod(CDmethod),crossmiddlepartitionmethod(CRDmethod),doublesideheadingmethodandsoon.10明挖法（包括盖挖法）

Open-cutmethod(includingcover-cutmethod)明挖法是在露天的路堑地面上，或是从地表向下开挖的基坑内,先修筑衬砌结构物，然后敷设外贴式防水层，再回填覆盖土石。明挖法多用于城市地铁、市政隧道、山岭隧道浅埋难以暗挖的地段。Theopen-cutmethodistoconstructtheliningstructurefirstontheopen-cutcuttingsurfaceorinthefoundationpitexcavateddownwardfromthesurface,thenlaytheexternalwaterprooflayer,andthenbackfillandcoverthesoilandrock.Opencutmethodismostlyusedinurbansubway,municipaltunnel,mountaintunnelshallowburieddifficulttodig.11TBM法

TheofmethodTunnelBoringMachine岩石隧道掘进机法是利用岩石隧道掘进机在岩石地层中暗挖隧道的一种施工方法。英文名称是TunnelBoringMachine,简称TBM。它是利用刀具一次便将隧道整个断面切削成型,掘进同时，还兼有出渣及自动推进的功能。Therocktunnelingmachinemethodisaconstructionmethodwhichusestherocktunnelingmachinetodigundergroundtunnelsintherockstratum.TheEnglishnameisTunnelBoringMachine(TBM).Itusesthecuttingtooltocutandformthewholesectionofthetunnelonce.Atthesametime,italsohasthefunctionsofslagdischargeandautomaticpropulsion.盾构法

Shieldmethod盾构法(Shield)是一种具有金属外壳的筒状机械，主要用于软土隧道暗挖施工,在金属外壳的掩护下盾构可以同步完成土体开挖、土渣排运、整机推进和管片安装等作业,将隧道一次开挖成形。Shieldmethodisakindoftubularmachinerywithmetalshell,whichismainlyusedfortheexcavationofsoftsoiltunnel.Undertheshieldofmetalshell,theshieldcansynchronouslycompletetheexcavationofsoil,thedischargeofsoilandslag,thepropulsionofthewholemachineandtheinstallationofsegments,andformthetunnelinoneexcavation.沉管法

Sunkentubemethod沉管法，是将预制好的隧道管段拖航浮运到隧址,沉入基槽并进行水下连接,从而形成隧道的一种方法。Immersedtubemethodisamethodoftowingandfloatingprefabricatedtunnelsectionstothetunnelsite,sinkingthemintothebasegrooveandconnectingthemunderwater,soastoformatunnel.新意法

NewItalianmethodofTunneling

新意法即岩土控制变形分析法,是20世纪70年代中期由意大利的教授在研究围岩的压力拱理论和新奥法施工理论的基础上提出的。它是在困难地质情况下,通过对隧道掌子面前方围岩核心土进行超前支护和加固措施减小或避免围岩变形,并进行全断面开挖的一种设计施工指导原则。Thenewmethodistheanalysismethodofgeotechnicalcontroldeformation,whichwasputforwardbytheprofessorofItalyinthemiddleof1970sonthebasisofthestudyofthepressurearchtheoryofsurroundingrockandtheconstructiontheoryofthenewAustrianmethod.Itisakindofdesignandconstructionguidingprincipleforfullsectionexcavationbyadvancedsupportandreinforcementofcorerockinfrontoftunnelfacetoreduceoravoiddeformationofsurroundingrock.挪威法

NorwegianMethodofTunneling挪威法(NTM:NorwegianMethodofTunneling),简单地说就是由正确的围岩评价、合理的支护参数和高性能的支护材料三部分组成的一种经济而安全的施工方法,它适用于公路、铁路隧道、水工隧洞及大型地下工程。NTM:NorwegianMethodofTunnelingissimplyaneconomicandsafeconstructionMethodcomposedofcorrectsurroundingrockevaluation,reasonablesupportingparametersandhigh-performancesupportingmaterials.Itissuitableforhighways,railwaytunnels,hydraulictunnelsandlargeundergroundprojects.挪威法

NorwegianMethodofTunneling

正确的围岩评价体系主要是采用Q系统,即用巴顿法(N.Barton)进行围岩分级。而合理的隧道支护结构参数,是通过隧道施工中的观测和量测记录所求出的Q值来选择的,其中包括各种支护结构体系的数值解析检算。挪威法在支护体系上，最大特点是把一次支护作为永久衬砌,只是在运营后,遇上有涌水、冰霜等危害的情况下,才修筑二次衬砌。ThecorrectsurroundingrockevaluationsystemmainlyadoptsQsystem,thatis,themethodofN.Barton(Barton)forsurroundingrockclassification.ThereasonableparametersoftunnelsupportstructureareselectedbytheQvaluesobtainedfromtheobservationandmeasurementrecordsduringtunnelconstruction,includingthenumericalanalysisandcalculationofvarioussupportstructuresystems.Intermsofthesupportsystem,thebiggestcharacteristicoftheNorwegianmethodisthattheprimarysupportisusedasthepermanentlining,andthesecondaryliningisonlybuiltafteroperationwhentherearewatergushing,frostandotherhazards.隧道施工方法的选择

Selectionoftunnelconstructionmethod隧道施工方法的选择,是一项复杂的决策过程，需要考虑多种因素:(1)隧道所处的工程地质和水文条件,施工方案选择的决定性因素。(2)工程的重要性也是重要的决策指标，而工程重要性一般由工程的规模、使用上的特殊要求以及工期的缓急来体现。不同的施工方案都有其自身特点，要结合具体实际去考虑。(3)施工技术条件和机械装备状况,也是决定施工方案的客观条件。Theselectionoftunnelconstructionmethodisacomplexdecision-makingprocess,whichrequiresconsiderationofmanyfactors:(1)Theengineeringgeologicalandhydrologicalconditionswherethetunnelislocatedarethedecisivefactorsfortheselectionofconstructionschemes.(2)Theimportanceoftheprojectisalsoanimportantdecision-makingindex,andtheimportanceoftheprojectisgenerallyreflectedbythescaleoftheproject,thespecialrequirementsontheuseandthetimelimitofthe