成本与管理会计（第15版） 课件 GE-hca15-ch16

CHAPTER16CostAllocation:JointProductsandByproductsChapter16learningobjectivesIdentifythesplit-offpointinajoint-costsituationanddistinguishjointproductsfrombyproductsExplainwhyjointcostsareallocatedtoindividualproductsAllocatejointcostsusingfourmethodsIdentifysituationswherethesalesvalueatsplitoffmethodispreferredwhenallocatingjointcosts16-2Chapter16learningobjectives,concludedExplainwhyjointcostsareirrelevantinasell-or-processfurtherdecisionAccountforbyproductsusingtwomethods16-3JointCostTerminologyJointcosts—thecostsofaproductionprocessthatyieldsmultipleproductssimultaneously.Splitoffpoint—thejunctureinajointproductionprocesswheretwoormoreproductsbecomeseparatelyidentifiable.Separablecosts—allcostsincurredbeyondthesplitoffpointthatareassignabletoeachofthespecificproductsidentifiedatthesplitoffpoint.16-4JointCostTerminology,cont’dCategoriesofjointprocessoutputs:OutputswithapositivesalesvalueOutputswithazerosalesvalue.Product—anyoutputwithapositivesalesvalue,oranoutputthatenablesafirmtoavoidincurringcosts:Salesvaluecanbehighorlow.16-5JointCostTerminology,concludedMainproduct—outputofajointproductionprocessthatyieldsoneproductwithahighsalesvaluecomparedtothesalesvaluesoftheotheroutputs.Jointproducts—outputsofajointproductionprocessthatyieldstwoormoreproductswithahighsalesvaluecomparedtothesalesvaluesofanyotheroutputs.Byproducts—outputsofajointproductionprocessthathavelowsalesvaluescomparedtothesalesvaluesoftheotheroutputs.16-6ExamplesofJointCostSituations16-7AllocatingJointCostsBeforeamanagerisabletoallocatejointcosts,heorshemustfirstlookatthecontextfordoingso.Jointcostsmustbeallocatedtoindividualproductsorservicesforseveralpurposes,including:Computationofinventoriablecostsandcostofgoodssoldforfinancialaccountingandtaxreporting.Reimbursingcompaniesthathavesomeproductsreimbursedundercost-pluscontracts.Regulatingtheratesorpricesofoneormoreofthejointlyproducedproducts.Litigationorinsurancesettlementsituations16-8TwoapproachestoallocatingJointcostsMarket-based—allocateusingmarket-deriveddata(dollars):SalesvalueatsplitoffNetrealizablevalue(NRV)Constantgross-marginpercentageNRV.Physicalmeasures—allocateusingtangibleattributesoftheproducts,suchaspounds,gallons,barrels,andsoon.16-9JointCostIllustrationOverview16-10JointCostexampleData16-11SalesValueatSplitoffMethodThesalesvalueatsplitoffmethodallocatesjointcoststojointproductsproducedduringtheaccountingperiodonthebasisoftherelativetotalsalesvalueatthesplitoffpoint.Thismethodusesthesalesvalueoftheentireproductionoftheaccountingperiod,notjustthequantitysold.Thesalesvalueatsplitoffmethodfollowsthebenefits-receivedcriterionofcostallocation.16-12SalesValueatSplitoffexample16-13Physical-MeasureMethodThephysical-measuremethodallocatesjointcoststojointproductsproducedduringtheaccountingperiodonthebasisofacomparablephysicalmeasure,suchastherelativeweight,quantityorvolumeatthesplitoffpoint.16-14PhysicalMeasuresexample16-15NetRealizableValueMethodAllocatesjointcoststojointproductsproducedduringtheaccountingperiodonthebasisofrelativeNRV.NRV=FinalSalesValue–SeparableCosts.Inmanycases,productsareprocessedbeyondthesplitoffpointtobringthemtoamarketableformortoincreasetheirvalueabovetheirsellingpriceatthesplitoffpoint.16-16NetRealizableValueMethodOverview16-17NetRealizableValueMethodexample16-18NetRealizableValueMethodexample,concluded16-19ConstantGrossMarginNRVMethod Theconstantgross-marginpercentageNRVmethodallocatesjointcoststojointproductsproducedduringtheaccountingperiodinsuchawaythateachindividualproductachievesanidenticalgross-marginpercentage.Themethodworksbackwardinthattheoverallgrossmarginiscomputedfirst.Jointcostsarecalculatedasaresidualamountbysubtractingtheseparablecostsandgrossmarginfromthefinalsalesvalue.16-20Constantgross-marginpercentagenrvmethod:3stepsTheconstantgross-marginpercentageNRVmethodcanbebrokendowninto3steps:ComputetheoverallgrossmarginpercentageComputethetotalproductioncostsforeachproductComputetheallocatedjointcosts.16-21ConstantGrossMarginNRVIllustrated 16-22ChoosinganallocationMethodIfsellingpriceatsplitoffisavailable,thesalesvalueatsplitoffmethodispreferredeveniffurtherprocessingisdone.Reasonsinclude:BestmeasureofbenefitsreceivedIndependentoffurtherprocessingdecisionsCommonallocationbasis(revenue)SimplicityIfsellingpricesarenotavailable,theNRVmethodisthebestalternativeDespitethis,somefirmschoosenottoallocatejointcostsatall.16-23Sell-or-ProcessFurtherDecisionsInchapter11,weintroducedtheconceptsofrelevantrevenues,whichareexpectedfuturerevenuesthatdifferamongalternativecoursesofaction,andRelevantcosts,whichareexpectedfuturecoststhatdifferamongalternativecoursesofaction.Theseconceptscanbeappliedtodecisionsonwhetherajointproductormainproductshouldbesoldatthesplitoffpointorprocessedfurther.16-24Sell-or-ProcessFurtherDecisions,concludedInsell-or-processfurtherdecisions,jointcostsareirrelevant.Jointproductshavebeenproduced,andaprospectivedecisionmustbemade:tosellimmediatelyorprocessfurtherandselllater.Jointcostsaresunkcosts.Don’tassumeallseparablecostsinjoint-costallocationsarealwaysincrementalcosts.Someseparablecostsmaybefixedcosts.Separablecostsneedtobeevaluatedforrelevanceindividually.16-25Otherissuestoconsider:Thepotentialconflictbetweencostconceptsusedfordecisionmakingandcostconceptsusedforevaluatingtheperformanceofmanagersoftenariseswhensell-or-processfurtherdecisionsarebeingmade.Firmsshouldbewaryofusingthefullcostofajointproductasthebasisformakingpricingdecisions(potentiallackofcause-and-effectrelationship)16-26AccountingforByproductsTwomethodsforaccountingforbyproductsProductionmethod—recognizesbyproductinventoryasitiscreated,andsalesandcostsatthetimeofsale.Salesmethod—recognizesnobyproductinventory,andrecognizesonlysalesatthetimeofsales:byproductcostsarenottrackedseparately.16-27ByproductsIllustrationOverview16-28ComparativeIncomeStatementsforAccountingforByproducts16-29SelectingthemethodtoaccountforbyproductsTheproductionmethodisconsistentwiththematchingprincipleandistheprefer