英语学术论文写作类型省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖课件

Lecture1:TypesofWritingandGeneralIntroduction

Forthepostgraduates1/38MainContents1)Whatisanessay?2)TypesOfWriting

A)DescriptiveEssayB)NarrativeEssayC)ExpositoryEssayD)ArgumentativeEssay2)Researchpaper

A)TermPaperB)ThesisC)Dissertation2/38MainContents4)Whatisinvolvedinresearchpaperwriting?

A)Pre-writingStageB)WritingStageC)Post-writingStage5)Lay-outoftheLecturesinthisTerm

3/38Whatisanessay?“Anessayisashortliterarycompositiononaparticularthemeorsubject”.Itcanalsobedefinedas“ananalyticorinterpretativeliterarycompositionusuallydealingwithitssubjectfromalimitedorpersonalpointofview”.4/38StructureofanEssayAnEssayhasthreemianparts:anintroduction,abodyandconclusion.5/38DiagramDescriptiveEssay描写

NarrativeEssay叙述

ExpositoryEssay说明

ArgumentativeEssay议论

6/38DescriptionDescriptionispaintingapictureinwordsofaperson,place,objectorscene.“adescriptionessayisgenerallydevelopedthroughsensorydetails,ortheimpressionsofone’ssenses–sight,hearing,taste,smell,andtouch.7/38Examples:person“ChouEn-laiarrivedattheguesthouseforstatevisitorsat4:30.hisgaunt,expressivefacewasdominatedbypiercingeyes,conveyingamixtureofintensityandrepose,ofwarinessandcalmself-confidence.HeworeanimmaculatelytailoredgrayMaoTunic,atoncesimpleandelegant.Hemovedgracefullyandwithdignity,fillingaroomnotbyhisphysicaldominance,butbyhisairofcontrolledtension….”8/38Examples:PlaceWithashoppingbaginmyhand,Ienteredthegateifthefreemarketnearmyhome.SuddenlyaterriblesmellreachedmynoseandIcouldnothelpfeelingnauseated.LookingaroundIfoundthatthefoulsmellcamethepoultrystallsontheleftsideofthestreet.There,everystallcagewaspackedwithfourorfivechickens.Occasionally,thechickenscrowedsadlyasiftheyknewtheyweregoingtobecooked.Thefeedstankunderthehotsummersun.Iputahanker-chieftomynoseandhurriedaway.9/38Examples:sceneThetyphooncameoutoftheseaasadeephollowroar.Thenitappearedasamonstrousblackcloud.Thecloudseemedathingalive,shapingitselfthiswayorthat,tornbycontendingwinds.However,itmightstretchtorightorleft,itcontinuedtospreadupwardandreachtowardeastandwest.Thedaydarkenedtotwilightandthedreadedroarofsoundcamerushingtowardmefromoutofthedepths.Icrouchedbehindmyrockandwaited.10/38NarrationTonarrateistogiveanaccountofaneventoraseriesofevents.Initsbroadestsense,narrativewritingincludesstories,realorimaginary,biographies,histories,newsitems,andnarrativepoems.11/38Example:narrationThemostimportantdayIrememberinallmylifeistheoneonwhichmyteacher,AnneMansfieldSullivan,cametome.Iamfilledwithwonderwhenconsidertheimmeasurablecontrastsbetweenthetwoliveswhichitconnects.ItwasthethirdofMarch,1887,threemonthsbeforeIwassevenyearsold.12/38Example:narrationOntheafternoonofthateventfulday,Istoodontheporch,dumb,expectant.Iguessedvaguelyfrommymother’ssighsandfromthehurryingtoandfrointhehousethatsomethingunusualwasabouttohappen,soIwenttothedoorandwaitedonthesteps.13/38Example:narrationTheafternoonsunpenetratedthemassofhoneysucklethatcoveredtheporch,andfellonmyupturnedface.Myfingerlingeredalmostunconsciouslyonthefamiliarleavesandblossomswhichhadjustcomeforthtogreetthesweetsouthernspring.Ididnotknowwhatthefutureheldofmarvelorsurpriseforme.Angerandbitternesshadpreyeduponmecontinuallyforweeksandadeeplanguorhadsucceededthispassionatestruggle.14/38ExpositionExpositionmeansexpoundingorexplaining.Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecauseofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.15/38Example:expositionThegradingsystemalsocontainspenaltiesandrewards,butthat’swhatmakespeopletick.Wouldanystudentwriteatempaper,readatextbook,orattendalectureinafieldoutsidehisinterestifhewerenotmotivatedbygrades?Becausestudyingandlearningarehardwork,studentsneedpenaltiesandrewards.Ofcoursethisresultsinpressure.Certainly,thisproducescompetition.Butwithoutthem,fewpeoplewouldstrivetolettheirlearningexceedtheirintellectualreach.Ohyes,thereareafewstudentswhoarehighlyself-motivatedandaregenuinelyinterestedinlearning.Butmoststudentwouldratherseeabasketballgame,rapintheGrill,orwatchamovie.Let'sfaceit—that’swhyweneedthepresentgradingsystem.Anythingelsewouldresultinaloweringofthestandardsandafifth-rateuniversity.16/38ArgumentationAnargumentativeessaytriestomakethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,andtoapproveapolicyoracourseofactionthatitproposes.17/38DifferencebetweenexpositionandargumentationExpositionTotell,toinformMakesomethingknownandmakethereaderunderstandNarrationToconvince,topersuademakethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,andtoapproveapolicyorcourseofactionArgumentationisactuallyexpositionwiththeadditionalpurposeofconvincingorpersuading.

18/38Basicfeatures1)Adebatablepoint:Itisimperativethatthepapershouldhaveadebatablepoint,thatis,somethingwhichcanbeviewedfrommorethanoneangleandisthereforeopentodispute.19/38Whatshouldbeavoided1)Chinesedoctorsuseacupunctureanesthesiatoperformcertainoperation(merestatementsoffacts)Acupunctureanesthesiashouldreplaceconventionalanesthesiainalloperations(debatablepoint)20/38Whatshouldbeavoided2)WilliamFaulknerismyfavoriteAmericanwriter(statementsofpersonalpreference)WilliamFaulkneristhegreatestChinesewriterinthe20thcenturyAmericanliterature(disputablepoint)21/38Whatshouldbeavoided3)Noisepollutionisharmfultopeople’shealth(Viewpointsthataregenerallyaccepted):Noisepollutionisthemostharmfulofallenvironmentalpollution(disputablepoint).22/38Basicfeatures2)sufficientevidence:Youarerequiredtoprovidesufficientevidencetoconvincethereader.Itincludes:a)commonknowledge;b)specificexamples;c)hardevidence,orfacts,notyourpersonalopinions.d)expertandauthoritativeopinions,quotationsfromauthorities23/38Basicfeatures3)Goodlogicandclearlogic

Goodlogicisevenmoreimportanttoargumentationthantoanyothertypesofwriting.Allthefactsandreasonsthataregivenasevidenceshouldbelogicallyconnectedwiththesisstatementandconclusion.24/38Basicfeatures3)Goodlogicandclearlogicclearlogicmeansthatatypicalargumentativeessayusuallyconsistsofthreeparts:anintroductionwhichidentifiestheissuetobediscussedandexplainstheimportanceofsuchadiscussion;abody(toomuchcomplicatedanddifficult)whichpresentstheevidence;andaconclusioninwhichthepropositionisreaffirmed.25/38ThethreeBasics论点：[argument;thesis;proposition]叙述中确实定性意见及支持意见理由。论据：[groundsofargument;basisofanargument;contention;datum]证实论题判断；在一个推论中,充当理由依据,方便推衍出结论部分。论证：[demonstrate;proof]∶用论据证实论题真实性[testify;expoundandprove]∶依据个人了解或了解证实26/38WhatisresearchpaperAresearchpaper(sometimescalledaliterarypaperoratermpaperorathesis)isusuallyaformal,fairlylongandwell-documentedcompositionthatexplores,discusses,oranalyzesacertainfactualortheoreticalissue,anditshouldbecharacterizedbylucidandcoherentexposition.27/38Commonlyadoptedforms1)Bookreport;2)Termpaper;3)Reviewarticle;4)Thesis;

5)Dissertation28/38TermpaperThenametermpaperreferstoaprojectthatsummarizesordemonstratesmasteryoftheworkofatermorsemester.Dependingonthecourse,atermpapermayormaynotincludeformalresearch.29/38Thesis

Thewordthesiscommonlyreferstoasubstantialresearchproject.Asthewordimplies,athesisshoulddrawanoriginalconclusionbasedoninformationderivedfromresearch.InAmericanusage,itisgenerallyreservedfortheMaster’spaperortheundergraduatehonorspaper.30/38dissertationAdissertationisaresearchpapersubmittedbyacandidateforthedoctoraldegree.Thispaperrequiresmoreresearchandmoreextensivedevelopmentofideasthanamaster’sthesis.（博士学位）论文，（专题）论文，学术演讲长而正式论文，尤指大学里由博士学位攻读者所写论文；学位论文31/38Whataboutitswritingprocess?Theprocessofwritingaresearchpaperisgenerallydividedintofivestepsorstages:1)choosingatopic2)collectinginformation3)analyzingtheinformation,organizingideas,andworkingoutanoutline;4)writingthefirstdraft5)revisingthedraftandfinalizingit32/38Processofwritingaresearchpaper1)choosingatopic2)collectinginformation3)analyzingtheinformation,organizingideas,andworkingoutanoutline;4)writingthefirstdraft5)revisingthedraftandfinalizingita,Documentation

b,Languagec,Style

33/38Lay-OutofTheLectures

forThisTermPre-writingStage:Lecture1:AGeneralintrod