必修1语法知识总结

1/17必修1语法知识总结定语从句1.定语从句的结构及理解2.定语从句的关系词的使用3.定语从句的简化表达知识总结归纳（一）定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，缺少它，则句义显得不完整，从句与先行词紧密相连。非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词之间有逗号隔开。1.Beforeshecouldmove,sheheardaloudnoise,whichgrewtoaterribleroar.2.Treeaftertreewentdown,cutdownbythewater,whichmusthavebeenthreemetersdeep.3.Flora,whosebeautifulhairanddresswereallcoldandwet,startedcrying.4.Theirtalkincludesrhythmandrhymingwordsaswellastonguetwisters,whichoftenmaketheaudienceapplaud.（二）定语从句的结构：在复合句中，修饰某个名词或代词的句子（做这个名词或代词的定语）叫定语从句，定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面，被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词，它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接，这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词（关系代词或关系副词：that,which,who,whose,when,where,why）。先行词在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，时间，地点，原因状语。结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。1.Thereshesawawallofwaterthatwasquicklyadvancingtowardsher.2.InJapan,someonewhoseesanotherpersonmakingthegesturewillthinkitmeansmoney.3.Athemeparkisacollectionofrides,exhibitionsorotherattractionsthatarebasedonacommontheme.4.TheparkhasaconservationcenterthathelpsprotectmarineanimalsandtheirhabitatsintheriversandcoastalwatersofAsia.5.Visitorscangoonexcitingrideswheretheycanfeelwhatitisliketodothethingstheyhaveseentheirheroesdointhemovie.6.OprahWinfreyisablackwomanwhoserisetofameisaninspiringstory.（三）关系词前面可以根据定语从句的内容加上一些介词，这些关系词在介词后面常用which或whom.1.TherewasamanwithwhomIwouldhavetoworktogetherandfinallythemanagerofthecompany.2.Manypeoplewhosawthefilmwereafraidtoswimintheseawhentheyrememberedthescenesinwhichpeoplewereeatenbytheshark.知识重点与难点（一）当先行词有最高级，序数词修饰，是不定代词，或是all,no,only等形式时，关系代词一般用that，而不能用which。1.TheTitanicwasthelargestshipthathadeverbeenbuiltatthattime.2.Thereisonethingthatkeepsworryingme.（三）定语从句的简化表达：1.ThemanwhoissittingontheplatformisaprofessorfromWuhanUniversity.2.Theletterthatwasmailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.3.Thequestionthatisbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.4.Youarewelcometoapartytobegiveninourclassat7:45.说明：以上的定语从句部分可以用更加简单的非谓语形式表达出来：1.ThemansittingontheplatformisaprofessorfromWuhanUniversity.2.Thelettermailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.3.Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.4.Youarewelcometoapartytobegiveninourclassat7:45.说明：修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外，还可以用非谓语动词形式：doing短语，done短语，beingdone短语，tobedone短语修饰。其结构和意思如下：1.被修饰名词+doing短语：正在做….的人/正在发生的事。2.被修饰名词+done短语：被…..的人/事3.被修饰名词+beingdone短语：正在被…..的人/事4.被修饰名词+tobedone短语：将要被…..的人/事（1）Doyouknowthemantalkingtomysister?（2）The“crazy”gesture,movingtheindexfingerinacircleinfrontoftheear,means“youhaveaphonecall”inBrazil.（3）Didyouseethatcarbeingrepaired?（4）Inacamera,thelensmustbefocusedontheobjecttobephotographed.（5）Thestudentstoattendthemeetingwillarriveheretomorrow.（6）GoodsimportedfromabroadarenotalwaysbetterthanthosemadeinChina.（7）TheYellowRiver,saidtobe“themotherriver”runsacrossChinalikeahugedragon.总结：以上做定语的那些短语就是英语语法中所说的分词，不定式的各种形式作定语。1.这些短语作定语应放在被修饰名词的后面。如果单独一个V-ing或V-ed形式作定语，则可以放在被修饰名词前面。2.分词作定语时，其动作应与全句动作同时发生。V-ing表示主动意义和正在做，V-ed表示被动意义。beingdone表示正在被做的3.不定式作定语表示将要发生的，tobedone表示将要被做的【典型例题】[例1]Friendshipisneededbyall,_____playsanimportantroleinpeople’slives.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.it分析：_____playsanimportantroleinpeople’slives为非限定性定语从句修饰先行词Friendship用which连接定语从句。答案：A[例2]UncleLi_____Iworkedthreeyearsagohasretirednow.A.whoB.whomC.withwhomD.towhom分析：_____Iworkedthreeyearsago作为定语从句修饰先行词UncleLi，从句完整的表达是：IworkedwithUncleLithreeyearsago.所以关系词前应加上介词with。答案：C[例3]Isthisthereason_____atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?A.heexplainedB.whatheexplainedC.howheexplainedD.whyheexplained分析：定语从句_____atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork修饰先行词thereason指“他在会上就他工作中的粗心解释的原因。先行词在从句中做宾语。答案：A【模拟试题】1.Susanistheverygirl_____thegooddeed.A.whomIthinkdidB.whomIthinkshedidC.whoIthinkdidD.Ithinkwhodid2.Luckily,thepoorboyhadenoughmoney_____hecouldbuyatrainticket.A.bywhichB.onwhichC.withwhichD.forwhich3.Thebook_____hedevotedmuchtimeistocomeoutnextmonth.A.whereB.whichC.towhichD.onwhich4.Thedaycamefinally_____Iwasgivenanopportunitytoactintheplay.A.whenB.inthatC.whichD.inwhich5.1.Don’tyouthinkthequestion_____tomorrowisofgreatimportance.A.beingdiscussedB.discussedC.tobediscussedD.todiscuss6.Thefood_____atthemomentisforthedinnerparty.A.cookedB.tobecookedC.isbeingcookedD.beingcooked7.Doyouknowtheteacher_____underthebigtree?A.readB.readsC.readingD.beingread【试题答案】1.CSusan正是我认为作了好事的那位女孩。先行词theverygirl在从句中做think的宾语，同时又是后面宾语从句didthegooddeed.的主语，所以关系词不能用whom2.C定语从句_____hecouldbuyatrainticket.修饰先行词money：用这笔钱买火车票。关系词前面需要加介词：with3.C定语从句_____hedevotedmuchtime意思是：他把大量的时间都投入在这本书上了。devote….tosth.关系词前加介词：to4.A定语从句_____Iwasgivenanopportunitytoactintheplay修饰先行词theday：先行词theday在从句中做时间状语：在这一天我得到了扮演一个角色的机会。5.C短语_____tomorrow做定语修饰thequestion，根据表达的内容：明天即将被讨论的问题。应当用不定式的被动结构做定语。6.D短语_____atthemoment做thefood的定语,表示：正在做的食物。Beingdone做定语表示：正在被……的……。7.C现在分词短语readingunderthebigtree做定语修饰theteacher表示：正在大树下看书的那位老师。情态动词1.情态动词的推测表达2.情态动词表达虚拟语气3.某些情态动词的特殊用法知识重点与难点总结知识重点：情态动词在表达推测意义的句子中的运用：（一）用情态动词表达事实的推测。can，could，might，may，must可以用来表达对事实的推测。根据说话人对事实的把握性大小，must表示“肯定…”，may/might/can/could表示“可能……”，must只用于肯定句中，may/might的否定式maynot/mightnot表示“可能不……”,而can/could可以用于疑问句，表示“可能，可能……吗?”，其否定式can’t/couldn’t表示“不可能”。用情态动词可以对现在或过去的事实进行推测。对不同的时间内容推测有不同的结构。（二）对现在的事实进行推测：主要结构：…must/may/might+动词原形be+名词/形容词/介词短语be+doing例句：1.YoumustbeJeanne.I’mMathildeLoisel.Weusedtoknoweachotherverywell.2.Theymustbeinbedalreadyatthistimeofthenight.3.Theteachermustbejoking.4.Fredaisn’tinclass.Shemustbesick.5.Theremustbesomethingwrong.6.Shemightbeveryclever,butshehasn’tgotmuchcommonsense.7.Hemaybearrivingthisevening.8.Hemaybetravelingaroundtheworld.9.Thekeyscan’tbeintheroom.Ihavejustsearcheditverycarefully.10.Canthenewsbetrue?（三）对过去的事实进行推测：结构：情态动词+havedone/been+名词/形容词/介词短语例句：1.Mrs.Longmansmusthavebeenaprettygirlinheryouth.2.Hecouldn’thaveseenAnnayesterday.She’sgoneabroad.3.IthinkImusthaveleftmyglassesinthelibrary.4.Hemighthaveoversleptagain.5.WherecanTomhavegone?情态动词表达虚拟语气：表达“本来…”，“不然早就…”。这是情态动词的一种虚拟语气用法。表示说话人所讲的与所发生的事实相反。表达了说话人的埋怨，后悔的语气。其结构是在一些情态动词后面加havedone结构。根据要表达的意思，有如下结构：shouldhavedone/oughttohavedone：本应该……shouldn’thavedone/oughtn’ttohavedone：本不该……couldhavedone：本来可以……needn’thavedone：本来没必要……wouldliketohavedone：本来很想……wouldrathernothavedone:本来不愿意……could/might/havedone:不然早就……例句：1.Youshouldn’thavelaughedathismistakes.2.Youcouldhavetoldusearlier.3.Ioughttohaveboughtthatdictionarylastweek.4.Yououghtnottohavespentsomuchtimeinreadingnovels.5.Weneednothavebeeninatearinghurrytocatchthetrain.6.Theywouldliketohaveseenthatfilmlastfilm.7.Ifhehadgivenmehisnumber,Icouldhavetelephonedhim.8.Theymighthavebeenfrozentodeathbutfortherescueintime.知识难点：某些情态动词的特殊用法：need和dare的两种形式的用法need和dare可以用做实义动词，后面接不定式（todo）结构，在疑问句和否定句中，加助动词do/does/did/或don’t/doesn’t/didn’t。作为情态动词使用时，主要用于疑问句和否定句中。情态动词needn’t（没有必要，不必）相当于don’thaveto例句：1.Itiscold,youneedtowearsomewarmclothes.2.NeedIstayherewithyouforawhile?Thankyou,youneedn’t.3.Howdareyouspeaktoparentslikethat?注意：句型Idaresay+从句。意思是：我肯定……=I’msure或Thereisnodoubtthat+从句。例句：IdaresaythatmyunclewillgetthemoneyifIdie.will和would表示“意志”或“愿意”，would则指过去愿意做……例句：1.Hesaidthathewouldhelpus.2.Youmaytelephoneifyouwillacceptthisjob.would可以表达“过去习惯做……”类似于“usedtodo”例句：1.Whenwewerechildren,wewouldgoswimmingeverysummerinthatriver.表示请求，固定的句型：Will/Wouldyoupleasedo…?/Wouldyouliketodo…?例句：Will/Wouldyoupleasegivehimamessagewhenyouseehim?shall1.用于第一，三人称，表示“请求”；“建议”或“推荐”例句：1.Shallwestartthemeetingnow?2.ShallIwatchTVnow?3.Shallmysoncarrythecaseforyou?2.用于第二人称，表示“命令，“要求”，“许诺”例句：1.Youshalltakewhateveryoulike.2.Youshallnotgotothepartywithmeifyoumakesomuchnoiseagain.在表示推测的否定句或疑问句中，常用can/can’t/could/couldn’t表示，意思是：“可能…吗?”；“…不可能…”。而不能使用mustn’t或must等词。【典型例题】1.—Doyouthinkhewilldomeafavor?—AsfarasIknow,heisthelastonetohelpothers.He_____bepreparedtogiveyouahand,though.A.mightB.mustC.canD.should分析：本题考查情态动词推测性用法。根据heisthelastonetohelpothers.（他是最不可能帮助别人的人），既然如此，那么“帮助你”的可能性也就最小了。答案为A2.—Look,someoneiscoming.Guesswhoit____be?—Ithinkit___beTom.—Idon’tthinkit___be____.A.can;must;can;heB.may;can;must;himC.must;can;must;hisD.might;must;can;himself分析：根据备选答案。can表示推测时用于疑问句或否定句中。本题首句就应该是Guesswhocanitbe?第二句应该是IthinkitmustbeTom.（说话人十分肯定）。第三句表达了说话人对前一个人的否定。即：Idon’tthinkitcanbehim/he.（不可能是他）。答案为A3.—DoyouknowMs.Wanglikeswalkingaftersupper?—Sure.She____aroundthecampusnow.A.mustbewalkingB.mustwalkC.maywalkD.maybewalking分析：关键词Sure告诉我们说话人的口气十分肯定。根据句子语境：她此刻肯定正在校园散步呢。mustbedoing表示肯定正在做。答案为A4.—IstayedatahotelinNewYork.—Oh,didyou?You_____withBarbara.A.couldhavestayedB.couldstayC.wouldsayD.musthavestayed分析：首句说：我在纽约住在一家宾馆里。在此ahotel是泛指。所以D选项不合题意。第二句在说：你本来可以和Barbara.住在一起的。Couldhavedone表示：本来可以。答案为A5.Whydidn’tyoutellmetherewasnomeetingtoday?I_____allthewayherethroughtheheavysnow.A.needn’thavedrivenB.can’thavedrivenC.mustn’thavedrivenD.shouldn’thavedriven分析：根据句意：你为什么不告诉我今天没有会？我本来没必要冒着大雪开车跑这么多路。Needn’thavedone表示本来没必要。答案为A6.Iwasreallyanxiousaboutyou.You_____homewithoutaword.A.mustn’tleaveB.shouldn’thaveleftC.couldn’thaveleftD.needn’tleave分析：根据句意：我真的很担心你，你真不应该一句话都不说就离开家。“离开家”已经发生了。Shouldhavedone正好表达了本句的意思。答案为B7.A：AreyoucomingtoJeff’sparty?B：I’mnotsure.I_____gototheconcertinstead.A.mustB.wouldC.shouldD.might分析：根据B的回答：我不一定去，我有可能去听音乐会。Might表示推测：可能。答案为D8.A：Ipromisethatshe____getanicepresentonherbirthday.B：Willitbeabigsurprisetoher?A.shouldB.mustC.wouldD.shall分析：A说：“我答应她在生日聚会上她会得到一份生日礼物。shall表示许诺。答案为D与it有关的主要句型it强调句型知识总结归纳：（一）it用做形式主语或形式宾语：根据句子结构的需要，it用做形式主语或形式宾语，而真正的主语或宾语（todo短语，doing短语，名词性从句）则放在句尾。主要句型：It’s+形容词/名词+连词+名词性从句todosth.doingsth.find/make/think/feelit+形容词/名词+连词+名词性从句todosth.doingsth.例句：1.ItwillbecomemoreandmoreimportanttohaveagoodknowledgeofEnglish.2.It’susualforclosefriendstohavesimilarideasandbeliefs.3.It’sapitythatIdidn’tthinkofitearlier.4.It’snousegoingtheresoearly.5.Outteacherthinksitnogoodlearningwithoutpractice.6.Didn’tImakeitcleartoyouthatIwasnotcoming?7.Wefounditstrangethatnoonewouldtakethemoney.（二）其他句型1.Ittakes+时间段+sb.+todosth.2.表示“据说，据报道，/人们认为/相信/建议等It’ssaidthat…….It’sreportedthat……It’sbelieved/thought/suggestedthat……例句：1.Itgenerallytakestimetoreachthispoint—beingonthesamewavelength.2.Itisbelievedthatthetwochildrenwentoffexploring（探险）ontheirownandgetstuckonthecliff.3.It’ssuggestedthatweshouldhaveameetingtodiscusstheproblem.4.Itwasoncepredicted（预测）thatBritishandAmericanEnglishwouldbecomeseparatelanguagesfinally.（三）it在强调句型中：在英语中，为了突出强调句子的某一个成分（谓语除外），达到强调或使听话人特别注意这一部分的目的。便形成了一种强调句型。Itis/was+被强调的部分+that/who+句子的其他部分。Itis/wasnotuntil+时间+that+句子的其他部分。例句：1.IsawJohnonmywaytoschoolthismorning.ItwasJohnwho/thatIsawonmywaytoschoolthismorning.ItwasonmywaytoschoolthatIsawJohnthismorning.ItwasthismorningthatIsawJohnonmywaytoschool.2.ItwashisbestsuitthatJohnworetothedancelastnight.3.Itwasnotuntil1920thatregularradiobroadcastbegan.4.Itwasthestrangewaythingslookedandsoundedinmyfamiliarroomatnightthatfrightenedmesomuch.5.Itwasthekindnessandsympathyintheireyesthatpreventedmefromdoingso.知识难点：（一）注意强调句型的变形，即以一般疑问句或特殊疑问句的形式出现的强调句型。1.WhatisitthatJoecan’tfindinthebathroom?2.WherewasitthatyoumettheforeignguestsfromAustralia?3.Ican’tquiterememberwhenitwasthatwemarried.4.Wasitbecausehewasveryillthatheaskedforleave?（二）是强调句型还是that主语从句或其他复合句1.ItisafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.2.Itisthesepoisonousproductsthatcancausethesymptomsoftheflu,suchasheadacheandachingmuscles.3.Itwasalmostteno’clockwhenoursoldierscamebackfromthefront.4.Wasitinthisplacethatthelastkingdied?（三）注意强调句型中被强调部分带有定语从句WasitattheairbattleonJune8,1944,whichwasledbyCaptainJohnsonthatPeterlosthislife.【典型例题】一.单项选择：1.Idon’tthinkpossibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemory.A.thisB.thatC.itsD.it分析：本题考查it做形式宾语的句型。“我认为没有大量的记忆掌握一门外语是不可能的。”故选择D2.Doesmatterifhecan’tfinishthejobontime?A.thisB.thatC.heD.it分析：本题考查it做形式主语的句型：如果他没能按时完成工作的话，这很要紧吗？故选择D3.Tom’smotherkepttellinghimthatheshouldworkharder,butdidn’thelp.A.heB.whichC.sheD.it分析：本题考查it的代词用法。It指上一句的内容：Tom的母亲始终告诉他应该努力学习。故选择D4.isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It分析：本题考查it做形式主语的句型：英语正在作为一种国际性语言被接受是一个事实。选择D5.Itwasinthesmallhouse___wasbuiltwithstonesbyhisfather___hespenthischildhood.A.which;thatB.that;whereC.which;whichD.that;which分析：本题考查带有定语从句的强调句型用法。句中：“___wasbuiltwithstonesbyhisfather的定语从句。被强调的部分是inthesmallhouse___wasbuiltwithstonesbyhisfather。根据句意：他正是在他父亲用石头盖的房子里度过了他的童年。故选择A主谓一致知识总结归纳（一）概述：主语与谓语的一致：在英语表达中，谓语动词的形式要和主语的人称和数保持一致。主要体现在be动词，助动词do,have以及一般现在时态中的动词形式。谓语动词与主语保持一致的基本原则：语法一致，就近一致和意义一致。名词或代词做主语有人称和单，复数之分，动词的单数就是第三人称单数形式，而动词的复数形式即动词的原形。例句：1.Iamseventeen,andheissixteen.2.Thereisadeskintheroom,buttherearenochairsinit.3.Johngetsupatsixo’clockeverymorning.4.WhatisthelatestnewsabouttheOlympicGames?5.Thefamilyaresittingatthebreakfasttable.（二）语法一致：1.由and连接的两个名词或代词做主语：（1）这部分主语表示的是两个人或两件不同的事物，谓语动词用复数形式。例句：①MybrotherandIhavebothseenthatfilm.②BothriceandwheataregrowninthispartofChina.③Thepoetandthenovelistwerebothpresentatthemeeting.④Reading,writingandarithmeticarecalledthethreeR’s.（2）这部分主语表示具有两个身份或性质的同一个人或一个完整的事物，谓语动词用单数形式。例句：①Theprofessorandwriterisspeakingatthemeeting.②Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.③Onemoreknifeandforkisneeded.④Thestatesmanandpoetwasengagedinwarfareallhislife.⑤Lawandorderhasbeenestablished.⑥Breadandbutterisourdailyfood.⑦Fishandchipsisapopularfastfood.⑧ThestarsandstripesisthenationalflagofU.S.A.（3）这部分主语前面有each,every,manya,no等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。例句：①Eachdoctorand（each）nursewasgivenanewshirt.②Nosoundandnovoiceisheard.③Manyaboyandgirlhasmadethesamemistake.④Everyminuteandeverysecondisprecious.2.动名词，不定式，主语从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例句：①Readingisagreatpleasureinlife.②Tolivemeanstocreate.③Thatweneedmoretimeisobvious.④Whatisneededisfoodandmedicine.3.表示时间，金钱，距离，重量的复数名词表示数量做主语时，被视为一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。例句：①Threethousandmilesisalongdistance.②Eighthoursofsleepisenough.4.不定代词anyone,anything,everyone,everything,someone,something,noone,nothing,eachtheother等做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例句：①Isanybodygoingtotellhimthenews?②Someonewantstoseeyou.（三）就近原则由连词or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,连接的两个名词或代词做主语时，谓语动词和离它最近的哪个名词或代词的人称和数一致。例句：1.EitheryouorJeanistobesenttoNewZealand.2.NotonlyhisfamilybutalsohelikesChaplin’smovies.3.NeitherTomnortheBrownsenjoytheirjourneytoBeijingowingtothebadweather.4.GeorgeorTomiswanted.注意：Therebe句型中be的形式由它后面的第一个名词的数决定。例句：1.Therearen’tanylettersinthemailforyoutoday.2.Thereisalamp,twopensandthreebooksonthedesk.3.Herearesomeenvelopesandpaperforyou.名词后面带有with,alongwith,togetherwith,besides,except,but,like,including,aswellas,ratherthan短语共同做主语时，谓语动词与这些短语前面的那个名词的数一致。例句：1.Allbutonewereherejustnow.2.Alibrarywithfivethousandbooksisofferedtothatnationasagift.3.Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.4.YouaswellasIarewrong.（四）意义一致1.代词none,neither,all的不可数形式还是复数形式由它们指的内容决定例句：（1）Allhopehasgone.（2）Allareagreedonthispoint.（3）—Isthereanymilkinthefridge?—No,thereisnone.（4）Nonehasreturnedfromthemeeting.2.集合名词g