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L15-1

Lesson15CSMA/CDandIEEE802Text1CarrierSenseMultipleAccesswithCollisionDetectionKeyPoints要点冲突域向后/前兼容IEEEStd802.3来回时间Isolate、insulate理解课文Carriersensemultipleaccesswithcollisiondetection(CSMA/CD)isamediaaccesscontrolmethodusedmostnotably尤其inlocalareanetworkusingearlyEthernettechnology.Itusesacarriersensingschemeinwhichatransmittingdatastationdetectsothersignalswhiletransmittingaframe,andstopstransmittingthatframe,transmitsajamsignal,andthenwaitsforarandomtimeintervalbeforetryingtoresendtheframe.CSMA/CDisamodificationofpurecarriersensemultipleaccess(CSMA).CSMA/CDisusedtoimproveCSMAperformancebyterminatingtransmissionassoonasacollisionisdetected,thusshorteningthetimerequiredbeforearetrycanbeattempted.shorten和liken都是形容词加en构成的动词。enhance加强,improve改进,increase增加。Thejamsignalorjammingsignalisasignalthatcarriesa32-bitbinarypattern模式

sentbyadatastationtoinformtheotherstationsofthecollisionandthattheymustnottransmit.Themaximumjam-timeiscalculatedasfollows:ThemaximumalloweddiameterofanEthernetinstallationislimitedto232bits.Thismakesaround-trip-timeof464bits.Astheslot间隙

timeinEthernetis512bits,thedifferencebetweenslottimeandround-trip-timeis48bits(6bytes),whichisthemaximum“jam-time”.Thisinturn反过来means:Astationnotingacollisionhasoccurredissendinga4byteslongpatterncomposedof161-0bitscombinations.Note:Thesizeofthisjamsignalisclearlybeyondtheminimumallowedframe-sizeof64bytes.Thepurposeofthisistoensurethatanyothernodewhichmaycurrentlybereceivingaframewillreceivethejamsignalinplaceofthecorrect32-bitMACCRC(CyclicRedundancyCheck),whichcausestheotherreceiverstodiscard

抛弃theframeduetoaCRCerror.In10megabitsharedmediumEthernet,ifacollisionerroroccursafterthefirst512bitsofdataaretransmittedbythetransmittingstation,alatecollision后期冲突

issaidtohaveoccurred.Importantly,latecollisionsarenotre-sentbytheNICunlikecollisionsoccurringbeforethefirst64octets八位字节;itisleftfortheupperlayersoftheprotocolstacktodeterminethattherewaslossofdata.AsacorrectlysetupCSMA/CDnetworklinkshouldnothavelatecollisions,theusualpossiblecausesarefull-duplex/half-duplexmismatch不匹配,exceededEthernetcablelengthlimits,ordefectivehardwaresuchasincorrectcabling,non-compliant不允许numberofhubsinthenetwork,orabadNIC.CSMA/CDwasusedinnow-obsolete废弃

sharedmediaEthernetvariants变体

(10Base5,10Base2)andintheearlyversionsoftwisted-pairEthernetwhichusedrepeaterhubs.ModernEthernetnetworks,builtwithswitchesandfull-duplexconnections,nolongerneedtoutilizeCSMA/CDbecauseeachEthernetsegment,orcollisiondomain,isnowisolated隔离的.CSMA/CDisstillsupportedforbackwardscompatibilityandforhalf-duplexconnections.IEEEStd802.3,whichdefinesallEthernetvariants,forhistoricalreasonsstillbears被称为

thetitle“Carriersensemultipleacce

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