Unit 1 Reading and Thinking 分层作业（解析版）

Unit1Period1ReadingandThinkingI.拓展词汇①frustratedadj.懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的→frustratev.使恼怒；挫败→frustrationn.懊恼；沮丧；挫败②contradictoryadj.相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的→contradictv.同……矛盾；否认；反驳③infectionn.感染；传染→infectvt.使感染；传染→infectiousadj.感染的；传染的④multipleadj.数量多的；多种多样的→multiplyv.乘；(使)相乘；(使)增加；(使)繁殖⑤transformvt.使改观；使改变形态vi.改变；转变→transformationn.改观；改变Ⅱ.短语背诵1.onceandforall最终地；彻底地 2.subscribeto同意；赞同3.thanksto幸亏；由于 4.intime及时；迟早5.betoblame(对某事)负有责任 6.asaresultof因为7.attendto照顾 8.ingeneral一般地；从总体上看9.alinkbetween...and...……与……之间的联系I.单句语法填空1.Hewas__________angrythathelefttheroomwithoutaword.2.Itseems__________youdon’twanttogothere.3.Hewantstohavehiseyes__________(examine)tomorrow.4.Ourschool__________(see)greatchangesinthelastfewyears.5.UsingthemoneyIearnedintheholiday,I__________(subscribe)toseveralmagazinesrecently.6.Thetranslatorwas__________(blame)forthemisunderstanding.7.Thanks__________themovie,shewastransformed(transform)almostovernightfromanunknownschoolgirlintoamegastar.8.Thepolicesuspectedhim__________tellingalieabouthismovementslastnight.9.Thisspeciesofbirdis__________thedecreaseinnumbereveryyear.10.Theywentontothenexttown,wherethey__________(link)upwiththeotherparty.【答案】1.so2.that3.examined4.hasseen5.havesubscribed6.toblame7.to8.of9.on10.linkedII.语法填空QianXuesen,orHsue-shenTsien(11December1911—31October2009),wasaChinesemathematician,aerospaceengineerandphysicist,1madesignificantcontributionstothefieldofaerodynamics(空气动力学).AftergraduatingfromahighschoolinBeijing,Qian2(admit)intoShanghaiJiaotongUniversityin1934.InAugust1935,QianleftChina3(study)mechanicalengineeringattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)onascholarship,whereheobtainedaMasterofSciencedegreeafteroneyearLater,QianleftfortheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology(Caltech)andstudiedunderTheodorevonKarman,whowasregardedas4outstandingscientistofthe20thcentury.ShortlyafterarrivingatCaltech,Qianwasinvolved5rocket-relatedexperimentsatalaboratoryatCaltech.Hereceivedhisdoctor’sdegreefromCaltechin1939.DuringWorldWarIIQianhelpedprepareananalysisoftheGermanrocketprogramfortheUS.6,QianhaddifficultyadjustingtoAmericancultureandhisstrongpersonalattachmenttoChinacausedsuspicions(怀疑).Throughaseriesof7(effort),Qianwas8(ultimate)allowedtoreturntoChinawithhiswifeandkidsseveralyearslater.Tohissurprise,9hereceivedinChinawasahero’swelcomefromtheChinesegovernment.Heearnedthetitle“thefatherofChina’saerospace”,becausehepersonallytrainedthefirstgenerationofChina’saerospaceengineers.Qian’sloveforChinaandhis10(determine)totherevitalization(复兴)ofChinamadehimawell-respectedscientistinthehistoryofChina.【答案】1.who2.wasadmitted3.tostudy4.an5.in6.However7.efforts8.ultimately9.what10.determination【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了钱学森的人生经历。1.考查定语从句。句意：钱学森，或称许慎谦（1911年12月11日－2009年10月31日），中国数学家、航空航天工程师和物理学家，在空气动力学领域做出了重大贡献。分析句子结构可知，此处使用了非限制性定语从句，先行词为QianXuesen指人在从句中作主语，关系代词只能用who，故填who。2.考查被动语态。句意：钱从北京一所高中毕业后，于1934年考入上海交通大学。根据时间状语in1934，可知，陈述过去所发生的事情要使用一般过去时，Qian与admit之间为被动关系，使用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为第三人称单数，故填wasadmitted。3.考查非谓语动词。句意：1935年8月，钱获得奖学金离开中国，前往麻省理工学院学习机械工程，一年后获得理学硕士学位。分析句子结构可知，句中已含有一个谓语动词且没有连接词，此处需使用非谓语动词，结合句意，此处要使用不定式作目的状语，故填tostudy。4.考查冠词。句意：后来，钱去了加州理工学院，师从西奥多·冯·卡曼，后者被认为是20世纪杰出的科学家。分析句子结构可知，scientist“科学家”可数名词单数表泛指，前边缺少不定冠词，outstanding以元音音素开头，要使用不定冠词an，故填an。5.考查介词。句意：抵达加州理工学院后不久，钱在加州理工大学的一个实验室参与了与火箭相关的实验。短语beinvolvedin“参与”符合句意，故填in。6.考查副词。句意：然而，钱很难适应美国文化，他对中国的强烈个人依恋引起了怀疑。结合上下句句意可知，两者之间为转折关系，使用However“然而”表转折符合句意，位于句首注意首字母要大写，故填However。7.考查名词。句意：经过一系列努力，钱最终被允许在几年后带着妻子和孩子返回中国。短语aseriesof“一系列”后要加可数名词复数，故填efforts。8.考查副词。句意：经过一系列努力，钱最终被允许在几年后带着妻子和孩子返回中国。分析句子结构可知，此处要使用副词修饰动词作状语，故填ultimately。9.考查主语从句。句意：令他惊讶的是，他在中国受到了中国政府的英雄般的欢迎。分析句子结构可知，此处使用了主语从句，从句中缺少主语，结合句意可知，此处使用疑问代词what符合句意，故填what。10.考查名词。句意：钱其琛对中国的热爱和振兴中国的决心使他成为中国历史上备受尊敬的科学家。分析句子结构可知，形容词性物主代词his后要使用名词作主语，故填determination。I.阅读理解Heisregardedashavingoneofthebrightestmindsontheplanet.Butoutstandingastrophysicist(天体物理学家)StephenHawkinghasadmittedthathedidnotlearntoreaduntilhewaseightyearsold.InapubliclectureattheRoyalAlbertHall,ProfessorHawkingalsoadmittedthathewasnotactiveinstudyingwhileatOxfordUniversity,wherehestudiedphysics,andthatonlythediagnosisthathemightdieyoungfrommotorneuron(神经元)diseasemadehimconcentrateonhiswork.ProfessorHawkingsaid,“MysisterPhilippacouldreadbytheageof4andshewasdefinitelybrighterthanme.”Hesaidthathewasunexceptionalatschoolandwasneverfurtherthanhalfwayuphisclass.“Myclassworkwasveryuntidy,andmyhandwritingwasthedespairofmyteachers,”hesaid.“ButmyclassmatesgavemethenicknameEinstein,sopresumablytheysawsignsofsomethingbetter.”Buthesaidthatitwaswhendoctorstoldhimthatheprobablyonlyhadafewyearstoliveattheageof21thatgalvanised(刺激)himintofocusingonhisworkandaperiodofproductivitythatresultedinsomeofhisearlybreakthroughs.Hesaid,“Whenyouarefacedwiththepossibilityofanearlydeath,itmakesyourealisethatlifeisworthlivingandtherearelotsofthingsyouwanttodo.”1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?A.StephenHawkingisthesecondEinsteinintheworld.B.StephenHawkingcouldn’treadattheageof7.C.StephenHawking’shandwritingwasonceterriblybad.D.StephenHawking’ssisteronceperformedmuchbetterthanhim.2.WhichwordcanbeusedtodescribeHawkingwhenhestudiedatOxfordUniversity?A.Clever. B.Lazy. C.Ambitious. D.Mean.3.FromwhomdidHawkinggetarelativelyjustrespectwhenhewasatschool?A.Hissister. B.Hisclassmates. C.Histeachers. D.Hisparents.4.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A.Hislifemightbetakenawaybylonghardwork.B.ItwaspossibleforHawkingtofacetheearlydeath.C.StephenHawkingdidn’trealisehisdreamsinphysics.D.Thepurposeofthedoctor’sdiagnosiswastoencouragehimtoworkhard.【答案】1.A2.B3.B4.B【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，介绍了传奇科学家史蒂芬·霍金的故事。1.细节理解题。根据第三段的“ButmyclassmatesgavemethenicknameEinstein,sopresumablytheysawsignsofsomethingbetter.（但我的同学给我起了个绰号叫爱因斯坦，所以他们大概看到了更好的东西的迹象。）”可知，绰号“爱因斯坦”是同学给起的，但并不意味着他就是第二个爱因斯坦。故选A。2.推理判断题。根据第二段“InapubliclectureattheRoyalAlbertHall,ProfessorHawkingalsoadmittedthathewasnotactiveinstudyingwhileatOxfordUniversity,（在皇家阿尔伯特音乐厅的一次公开演讲中，霍金教授还承认，他在牛津大学期间学习并不积极）”可知，霍金在牛津大学期间是懒惰的。故选B。3.细节理解题。根据第三段“‘Myclassworkwasveryuntidy,andmyhandwritingwasthedespairofmyteachers,’hesaid.‘ButmyclassmatesgavemethenicknameEinstein,sopresumablytheysawsignsofsomethingbetter.’（“我的作业很不整洁，我的字让老师们很失望。”他说。“但我的同学给我起了个爱因斯坦的外号，所以他们可能看到了更好的东西。”）”可知，尽管老师不看好他，但同学们仍给他“爱因斯坦”绰号，说明同学们比较尊重他。故选B。4.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Hesaid,“Whenyouarefacedwiththepossibilityofanearlydeath,itmakesyourealisethatlifeisworthlivingandtherearelotsofthingsyouwanttodo.”（他说，“当你面临过早死亡的可能性时，它会让你意识到生命是值得活下去的，你有很多事情想做”）”可知，本段讲述他有可能要面对英年早逝的不幸事实。故选B。II.七选五HowtoSucceedinScienceTosucceedinscience,youneedalotmorethanluck.Inmyview,youhavetocombineintelligencewithawillingnessnottofollowconventionswhentheyblockyourforwardpath.Thus,thesehavecometobemyrulesforsuccess.1Thatmightsoundproud,butthefactisthatyoumustalwaysturntopeoplewhoarebrighterthanyou.It’slikeplayinganygame.Evenasachild,IneverwantedtoplaygameswithanyonewhowasasbadasIwas.Ifyouwin,itgivesyounopleasure.Andinthegameofscienceorlife,thehighestgoalisn’tsimplytowin;it’stowinatsomethingreallydifficult.2Takerisks.Tomakeahugesuccess,ascientisthastobepreparedtogetintodeeptrouble.Ifyouaregoingtomakeahugejumpinscience,youwillverylikelybeunqualifiedtosucceedbydefinition.3Thiscanbemorethanpersonallyupsetting.Neverdoanythingthatboresyou.Myexperienceinscienceisthatsomeoneisalwaystellingyoutodothings,andthenleavesyoualone.I'mnotgoodenoughtodowellinsomethingIdislike.4It’sveryhardtosucceedifyoudon’twanttobewithotherscientists,becauseyouhavetogotokeymeetingswhereyouspotkeyfactsthatwouldhaveescapedyou.Andyouhavetochatwithyourcompetitors,evenifyoufindthemobjectionable.Somyfinalruleis:5A.Avoidfoolishpeople.B.Meetchallengeswithgreatcourage.C.Infact,IfindithardtodowellinsomethingIlike.D.Ifyoucan’tstandbeingwithyourrealpeers,getoutofscience.E.Besureyoualwayshavesomeonetosaveyoufromadeepmess.F.Besides,youevenhavetobepreparedtodisbelieveyourscientificheroes.G.Putanotherway,it’stogosomewherebeyondyourabilityandcomeoutontop.【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何在科学上取得成功。1.A根据设空处后的内容可知，只有和比自己聪明的人在一起才能学到东西，所以此处应表示：避免和愚蠢的人在一起。故选A。2.G根据设空处前一句可知，在科学或生活的游戏中，最高的目标不仅仅是获胜，而是在一些非常困难的事情上获胜。换句话说，要通过克服困难来超越自我，使自己取得成功。G项是对前一句的进一步解释。3.F根据设空处前的内容可知，如果想取得很大的成功，科学家必须准备好深陷困境中。结合设空处后一句可知，设空处会提到使你感到沮丧的情况。F项“此外，甚至也要准备好怀疑你心中的科学英雄”符合语境。4.C根据设空处前一句中的“dowellinsomethingIdislike”可知，在科学研究中，对于自己不喜欢的事情做不好，但对于自己喜欢的事情也不一定能做好。故选C。5.D根据上一段的内容可知，要和其他科学家交流，从而发现自己忽略的关键事实，甚至要和你的竞争对手交流，即使你觉得他们令人反感。也就是说，如果你无法忍受与你的地位真正相当的人一起工作，你就不要进行科学研究了。故选D。Ⅲ.完形填空Doyouthinkyouhavewhatittakestobeasuccessfulscientist?Asuccessfulscientistisgenerallyagoodobserver.Hemakesfulluseofthefactsheobserves.Hedoesn’tacceptideaswhicharenot1onobviousfacts,andtherefore2toacceptauthorityastheonlyreasonfortruth.Healwayschecksideas3andmakesexperimentstoprovethem.Theriseofmodernsciencemayperhapsbeconsideredto4asfarbackasthetimeofRogerBacon,thewonderfulphilosopherofOxford.HewasprobablythefirstpersonintheMiddleAgesto5thatweshouldlearnsciencebyobservingandexperimentingonthethingsaroundus,andhehimself6manyimportanttruths.However,Galileo,wholivedmorethan300yearslater,wasthegreatestofseveralgreatmeninItaly,France,Germany,andEngland,whobegantoshowhowmanyimportant7couldbediscoveredbyobservation.BeforeGalileo,learnedmenbelievedthatlargebodiesfellmore8towardstheearththansmallones,becauseAristotlesaidso.ButGalileowenttothetopoftheLeaningTowerofPisaanddroppedtwo9stones,provingAristotlewaswrong.ItisGalileo’s10ofgoingdirectlytonature,andprovingour11andtheoriesbyexperiment,thathas12allthediscoveriesofmodernscience.What13thosepeoplegoodscientists?FromtheexampleofGalileo,wecansee14thatsuccessfulscientistsarethosewhoseobservationshave15betterresults.1.A.dependent B.based C.insisted D.centered2.A.refuses B.desires C.intends D.regrets3.A.casually B.carefully C.quickly D.privately4.A.look B.keep C.date D.turn5.A.command B.suspect C.predict D.conclude6.A.brought B.recorded C.discovered D.announced7.A.truths B.problems C.investigations D.subjects8.A.slowly B.rapidly C.lightly D.heavily9.A.big B.small C.similar D.unequal10.A.spirit B.skill C.theory D.wish11.A.plans B.opinions C.world D.ability12.A.ledto B.camewith C.setup D.putforward13.A.promises B.prevents C.considers D.makes14.A.likely B.clearly C.naturally D.unwillingly15.A.foreseen B.rejected C.produced D.challenged【答案】1.B2.A3.B4.C5.D6.C7.A8.B9.D10.A11.B12.A13.D14.B15.C【解析】本文是一篇议论文。作者通过实例阐述自己的一个观点：科学家应该是一个很好的观察者，不能盲目相信他人，应该通过观察和实验来获得正确的观点和理论。1.考查动词词义辨析。句意：他不接受没有事实根据的想法，因此拒绝接受权威是唯一的真相。A.dependent依靠的；B.based以……为基础，基于；C.insisted坚持；D.centered集中。根据“Hemakesfulluseofthefactsheobserves”可知，他利用观察到的事实，所以不接受没有事实根据的想法，“bebasedon”固定短语，“以……为基础”。故选B。2.考查动词词义辨析。句意：他不接受没有事实根据的想法，因此拒绝接受权威是唯一的真相。A.refuses拒绝；B.desires渴望；C.intends打算；D.regrets后悔。根据本句“Hedoesn’tacceptideaswhicharenot1onobviousfacts”可知，前后为因果关系，不接受没有事实根据的想法，因此拒绝接受权威是唯一的真相。故选A。3.考查副词词义辨析。句意：他总是仔细检查想法，并进行实验来证明它们。A.casually随便地；B.carefully仔细地；C.quickly迅速地；D.privately私下地。根据“Healwayschecksideas”和下文“andmakesexperimentstoprovethem”可知，此处介绍好的科学家的品质，故应为仔细检查想法。故选B。4.考查动词词义辨析。句意：现代科学的兴起或许可以认为可以追溯到罗杰·培根时代，牛津杰出的哲学家。A.look看；B.keep保留，维持；C.date约定，定日期；D.turn转变。根据下文的“HewasprobablythefirstpersonintheMiddleAgesto5thatweshouldlearnsciencebyobservingandexperimentingonthethingsaroundus”可知，罗杰·培根是中世纪第一个提出我们应该通过观察和实验我们周围的事物来学习科学，因此现代科学的兴起可能是追溯到他的时期。“datebackto”固定短语，“追溯到”。故选C。5.考查动词词义辨析。句意：他可能是中世纪第一个推断出我们应该通过观察和实验我们周围的事物来学习科学，他自己也发现了许多重要的真理。A.command命令；B.suspect怀疑；C.predict预测；D.conclude推断出。根据空后的宾语从句“thatweshouldlearnsciencebyobservingandexperimentingonthethingsaroundus”可知，推断出我们应该通过观察和实验我们周围的事物来学习科学。故选D。6.考查动词词义辨析。句意：他可能是中世纪第一个推断出我们应该通过观察和实验我们周围的事物来学习科学，他自己也发现了许多重要的真理。A.brought带来；B.recorded记录；C.discovered发现；D.announced宣布。根据空后宾语“manyimportanttruths”可知，他本人发现了很多重要的真理。故选C。7.考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，伽利略，生活在300多年以后，是意大利，法国，德国和英国，几个伟大的人物中最伟大的一个，开始说明，通过观察，可以逐步发现多少重要的真理。A.truths事实；真理；B.problems问题；C.investigations调查；D.subjects主题。根据空后“couldbediscoveredbyobservation”以及上文“manyimportanttruths”可知，很多真理可以通过观察而被发现。故选A。8.考查副词词义辨析。句意：在伽利略之前，学者们相信大的物体比小