专题03说明文阅读-2023高考英语阅读分文体解析

2023高考英语阅读分文体解析？

专题03说明文阅读

【文体特点】

说明文用平实的语言客观地解释或探讨各种问题，如机器的制造过程、自然或社会现象产生的原因、

介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果等等。说明文可分为三种类型：描写某事物的性质功用，即“对

象+性质功用+利好”；针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施，即“问题+解决方法”；介绍某现象及其原因和

结果，即“现象+原因+结果:

说明事物可采用多种方式：例如举例、分类法或类比、对匕法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因

以及后果。无论采用什么说明方法，作者都是为了说明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。

因此阅读说明文时应着重找出所说明事物的定义及其特点。

【做题步骤】

说明文的阅读步骤可概括为

1.了解文章所说明是事物是什么。

2.找事物的定义及特点

【名题导解】

Whenaleafyplantisunderattack，itdoesn'tsitquietly.Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIan

Baldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboring

plainscangci.Thesechemicalsconefromihcinjuredpansoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whaitheplains

pumpthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds,VOCsforshort.

ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.It'saplant'swayofcrying

out.Butisanyonelistening?Apparently,Becausewecanwatchtheneighboursreact.

Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Buiothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpout

perfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,(hetables

areturned.Theattackerwhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,(hetablesareturned.The

attackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.

Instudyafterstudy,itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors.Thedamageisusually

mereseriousonthefirstplant,but:hcneighborsrelativelyspeaking,staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmand

knewwhattodo.

Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?Scientistsdon'tknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryof

painorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighbors

justhappenedto“overhear”thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged,butitwasn'tatrue,intentionalbackand

forth.

CharlesDarwin,over150yearsago,imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate（亲密的）thanthe

worldwecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.There'sawholelotgoingon.

首先，一定要重视第一段的阅读。通过阅读第一段可知主题句为第一句"Whenaleafyplantisunder

attack,itdoesn'tsitquietly”。这也是文章的主题句，更是文幸所要说明的现象。

其余各段只阅读首句即可。我们可以看到各段的首句也是该段的中心句。

第二段中心句是"ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked

第三段中心句是“Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.”

第四段中心句是"Instudyafterstudy,itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors”。

第五段中心句是"Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?Scientistsdon'tknow.,

第六段中心句是CharlesDarwin,over150yearsago,ima^necaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate

thantheworldwecanseeandhear.

由第一段可知所要论述的事物是一种现象一Whenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesn'tsitquietlyo

该现象的定义可概括为Whenyoungmapletreesarcgettingbittenbyinsects,theinjuredpartswillsendouta

particularsmellwhichisamixtureofchemicalscalledVOCsforshort.

由以下各个段落可知这一现象的特点为1.AUkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.2.Others

dodoubleduty.3.Thesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors.

我们再来看问题就会简单很多。

1.Whatdocsaplantdowhenitisunderattack?

A.Itmakesnoises.B.Itgetshelpfromotherplants.

C.ItstandsquietlyD.Itsendsoutceitainchemicals.

2.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“thetablesareturned''inparagraph3?

A.Theattackersgetattacked.

B.Theinsectsgatherunderthetable.

C.Theplantsgetreadytofightback.

D.Theperfumesattractnaturalenemies.

3.Scientistsfindfromtheirstudiesthatplantscan.

A.predictnaturaldisastersB.protectthemselvesagainstinsects

02/8

C.talktooneanotherintentionallyD.helptheirneighborswhennecessary

4.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A.Thewordischangingfasterthanever.

B.Peoplehavestrongersensesthanbefore

C.Theworldismorecomplexthanitseems

D.PeopleinDanvin'stimewereimaginative.

【答案解析】

1.D根据“reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthat

neighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm”

可知，当植物受到伤害时，会分泌一种特殊的化学物质。

2.A根据“Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch"，一旦

它们到达这里，这些攻击者就会受到植物的攻击，故选A。

28.B根据“ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked”及"Someplants

pumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.”可知学/科网答案选B。

3.C根据“imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate（亲密的）thantheworldwecanseeandhear.

Oursensesareweak.There'sawholelotgoingon”可知，这个世界远比我们看到或听到的更热闹、更亲密，

我们认知能力有限，有很多事仍在继续发生，远比我们想象的要复杂。故选C。

【实战演练】

A

TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanycloser

toitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle-namedtheTransition-hastwoseatswheels

andwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslast

month,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115inthefliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandbums

5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.

OOO.AndlOOpeoplehavealreadyputdowna$10,000deposittogetaTransitionwhentheygoonsale,and

thosenumberswilllikelyriseafterTerrafugiaintroducestheTransitiontothepubliclaterthisweekattheNew

YorkAutoShow.Butdon'texpectittoshowupintoomanydriveways.It'sexpectedtocost$279,000.Andit

won'thelpifyou'restuckintraffic.Thecarneedsarunway.

Inventorshavebeentryingtomakeflyingcarssincethe1930s,accordingtoRobertMann,anairlineindustry

expert.ButMannthinksTerrafugiahascomecloserthananyonetomakingtheflyingcarareality.The

governmenthasalreadypenniltedthecompanytousespecialmaterialstomakeiteasierfor(hevehicletofly.The

Transitionisnowgoingthroughcrashteststomakesureitmeetsfederalsafetystandards.

MannsaidTcrrafugiawashelpedbytheFederalAviationAdministration'sdecisionfiveyearsagotocreatea

separatesetofstandardsforlightsportaircraft,whicharclowerthanthoseforpilotsoflargerplanes.Tcrrafugia

saysanownerwouldneedtopassatestandcomplete20hoursofflyingtimetobeabletoflytheTransition,a

recuirementpilotswouldfindrelativelyeasytomeet.

1.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?

A.ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B.Theadvantagesofflyingcars.

C.Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.C.ThedesignersoftheTransition.

2.WhyistheTransitionunlikelytoshowupintoomanydriveways?

A.Itcauserstrafficjams.B.Itisdifficulttooperate.

C.Itisveryexpensive.D.Itbumstoomuchfuel.

3.Whatisthegovernment'sattitudetothedevelopmentoftheflyingcar?

A.CautiousB.Favorable.

C.Ambiguous.D.Disapproving.

4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.FlyingCaratAutoShowB.TheTransition'sFistFlight

C.Pilots5DreamCoiningTrueD.FlyingCarClosertoReality

【答案解析】

1.A根据“Thevchiclc-namcdtheTransition-hastwoscatswheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedriven

likeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1.400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesper

hourontheroadand115inthefliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandbums5gallonsperhourintheair.Onthe

ground,itgets35milespergallon.”可知选Ao

2.C根据Butdon'texpectittcshowupintoomanydriveways.Ifsexpectedtocost$279.U0U可知，因为

Transition的价格较高，所以不太可能在太多的马路上出现。故选C。

3.B根据hegovernmenthasalreadypermittedthecompanytousespecialmaterialstomakeiteasiertorthe

vehicletofly'MannsaidTcrrafugiawashelpedbytheFederalAviationAdministration'sdecisionfiveyearsago

tocreateaseparatesetofstandardsforlightsportaircraft可知,攻府对于飞车的研发是比较支持的。故选B。

4.D纵览全文，主要从飞车的试飞成功、飞车的构架以及多年以前人们对门飞车的设想至今成为现实

04/8

展开说明。故选D。

B

Ifyouareafruitgrower—orwouldliketobecomeone—takeadvantageofAppleDaytoseewhat's

around.IfscalledAppleDaybutinpracticeit'smorelikeAppleMonth.ThedayitselfisonOctober21,butsince

ithascaughton,eventsnowspreadoutovermostofOctoberaroundBritain.

Visitinganappleeventisagoodchancetosee,andoftentaste,awidevarietyofapples.Topeoplewhoare

usedtothelimitedchoiceofapplessuchasGoldenDeliciousandRoyalGalainsupermarkets,itcanbequitean

eyeopenertoseetherangeofclassicalapplesstillinexistence,suchasDeciowhichwasgrownbytheRomans.

Althoughitdoesn'ttasteofanythingspecial,it'sstillworthatry,asistheknobbly（多疙瘩的）Cat*SHeadwhich

isinoreofacuriosity（hananythingelse.

Therearealsovarietiesdevelopedtosuitspecificlocalconditions.Oneoftheverybestvarietiesfbreating

qualityisOrleansReinette,butyou'llneedawarm,shelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowit,soit'sapipe

dreamformostappleloverswhofallforit.

Attheevents,youcanmeetexpertgrowersanddiscusswhichoneswillbestsuityourconditions,and

becausethesearefamilyaffairs,childrenarewellcateredforwithapple-themedfunandgames.

AppleDaysarebeingheldatallsortsofplaceswithaninterestinfruit,includingstatelygardensand

commercialorchards（果园）.Ifyouwanttohavearealorchardexperience,tryvisitingtheNationalFruit

CollectionatBrogdale.nearFavershaminKent.

I.Whatcanpeopledoattheappleevents?

A.Attendexperts,lectures

B.Visitfruit-lovingfamilies

C.Plantfruittreesinanorchard

D.Tastemanykindsofapples

2.WhatcanwelearnaboutDecio?

A.Itisanewvariety

B.Ithasastrangelook

C.Itisrarelyseennow

D.Ilhasaspecialtaste

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“apipedream"inParagraph3mean?

A.Apracticalidea

B.Avainhope

C.Abrilliantplan

D.Aselfishdesire.

4.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?

A.Toshowhowtogrowapples

B.Tointroduceanapplefestival.

C.lbhelppeopleselectapples

D.Topromoteappleresearch.

【答案解析】

I.D根据第二段"Visitinganappleeventisagoodchancetosee,andoftentaste,awidevarietyofapples."nf

知，参加相关庆祝活动的人们可以品尝各种各样的苹果，故选D。

2.C由第二段的最后一句可知选C。

3.B由第三段内容可知选B。

4.B综合全文可知，作者向读者介绍了一个节日一一AppleDay,并推荐人们参加这个节日，故选B。

C

TheCrownePlazaHotelinCopenhagenisofferingafreemealtoanyguestwhoisabletoproduceelectricity

forthehotelonanexercisebikelinkedtoagenerator（发电机），Theideaistogetpeoplefitandreducetheir

carbonfootprint.Guestswillhavetoproduceatleast10watthoursofelectricity-roughly15minutesofcycling

forsomeoneofaveragefitness.GuestsstayingatPlazaHotelwillbegivenmeatticketsworth$36oncetheyhave

produced10watthoursofelectricity.Thebicycleswillhavesmartphonesattachedtothehandlebarsmeasuring

howmuchpowerisbeinggeneratedforthehotel.

Theplan,aworld-first,willstarton19Aprilandrunforayear.Onlyguestsstayingatthehotelwillbeable

totakepart.FrederikkeToenimergaard,hotelspokeswoman,said,“Manyofourvisitorsarebusinesspeoplewho

enjoygoingtothegym.Theremigntbepeoplewhowillcyclejusttogetatreemeal,butgenerallyIdon'tthink

peoplewilltakeadvantageofourprogramme,”

visitcopenhagen.dk.clingtraditionand36%oflocalscycletoworkeachday,oneofthehighestpercentages

intheworld,accordingtothewebsitevisitcopcnhagcn.dk.USenvironmentalwebsiterecently

votedCopenhagentheworld'sbestcityforcyclists."BecauseCopenhagenisstronglyconnectedwithcycling,

wefeltthebicyclewouldworkwellasasymbolofthehotel'sgreenprofile（形象）

06/8

Ifsuccessful,theelectricbicyclemealprogrammewillbespreadtoallCrownePlazahotelsintheUK,the

hotelsaidinastatement.（2016浙江阅读B）

I.Whatisthemainpurposeof（hefreemealprogramme?

A.Topromotethehotel'sgreenconcept.

B.Tomakethec