英语基础语法1

英语主干

L词汇

.时态一般进行完成完成进行

.动语

态抽动

*)

时间\

现在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时

sb.do/doesbedoinghave/hasdonehave/hasbeen

sth.bcdonebebeingdonehavc/hasbeendoing

sth.bedonedone

过去一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时X

sb.didwas/weredoinghaddone

sth.was/werewas/werebeinghadbeendone

donedone

将来一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时X

sb.willdowillbedoingwillhavedone

sth.willbewillbebeingwillhavebeen

clonedonedone

过去一般过去将来过去将来进行时过去将来完成时

将来sb.woulddowouldbedoingwouldhavedone

sth.wouldbewouldbebeingwouldhavebeen

donedonedone

sth.wouldbe

done

3.从句

1)主语从句2)宾语从句

3)表语从句4)定语从句

5)状语从句6)同位语从句

4.其他句型：包括强调句、倒装句、not...unitl句型、虚拟语气、英语四大规则等。

主语从句

I.主语从句：主语是个句子，或者说从句在句中充当主语.

1.当主语是陈述句时，连接词是that即：that(不省略)+该陈述句

Eg.1.)Tliatwewillbelateiscertain.(Wewillbelate.)

2.)Thathedidnotcomeyesterdayisapity.(Hedidnotcomeyesterday.)

(注意)主语从句that一定不能省略，而宾语从句中that可以省略。

Eg.I.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.(主语从句,that不能省略)

2.)Ihope(that)wewillwinthegame.(宾语从句,that可以省略)

2.当主语是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether(ornot)

即：whether(ornot)+该一般疑问句陈述语序

(注意)“if”不能引导主语从句，这要及宾语从句进行区分。

Eg.1.)Whetherhewillgothereisnotknown.(Willhegothere?)

2.)Whethertheycanfinishthejob(ornot)isnotclear.

(Cantheyfinishthejob?)

3.当主语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H

即：特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句陈述语序

(注：8W指是what/whereAvhich/who/whom/why/whose/when,H指是how)

Eg.I.)Whathedidyesterdayisnotknown.(Whatdidhedoyesterday?)

2.)Wherehewentyesterdayisnotclear.(Wheredidhegoyesterday?)

3.)Whichteamhelikedhasnotbeendecided.(Whichteamdidhelike?)

4.)Whowonthegameseemscertain.(Whowonthegame?)

5.)Whomhemetyesterdayisnotclear.(Whomdidhemeetyesterday?)

6.)Whyhewaslateforthemeetingistobefoundout.

(Whywashelateforthemeeting?)

7.)Whosebookthisisisnotclear.(Whosebookisthis?)

8.)Whenhewillarriveisnotknown.(Whenwillhearrive?)

9.)Howwewillhelpthelostboywillbediscussedatthemeeting.

(Howwillwehelpthelosthoy?)

11.（注意一）主语从句后置！

为了避免主语冗长，句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语，主语从句放在后面作真正主语.

Eg.I.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.

—It'scertainthatwewillbelate.

2.)Whetherhewillgcthereisnotknown.

—Itisnotknownwhetherhewillgothere.

3.)Wherehewentyesterdayisnotclear.

—itisnotclearwherehewentyesterday.

•It作形式主语常用句型：（that引导主语从句是真正主语）

Itispossible/important/necessary/clearthat...

Ittssaid/reportedthat..据说/据报道…

It*sbeenannounced/declaredthat...己经通知/宣布…

Ilsccms/appcais/liappeiisliial...显然、明显、碰巧..

It'snowonderthat…并不奇怪/无疑…

（注意二）主语从句中，谓语动词一般用单数。What引导主语从句，谓语动词根据表语

决定

Whatheneeds_is_thatbjok.

Whatheneeds_are_somebooks.

(注意三)What及that引导主语从句区别

Eg.(1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.(Whatdidyousayyesterday?)

(2)Thatsheisstillaliveisapuzzle.(Sheisstillalive.)

练习题

1.___hemadeanimportantspeechatthemeetingwastrue.

A.ThatB.WhyC.WhatD.How

2.__we'ligocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.

AIfBWhetherCThatDWhere

3.isknowntousallisthatAmericaisadevelopedcountiy

A.WhichB.AsC.WhatD.It

4.1t*sknowntousall_aformofenergy.

A.waterisB.thatwateris

C.iswater

D.thatwaterto

宾语从句

L宾语从句：宾语是个句子，或者说从句在句中充当宾语.

1.当宾语是陈述句时，连接词是that即：that(可省略)+该陈述句

Eg.1.)Ihope(that)hewillcometomorrow.(Hewillcometomorrow.)

2.)Heguesses(that)thisteamwillwin.(Thisteamwillwin.)

(注意)主语从句Ihat一定不能省略，而宾语从句中that可以省略。

Eg.l.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.(主语从句,that不能省略)

2.)Ibelieve(that)wewillwinthegame.(宾语从句,that可以省略)

2.当宾语是一般疑问句时,连接词是whether(ornot)/if

即：whcthcr(ornot)/if+该一般疑问句陈述语序

Eg.I.)Iaskwhether/ifTomknowsJack.(DoesTomknowJack?)

2.)Idon,tknowwhether/ifhecamebackyesterday.(Didhecomebackyesterday?)

3.当宾语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”

即：特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句陈述语序

(注:8W—what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H-how)

Eg.1.)Idon'tknowwhathedidyesterday.(Whatdidhedoyesterday?)

2.)Hewantstoknowwherehewentyesterday.(Wheredidhegoyesterday?)

3.)Hedidn'ttellmewhichteamheliked.(Whichteamdidhelike?)

4.)Wewanttoknowwhowonthegameatlast.(Whowonthegame?)

5.)Hismomaskedwhonhemetyesterday.(Whomdidhemeetyesterday?)

6.)Hedidn'tfindoutwhyhewaslateforthemeeting.

(Whywashelateforthemeeting?)

7.)Iamnotsurewhosebookthisis.(Whosebookisthis?)

8.)Theyaskmewhenhewillarrive.(Whenwillhearrive?)

9)Wehavediscussedhowwewillhelpthelostboy.

(Howwillwehelpthelosthoy?)

11.(注意一)

当主句谓语动词是coniniand/dcmand/insist/order/require/suggest等表示要求或建议动词

时，从句谓语动词用(should)+动词原词,should可以省略。

eg(1)Sherequired(tliat)he(should)gobackhomerightnow.

Sherequired(that)hegobackhomerightnow.

(2)Isuggested(that)he(should)askhisteacherforhelp.

Isuggested(that)heaskhisteacherforhelp.

(注意二)

当主句中believe/expect/suppose/think等作谓语动词时，否定要前移。

Eg.Idon'tthinkthathewillcometomorrow.(Hewon'tcometomorrow.)

Hedocsn*lbelievelha(ilHue.(Ilisnutliuc.)

(注意三)宾语从句语序

宾语从句从句语序必须是陈述语序，即连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分

eg.Ibelievethattheywillcomesoon.

HeaskedmewhetherIwasateacher.

Theywantedtoknowwhattheycandoforus.

(注意四)宾语从句时态

宾语从句时态受主句限制，即：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一

般过去时态，从句用相应过去时态。如果从句动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。

eg.l)Shesaysthatsheisastudent.

Shesaidthatshewasastudent.

2）ShesaysthatshewillflytoJapaninaweek.

ShesaidthatshewouldflytoJapaninaweek.

（注意五）

由whether或特殊疑问词8VV+H引导宾语从句（也就是第二、第三种情况时），如果宾语

从句主语和主句主语是同一对象，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语简单句结构。

eg.Idon'tknowwhatIshoulddonext.

Idon*tknowwhattodonext.

Hedidn'tknowwherehewouldlive.

Hedidn'tknowwheretolive.

Hewasn'tclearwhichwayheshouldgotoreachthebank.

=Hewasn'tclearwhichwaytogotoreachthebank.

（注意七）

含有宾语补足语时，若宾语是个句子，宾语通常用形式宾语it代替，真正宾语放在宾语补足语之

后。

Eg.l）Wcthinkitwonderfulthatwewillgoonatripthisweekend.（宾语是陈述句）2）I

thinkituncertainwhetherwcwillwinthegame.（宾语是一般疑问句）

3）Wehopeitdiscussedhowwcwillsolvetheproblem4宾语是特殊疑问句）

练习题

1o—DoyouknowtheCapitalMuseum?

-NextFriday.

A.whenwilltheyvisitB.whentheywillvisit

C.whendidtheyvisitD.whentheyvisited

2.-Canyoutellme?

-Sheisinthecomputerlab.

A.whereLindawasB.whereisLinda

C.wherewasLindaD.whereLindais3。

3。一GuessIdidyesterday!

—Ithinkyouwenttoaparty.

A.whereB.whenC.whatD.which

4.—Couldyouletmeknowyesterday?

—Becausethetrafficwasheavy.

A.whydidyoucomelateB.uhyyoucamelate

C.whydoyoucomelateD.whyyoucomelate

5o—DoyouknowtheMP3playerlastweek?

—Scrry,Ihavenoidea.A.howmuchdidshepayfor

B.howmuchwillshepayforC.howmuchshepaidfor

同位语从句

同位语从句通常跟在某些名词之后，用以说明或解杼该名词表示具体内容。可以跟同位语从句

名词通常有：advice,fact,(ruth,decision,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,promise,

proposal,reply,report,suggestion,word(消息)，agreement(一致),problem,question,doubt,thought

等。

ThenewsthatMr.LiwillbeourrewEnglishteacheristrue.

有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明名词后面，而被别词隔开。如：

ThenewsistruethatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacher.

1.(-).当同位语从句是陈述句时，连接词是that即：that(不省略)+该陈述句

Eg.l)ThenewsthatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue.

2.)Headmitted(hefactthathehadstolenthewallet.

(注意)that引导同位语从句时只是中心词和同位语从句之间饼梁而已,…无任何意义，也不充当

任何成分吐丕酶舶

(―).当同位语从句是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether(ornot)

即：whcthcr(ornot)+该一般疑问句陈述语序

也朝〜此处

I.)Hehasn'tmadethedecisionwhetherhewillgothere.

(decision内容是Willhegothere?)

2.)Theyhavenotcometoanagreementwhetherheshouldtakepartinthisgame,(agreement内容

是Shouldhetakepartinthisgame?)

(三).当同位语从句是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”

即：特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句陈述语序

(注：8W指是what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H指是how)

I.)Ihavenoideawha【theboyisdoinginthenextroomnow.

2.)Wehaven'tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacationthisyear.

3.)Wehavenotcometoaconclusionwhichteamisthebest.

4.)Thequestionwhoshoulddo(heworkisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.

5.)Thedoubtwhomhetalkedwithyesterdayisimportanttothecase(案件).

6.)Thedoubtwhyhedidnotcomeyesterdayisimportanttothecase(案件).

7.)Theproblemwhosemoneythisishasnotbeensolved.

8.)Ihavenosuggestionwhenhewillbeback.

9.)Thethoughtcame(oniehowIcansolvethisproblem.

2.that引导同位语从句和定语从句区别

1)意义不同：

that引导同位语从句是用来进•步说明前面名词内容，是解释中心词；而that引导定语从句

用来修饰、限定前面先行词，是修饰中心词(先行词)。

Eg.①Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchis(rue.

②Thenewsthathetoldusistrue.

［分析］①中ihal引导同位若从句，解释说明“news”内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。

②中that引导定语从句，对“news”加以限定：是他告诉我们，而非来自其他渠道，起修饰

作用。

2)that功能不同:

that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，只是中心词和同位语从句之间连接词，不允当任何成

分：而that引导定语从句时，是关系代词，不仅起连接作用，而且还指代先行词并在从句中充

当主i吾、宾语等成分。

Eg.①DadmadeapromisethathewouldbuymeaCDplayerifIpassedtheEnglish

test.

®.Dadmadeapromisethatexcitedallhischildren.

［分析］①中that引导同位语从句，其中ihal无词义，也不充当任何成分：

②.中that引导定语从句，that指代promise,乂在从句中充当土语，且that可以用which替

换。

3)that可否省略：

that引导同位语从句时，不可省略。在引导定语从句时，若在从句中作宾语，可以省略，若作

主语则不可以省略。

Eg.©Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchistrue.

②Thenews(that)hetoldusistrue.

③Thenewsthatisfromthisnewspaperistrue.

［分析］①中ihat引导同位语从句，不能省略。

②.中that引导定语从句，that指代news,在从句中充当宾语，that可以用which替换，也可

以省略。

③中that也是引导定语从句，［hat指代news,在从句中允当主语,ihal可以用which替换，但that

不能省略。

3.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被解释说明名词后面，而被别词隔开。

定语从句有时也可以不紧跟在被修饰先行词后面，而被别词隔开。

Eg.①ThenewsistruethatanewteacherwillcometomorrowtoteachusEnglish.

②AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachusEnglish.

(定语从句whowillteachyouEnglish修饰anewteacher,被willcometomorrow隔开，定语从句

及先行词分离)

练习题

I).TheyexpressedthehopetheywouldcomeovertoChinasoon.

2)Thefacthedidn'tseeTomthismorningistrue.

3)WordhascomesomeAmericanguestswillcometoourcollegeforavisitnextweek.

4).Hecan'tanswerthequestionhegotthemoneyfromhishomeyesterday.

5).Doyouhaveanyideaisactuallygoingonintheclassroom?

6).Theproblemweshouldhavethemeetinginthehallnowmustbedecidedatonce.

2.Thesuggestion___themonitorgaveisgood.

Thesuggestion___wewillhaveatripontheGreatWallthisweekisgood.

A.that

B.\C.which

D.whcrc

定语从句

定语从句：定语是个句子，也就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语•般是由形容词充当，所以

定语从句乂称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导，故乂称作关系从句。

关系代词和关系副词又统称为引导词。

区别：汉语中，定语只能放在名词前面，而英语中，定语既可以放在名词前（形容词修饰名词），

也可以放在名词后面（定语从句修饰名词）。

被修饰中心词叫作先行词。

Eg.（I）Heisacleverboy.

Heisaboywhoisclever.

（aboy是中心词或者先行词,whoisclever是修饰aboy定语从句,who是关系代词，替代先

行词aboy）

拆成两个句子:Heisaboy.（主干）

Thisboyisclever.（定语）

定语从句•般要紧跟在中心词（先行词）后面,即:Heisaboy（thisboyisclever）.去掉定

语从句中及中心词（先行词）重复部分，即thisboy,把它替换成指人关系代词who,即Heisaboy

whoisclever.

（2）他是一个我们喜欢男孩。

拆成两个句子：他是一个男孩。Heisaboy.（主干）

我们喜欢这个男孩。Welikethisboy.（定语）

定语从句在中心词（先行词）后面，即：Heisaboy（welikethisboy）.去掉定语从句中及中心词

（先行词）重复部分，即thisboy,把它替换成指人关系代词who,即Heisaboy（wclikewho）.

但是，定语从句中，关系代词要紧跟中心词（先行词）后面，所以who要紧跟在aboy后面，

RP：Heisaboywhowelike.

一.关系代词引导定语从句

1.关系代词代替前面先行词，关系代词/先行词都在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、

定语等。常见关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose。

that既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。

which代替物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略

who代替人.在定语从句中作主语或宾语.作宾语时还可省略。

whom代替人，在定语从句中作宾语，还可省略。

whose既可指人又可指物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。

（一）.先行词是人,1）在定语从句中充当主语时：that/、vh。

Eg.AnarchitectisapersonihaVwhodesignsbuildings.

Iwillneverforgettheteacherthat/whotaughtuschemistryinmymiddleschool.

2）在定语从勺中充当宾语时：that/who/whom/\（关系代词省略）

Eg.Doyouknowthemanthat/who/whom/\wemetintheschoollibraryyesterday?

Thisisihestudenlihal/who/whom/\myfathertaughttenyearsago.

3）在定语从句中充当定语（所有格附:whose/ofwhom

Eg.Thegirlwhosefatherisanengineerstudiesabroad.其父是一位工程师那个女孩在国外留学。

Thegirlthefatherofwhomisanengineerstudiesabroad.

Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.

Achildtheparentsofwhomaredeadiscalledanorphan.

（二）.先行词是物，1）在定语从句中充当主语时：that/which

Eg.Tomworksinafactor）/that/whichmakeswatches.

Idonotlikestoriesthat/whichhaveunhappyendings.

2）在定语从句中充当宾语时:that/which八（关系代词省略）

Eg.Thisisthebookthat/which/\youwanttobuy?

Theletterthat/which/\Ireceivedyesterdayisver）rimportant.

3）在定语从句中充当定语（所有格）时:whose/（which,s）/

ofwhich

Eg.Doyouknowthehotelwhosewindowwecanseehere?

（=Doyouknowthehotelwhich'swindowwecanseehere?）

=Doyouknowthehotelthewindowofwhichwecanseeliere?

（关系代词whose指代先行词hotel,也可以用ofwhich,whosew'ndow=thewindowofwhich,意思

是：thewindowofthehotel<>）

Hecanrepair（hedeskwhoselegisbroken.

（=Hecanrepairthedeskwhich'slegisbroken.）

=Hecanrepairthedeskthelegofwhichisbroken.

（三）.先行词既有人，又有物，

I）在定语从句中充当主语时：that

Eg.Thetime,placeandpersonsthatarementionedinthestoryareveryimportant.

Hewaswatchingthechildrenandparcelsthatfilledthecar.

他正望着塞满车孩子和包裹。

2）在定语从句中充当宾语时:that八（关系代词省略）

Eg.Thelime,placeandpensvnsllial/\thewriteriiieiilionedin

thestoryareveryimportant.

（注意）

1.当介词及关系代词紧密相连时，即介词后面关系代词用whom（指人时）或者which（指物时），向

不用who（指人时）和that（指人或物时）。例如：

（1）ThemantowhomourheadmastertalkedjustnowisourEnglishteacher.

我们校长刚才及他谈话那个人是我们英语老师。

注意：介词及关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用who,也可

用that,还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面这句话还可以有如下四种说法:

①ThemanwhomourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglish:eacher.

②ThemanwhoourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.

（3）ThemanthatourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.

④ThemanourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.

第4句简洁、自然，所以I」语中用得最多。

（2）Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.

注意：介词及关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用which,也可用

that,还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面这句话还可以有如卜三种说法：

①Thisisthebookwhichyouaskedfor.

②Thisisthebookthatyouaskedfor.

③Thisisthehookyouaskedfor.

2.关系代词which可以指代前面整个句子。

关系代词as也可以指代前面整个句子。

Eg.HecomesfromAmerica,which1knowfromhisaccent.

（which在定语从句中作know宾语，其先行词是前面整个句子heconiesfromAmerica.）

=HecomesfromAmerica,asIknowfromhisaccent.

练习题

1.Isthisthefaclory—youvisitedtheotherday?

A.thatB.WhichC.\D.A.BandC

2.Finally.thethiefhandedeverything—hehadstolenlothepolice.

A.whichB.whatC.whoD.lhat

3.Hisparentswouldn'tleihimmarryanyone__familywaspoor.

A.ofwhomB.whomC.ofwhoseD.whose

4Allisneededisasupplyofoil.

A.thethingB.thatC.whatD.which

5.Theplace__youaregoingtovisitisaplaceofinleresl.（名胜古迹）

A.inwhichB.atwhichC.whereD.which

6.TheSummerPalace（颐和园）isoneofthemostbeautifulparksbuiltintheQing

Dynasty.（清朝）

A.wherewereB.wherewasC.thatwereD.whichwas

7.Sheshowedmethedilionary__shepaidalotofmoney.

A.whichB.\C.forwhichD.that

二、关系副词引导定语从句

常用关系副词只有三个：when,where,why,关系副词在定语从句中作状语,在定语从句中充当时

间、地点和原因状语。

（一）关系副词when用法

关系副词when代替先行词表示是时间,when在定语从句作时间状语。

Eg.Iwillneverforgetthosedayswelivedtogether.

=Iwillneverforgetthosedayswhichwelivedtogetherin.

=Iwillneverforgetthosedaysinwhichwelivedtogether.

=Iwillneverforgetthosedayswhenwelivedtogether.

（时间thetime）in/on/duringwhich..尸（时间thetime）when...

（区分）Iwillneverforgetthosedayswespenttogether.

（-）关系副词where用法

关系副词where代替先行词表示是地点,where在定语从句作地点状语。

Eg.ThisistheplaceLiBaioncelived.

=ThisistheplacewhichLiBaioncelivedin.

=ThisistheplaceinwhichLiBaioncelived.

=ThisistheplacewhereLiB<iioncelived.

=ThisiswhereLiBaioncelived.

（地点theplace）in/atwhich...=（地点theplace）where...

（区分）ThisistheplaceLiBaioncevisited.

（三）关系副词why用法

关系副词why代替先行词表示是原因,why在定语从句作原因状语。

Eg.Thisisthereasonhedidnotcomeyesterday.

-Thisisthereasonwhichhedidnotcomeyesterdayfor.

（Hedidnotcomeyesterdayforthisreason.）

=Thisisthereasonforwhichhedidnotcomeyesterday.

=Thisisthereasonwhyhedidnotcomeyesterday.

（原因thereason）forwhich...=（原因thereason）why...

（区分）Thisisthereasonheexplained.

（注意）

1.以下由关系副词when/where/why引导定语从句，如果把先行词去掉，则变成了表语从句。

关系副词引导定语从句：

Thosedaysarethetimewhenwelivedtogether.

Thisistheplacewlierewelivedtogether1（）yearsago.

Thisisthereasonwhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.

表语从句：

Thosedaysarewhenwelivedtogether.

Thisiswherewelivedtogether10yearsago.

Thisiswhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.

2.区分定语从句及其它从句区别。

1）那些日子是我们曾经住在一起时光。

①Thosedaysarethetimewhenwelivedtogether.（定语从句）

=Thosedaysarethetimewhichwelivedtogetherin.（定语从句）

=Thosedaysarethetimeinwhichwelivedtogether.（定i吾从Ej）

②Thosedaysarewhenwelivedtogether.《表语从句）

表语是特殊疑问句：Whendidwelivetogether?

2）这是我们十年前住在一起地方。

①Thisistheplacewherewe1ivedtogether10yearsago.（定语从句）

=Thisistheplacewhichwelivedtogether10yearsagoin.（定语从句）

=Thisistheplaceinwh.chwelivedtogether10yearsago.（定语从句）

②ThisiswhereweIvedtogether10yearsago.（表语从句）

表语是特殊疑问句：Wheredidwelivetogether10yearsago?

3）这是她咋天为何没来原因。

①Thisisthereasonwhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.（定语从句）

=Thisisthereasonwhichshedidnotcomeyesterdayfor.（定语从句）

=Thisisthereasonforwhichshedidnotcomeyesterday.（定语从句）

②Thisiswhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.（表语从句）

表语是特殊疑问句：Whydidntshecomeyesterday?

4）为何不把这些政策运用到食品被出售地方呢？

①Whynotapplythesepoliciestotheplaceswherefoodissold?（定语从句）

=Whynotapplythesepoliciestotheplaceswhichfoodissoldin?（定语从句）

=Whynotapplythesepoliciestotheplacesinwhichfoodissold?（定语从句）

2Whynotapplythesepoliciestowherefoodissold?（宾语从句）

宾语从句是特殊疑问句：Whereisfoodsold?

3.定语从句位置

就像前面所讲，定语从句一般紧跟在所修饰中心词/先行词之后，但有时候，定语从句也可以及中

心词/先行词分离，即：定语从句及先行词之间插入了其他成分，这样它们被分隔了，这种情况下

定语从句被称作隔离定语从句.

eg.①Therewasagirlupstairswhowasshoutingandcrying.楼上有一个女孩，大喊大叫。（定语从

句whowasshoutingandcrying修饰thegirl,被upstairs所隔开）

②AnewmasterwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.

明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了。（定语从句whowillteachyouGerman修饰anewmaster,被

willcometomorrow隔开，定语从句及先行词分离）

4.限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句区别：

（1）限制性定语从句：先行词及关系代词/关系副词中间无逗号隔开，定语从句及先行词关系

密切，限制性关系强。

非限制性定语从句：先行词及关系代词/关系副词中间有逗号隔开，定语从句及先行词只有

一种松散修饰关系，限制性关系不强。

（注意两种从句不同汉语翻译）

Eg.①Hehasasonwhoisadoctor.他行个当医生儿子。

Hehasason,whoisadoctor.他有个儿T,是个医生。

②Helefthishometownwherehehad1ivedfor30years.

他离开了他已经生活了30年家乡。

Helefthishometown,wherehehadlivedfor30years.

他离开了他家乡，他已经在他家乡生活了30年。

③Shebroughtupthelittleboywhoseparentshadbeendead.

她把这个父母已经去世小男孩抚养带大。

Shebroughtupthelittleboy,whoseparentshadbeendead.

她把这个小男孩抚养带大，小男孩父母已经去世了。

(2)在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词不能用that

①ImetAlice,whotoldmethatshewaslearningChinese.

我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。

②Thatgirlisverybeautiful,whomImetinthe1ibraryyesterday.

③Beijing,whichisthecapitalofChina,willhostthe2008OlympicGames.北

京，中国首都，将主办2D08年奥运会。

@Hebroughtupthelittleboy,whoseparentshadbeendead.

⑤HecomesfromAmerica,whichIknowfromhisaccent.

(which在定语从句中作know宾语，其先行词是前面整个句子he

comesfromAmerica.)

练习题

l.Thisistheplacewelived10yearsago.

Thisistheplacewediscovered10yearsago.

Thisistheplacewelivedin10yearsago.

A.thatB./C.whereD.whichE.inwhich

2.r11neverforgetthedayswestudiedtogether.

I'11neverforgetthedayswespenttogether.

I'IIneverforgetthedayswestudiedtogetherin.

A.thatB./C.whenD.whichE.inwhich

3.Hegavethereasonhewaslateformeeting.

Thiswasthereasonhegavetothedirector.

Hegavethereasonhewaslateformeetingfor.

A.thatB./C.whyD.whichE.forwhich

4.Sheheardaterriblenoise,—broughtherheartintohermouth.

主语、宾语、表语成分

1.主语、宾语、表语可以是名词

eg.GoodEnglishisimportart.

Thestudentisdiligent.

TheteacherteachesEnglish.

ThetallmanismyEnglishteacher.

2.主语、宾语、表语可以是动名词

eg.StudyingEnglishwellisimooilant.=ItisimportantstudyingEnglishwell.

Plavingbasketballisn】vfavorite.=ItismyfavoriteDlayingbasketball.

Ilikeplayingbasketball.

Myfavoriteisplayingbasketball.

3.主语、宾语、表语可以是动词不定式

eg.TostudyEnglishwellisimportant.=ItisimportanttostudyEnglishwell.

Toplaybaskelballismyfavorite.二hisn】yfavoriteloplaybasketball.

Iliketoplaybasketball.

Myfavoriteistoplaybasketball.

4.主语、宾语、表语可以是句子(分别构成主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句)

eg.ThatwestudyEnglishwellisimportant=ItisimportantthatwestudyEnglishwell.

Thathecanwinihegameiscertain.=hiscertainthalhecanwinthegame.

Hehopes((hat)hecanwinthegame.

Hishopeis(that)hecanwinthegame.

注意：当主语是不定式或句子时，不定式或句子可以用“it”形式主语替代，真止主

语（不定式或句子）放在主句最末尾

英语四大规则

1.两个并列简单句，如果①前后主语•致，②其中•个句子表达主动关系，那么，把该句子中相

同主语去掉，把谓语动词变成ing形式。

Hecarriesaballinhishands.Hewalksintotheclassroom.

---Carryingaballinhishands,hewalksintotheclassroom.

2.两个并列简单句，如果①前后主语一致，②其中一个句子表达被动关系，那么，把该句子中相同

主语去掉，把系动词去掉。

Hewasblamedbytheteacher.Hecriedsadly.

一Blamedbytheteacher,hecriedsadly.

3.定语从句中，如果①先行词在定语从句中作主语，②定语从句表达主动关系，那么，把关系代词

去掉，把定语从句中谓语动词变成ing