Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world（含解析）-2026届译林版高考英语一轮复习

Unit4Scientistswhochangedtheworld（原卷版）

I.阅读理解（每题2.5分，共17.5分）

A

China'slonghistoryhasseenmanyscientistsmakinggreatcontributionstothe

developmentofancientChinaandeventheworld.Wehaveselectedseveralgreatestscientists

inancientChinaandhopetohelpyoulearnmoreaboutChinesescienceandtechnology.

ZhangZhongjingwasaChinesephysicianintheEasternHanDynasty.Hefounded

medicationprinciplesandsummarizedthemedicinalexperiencebeforehistime.Hisfamous

workTreatiseonFebrileDiseasesandMiscellaneousIllnesses｛《伤寒杂病论》）hadamajor

influenceonthepracticeoftraditionalChinesemedicine.Today,thisgreatbookisstill

consideredveryimportantinthepracticeofChinesemedicine.

LiDaoyuanwasagreatChinesegeographerduringtheNorthernWeiDynasty.Hewrote

thefamousworkCommentaryontheWaterwaysClassic｛《水经注》）.Thebookisagreatwork

ontheancientgeographyofChinaanditsumsupChina'sgeographyanditssurroundingareas

beforeNorthernWeiDynasty.

SunSimiaowasanoutstandingmedicalscientistintheTangDynasty.Hewascalled

“China'sKingofMedicine^^forhisimportantcontributionstotraditionalChinese

medicine.Sunauthoredtwobooks-EssentialPrescriptionsWorthaThousandGoldfor

Emergencies｛《备急千金要方》）andSupplementtotheEssentialPrescriptionsWortha

ThousandGold｛《千金翼方》）thatwerebothlandmarksinChinesemedicinehistory.

ShenKuowasagreatChinesescientistandpoliticianoftheNorthernSongDynasty.He

compiled（汇编）ascientificworkDreamPoolEssays（《梦溪笔谈》）,whichinvolvesalotof

descriptionsabouttheanimalsandplantsinthecountry.Shenalsofirstdescribedthemagnetic

needlecompass,whichwouldbeusedfornavigation（航行）.Hisdiscoveryofconceptoftrue

northtowardsthenorthpolewasmorethanfourhundredyearsearlierthanEurope.

（）1.Whatisthepurposeofwritingthepassage?

[A]Toencouragereaderstolearnfromthesegreatscientists.

[B]ToexplainwhatcontributestothedevelopmentofancientChina.

[C]Tobroadenreaders9horizonsonChinesescienceandtechnology.

[D]TointroducethegreatmedicalcontributionsChinesescientistsmade.

第1页

）2.WhoseworkhadagreateffectonthepracticeoftraditionalChinesemedicine?

[A]ZhangZhongjing's.[B]LiDaoyuan's.

[C]SunSimiao's.[D]ShenKuo's.

（）3.WhatdoweknowaboutShenKuo?

[A]HewasaChinesephysicianintheEasternHanDynasty.

[B]HeworkedontheancientgeographyofChina.

[C]Hewasregardedas"China'sKingofMedicine^^.

[D]Hedescribedtheanimalsandplantsalotinhiswork.

B

Whenantibiotics（抗生素）firstbecameavailable,farmersusedthemfreely.Nowscientists

knowthattheoveruseofantibioticscancultivatedrug-resistantbacteriathataredangerousto

humanhealth.Amongdebatesoverwhatkindsofrestrictionsshouldbeputinplace,figuring

outhowantibiotic-resistantbacteriaevolveandmaketheirwaytohumansremainsanareaof

intenseinterest.

JoHandelsmanistracingonesuchpathwaythat,assheputsit,travelsfrom"farmto

table”.Handelsman,amicrobiologist,lookedintodairycows,whichareoftentreatedwith

antibioticsandproducemanure（抖F泄物）thatfarmersuseontheircrops.Inadditionto

nutrients,thatfertilizermayharbourantibiotic-resistantbacteria-aproblembecausethe

bacteriacancomeintocontactwithplantsthatarefinallyshippedtosupermarketsand

sometimeseatenraw.

Tofindouthowthoseantibiotic-resistantbacteriacometoexist,Handelsmanandher

colleaguesaddedmanurefromanearbyfarmtoraisedbedsofsoilin2013.Inthiscase,the

manurespecificallycamefromcowsthatwerenottreatedwithantibiotics.Theresearchers

unexpectedlyfoundthatthereweremoresoilbacteriacarryingantibiotic-resistantgeneswhen

theyweregrownwiththemanurethanwhentheyweregrownwithsyntheticnitrogen-based

fertilizer-eventhoughthecowsweredrug-free.

Previousresearchhasfoundthatmanurefrompigstreatedwithantibioticscontains

resistantbacteria,butthecow-pieresultssuggesttherearemorefactorspromotingresistance

besidesantibioticuse.Somethingaboutmanureitselfmayencouragenaturallyresistant

bacteriatoincrease.

第2页

Thefindingsshouldnot,however,givetheimpressionthatresistanceiseverywhere,notes

LancePrice,amicrobiologistwhowasnotinvolvedinthestudy."Wecancontrolthis.There9s

veryclearevidencethatwhenweturnofftheantibiotictap,webringdowndrug-resistant

bacteria,saysLance.

Nextonthefarm-to-tableschedule,Handelsmanwilltestwhetherradishesgrowninsoil

treatedwithcowmanurearecapableoftakingupresistantgenesfrombacteriathroughtheir

vascularsystem(循环系统)."Theyhaveveins(血管)justlikeus,"shesays/aWedon'thaveany

evidenceyetthatthey'retakingupthebacteria,butifsareallyinterestingpossibility.^^

()4.WhatdoesJoHandelsman'sresearchfbcuson?

[A]Howantibioticsmaketheirwayontoourtable.

[B]Whatrestrictionsshouldbeputtoantibioticsuse.

[C]Howantibiotic-resistantbacteriareachhumanbeings.

[D]Whatdamagetheoveruseofantibioticsdoestohumans.

()5.WhatdidJoHandelsman^researchfind?

[A]Drug-freecowsproducedmanurewithantibiotic-resistantbacteria.

[B]Syntheticnitrogen-basedfertilizerdidmoregoodtotheenvironment.

[C]Soilbacteriacarryingantibiotic-resistantgeneswereincreasingwithtime.

[D]Manurefrompigstreatedwithantibioticscontainedfewerresistantbacteria.

()6.WhyisLancePricequotedinthepassage?

[A]Toprovidemoreevidencethatdrug-resistancebacteriaaredangerous.

[B]Tosuggestanotherpossibleexplanationtotheantibioticsproblems.

[C]Toemphasisetheimportanceoffeedingcowswithnoantibiotics.

[D]Toshowthattheresearchfindingsmaynotbethatworrisome.

()7.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisJoHandelsmanmostlikelytoagreewith?

[A]Itisverylikelythatwidespreadresistancetoantibioticsisnotinevitable.

[B]Plantsgrowninsoilfertilizedwithcowmanuremaycontaindrug-resistantgenes.

[C]Thereispossibilitythatradishestakeupresistantgeneswherevertheyareplanted.

[D]Thevascularsystemplaysakeyroleinguardingradishesagainstbacteria.

II.七选五(每题2.5分，共12.5分)

TheImportanceofInventions

第3页

Theysaynecessityisthemotherofinvention,butinventiondrivestheeconomy.Thegreat

importanceofinventionisthatitsolvesproblemsandchangestheworld.1.Andit

goesbeyondculture.Themoderneraisarguablythegreatesttimeinthehistoryoftheworld

forinnovation,butnoneofitwouldhavehappenedwithouttheinventionofelectricitysupplied

ondemand.Withthatoneadvancement,incamethefastest-changingperiodinhumanhistory

andthegreatestpopulationgrowth,too.

2.Eventhingslikethetoiletandmodernplumbingmadeitpossibletoimprove

hygieneandreduceexposuretohumanwaste,whichinturnmadecitiescleanerandmore

desirabletolivein.Themodernbathroomalsohelpedreducethespreadofdisease,whichin

turnhelpedextendtheaveragelifeexpectancy.3.

Peopleeatbetter,andmoresafely,becauseofinnovationswenowtakeforgrantedlikethe

refrigerator,theovenandrunningtapwater.Dailylifeatworkhastransformedbecause

heavy-liftingjobscanbedonebyforklifts.Infact,technologyisreachinganewheight.4.

Morepeoplethaneverbeforeneedtositforwork,withofficejobsandthelikechangingour

fitnesslevelandloweringtheriskofinjuryduringaworkday.

Evenentertainmenthaschangedbecausenolongerdopeoplehavetomaketheirownfun

byplayinggames.5.Howpeoplecommunicate,work,eat,travel,shopisallsubjectto

innovationandinvention.Advancesdon'talwaysimprovelife,though,asmanypeopleare

learningthroughtheconstant-accessstrugglesofsmartphonesandever-presentnoisepollution

incities.

A.Innovationshapesthewaylifeislived.

B.Theycanturntotheirphone,TVorradio.

C.Factoriesareusingrobotsformanytasksnow.

D.Theyhaveaffectedthewayweconsumemedia.

E.Inventionsinfluenceallaspectsofmodernexistence.

F.Newtechnologiesoftensimplifytheaverageperson9slife.

G.AndthathasledtotheEarth9spopulationrisingsharplyinthelast150years,

in.语法填空（每题i.5分，共is分）

HuangDanian,anotedChinesegeophysicist（地球物理学家）,1.（devote）

himselftoscienceandmadegreatcontributionstoChina9sdeepearthexploration.

第4页

Bornin1958inNanning,Guangxi,Huang'spassion2.geophysicsstartedfrom

anearlyage.In1992,hewenttoEnglandforfurtherstudies,andearnedhisdoctor9sdegreein

geophysics,3-(rank)thetopofhisclass.Huanglaterjoinedageophysicalservice

companyinCambridgetogainfirst-handexperience.

DuringhisstayinEngland,Huangremained4.(commit)tohismotherland.He

longdreamedofgoingbacktoservehiscountrywithhiswholeheart.Theopportunitycamein

2009,5.Chinalaunchedanationalprogramforglobaltoptalent.6.

(participate)intheprogram,Huangquithisjobwithno7.(hesitate)andreturnedto

Chinaasoneofthefirstprofessionals.

Uponreturn,Huang8.(appoint)chiefscientistofChina9sbiggestdeepearth

explorationprogram.Huangworked9.(tireless)aroundtheclock.ThankstoHuang

andhisteam9sefforts,Chinamade10.significantbreakthroughindeepearth

exploration.

Huangpassedawayattheageof58.Hispassingleftthescientificcommunityin

sorrow,buthewillberememberedforeverforhisdevotiontohisfieldandtheloveofhis

motherland.

Unit4Scientistswhochangedtheworld(解析版)

I.阅读理解(每题2.5分，共17.5分)

A

China'slonghistoryhasseenmanyscientistsmakinggreatcontributionstothe

developmentofancientChinaandeventheworld.Wehaveselectedseveralgreatestscientists

inancientChinaandhopetohelpyoulearnmoreaboutChinesescienceandtechnology.

ZhangZhongjingwasaChinesephysicianintheEasternHanDynasty.Hefounded

medicationprinciplesandsummarizedthemedicinalexperiencebeforehistime.Hisfamous

workTreatiseonFebrileDiseasesandMiscellaneousIllnesses｛《伤寒杂病论》)hadamajor

influenceonthepracticeoftraditionalChinesemedicine.Today,thisgreatbookisstill

consideredveryimportantinthepracticeofChinesemedicine.

LiDaoyuanwasagreatChinesegeographerduringtheNorthernWeiDynasty.Hewrote

thefamousworkCommentaryontheWaterwaysClassic｛《水经注》).Thebookisagreatwork

第5页

ontheancientgeographyofChinaanditsumsupChina9sgeographyanditssurroundingareas

beforeNorthernWeiDynasty.

SunSimiaowasanoutstandingmedicalscientistintheTangDynasty.Hewascalled

“China'sKingofMedicine^^forhisimportantcontributionstotraditionalChinese

medicine.Sunauthoredtwobooks-EssentialPrescriptionsWorthaThousandGoldfor

Emergencies｛《备急千金要方》）andSupplementtotheEssentialPrescriptionsWortha

ThousandGold（《千金翼方》）thatwerebothlandmarksinChinesemedicinehistory.

ShenKuowasagreatChinesescientistandpoliticianoftheNorthernSongDynasty.He

compiled（汇编）ascientificworkDreamPoolEssays（《梦溪笔谈》）,whichinvolvesalotof

descriptionsabouttheanimalsandplantsinthecountry.Shenalsofirstdescribedthemagnetic

needlecompass,whichwouldbeusedfornavigation（航行）.Hisdiscoveryofconceptoftrue

northtowardsthenorthpolewasmorethanfourhundredyearsearlierthanEurope.

【语篇导读】本文是说明文。文章介绍了中国古代四位伟大的科学家，希望能帮助大家

更多地了解中国的科学技术。

（）1.Whatisthepurposeofwritingthepassage?

[A]Toencouragereaderstolearnfromthesegreatscientists.

[B]ToexplainwhatcontributestothedevelopmentofancientChina.

[C]Tobroadenreaders9horizonsonChinesescienceandtechnology.

[D]TointroducethegreatmedicalcontributionsChinesescientistsmade.

【答案】c

【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段的最后一句可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是希望能帮

助大家更多地了解中国的科学技术。故选C。

（）2.WhoseworkhadagreateffectonthepracticeoftraditionalChinesemedicine?

[A]ZhangZhongjing's.[B]LiDaoyuan's.

[C]SunSimiao's.[D]ShenKuo's.

【答案】A

【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段的第三句可知,张仲景的著作《伤寒杂病论》对传统

中医实践产生了重大影响。故选A。

）3.WhatdoweknowaboutShenKuo?

第6页

[A]HewasaChinesephysicianintheEasternHanDynasty.

[B]HeworkedontheancientgeographyofChina.

[C]Hewasregardedas“China'sKingofMedicine^^.

[D]Hedescribedtheanimalsandplantsalotinhiswork.

【答案】D

【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的第二句可知，沈括编写了一部科学著作《梦溪笔

谈》，其中涉及很多关于动植物的描述。故选D。

B

Whenantibiotics（抗生素）firstbecameavailable,farmersusedthemfreely.Nowscientists

knowthattheoveruseofantibioticscancultivatedrug-resistantbacteriathataredangerousto

humanhealth.Amongdebatesoverwhatkindsofrestrictionsshouldbeputinplace,figuring

outhowantibiotic-resistantbacteriaevolveandmaketheirwaytohumansremainsanareaof

intenseinterest.

JoHandelsmanistracingonesuchpathwaythat,assheputsit,travelsfrom"farmto

table”.Handelsman,amicrobiologist,lookedintodairycows,whichareoftentreatedwith

antibioticsandproducemanure（排泄物）thatfarmersuseontheircrops.Inadditionto

nutrients,thatfertilizermayharbourantibiotic-resistantbacteria-aproblembecausethe

bacteriacancomeintocontactwithplantsthatarefinallyshippedtosupermarketsand

sometimeseatenraw.

Tofindouthowthoseantibiotic-resistantbacteriacometoexist,Handelsmanandher

colleaguesaddedmanurefromanearbyfarmtoraisedbedsofsoilin2013.Inthiscase,the

manurespecificallycamefromcowsthatwerenottreatedwithantibiotics.Theresearchers

unexpectedlyfoundthatthereweremoresoilbacteriacarryingantibiotic-resistantgeneswhen

theyweregrownwiththemanurethanwhentheyweregrownwithsyntheticnitrogen-based

fertilizer-eventhoughthecowsweredrug-free.

Previousresearchhasfoundthatmanurefrompigstreatedwithantibioticscontains

resistantbacteria,butthecow-pieresultssuggesttherearemorefactorspromotingresistance

besidesantibioticuse.Somethingaboutmanureitselfmayencouragenaturallyresistant

bacteriatoincrease.

第7页

Thefindingsshouldnot,however,givetheimpressionthatresistanceiseverywhere,notes

LancePrice,amicrobiologistwhowasnotinvolvedinthestudy“Wecancontrolthis.There9s

veryclearevidencethatwhenweturnofftheantibiotictap,webringdowndrug-resistant

bacteria,9,saysLance.

Nextonthefarm-to-tableschedule,Handelsmanwilltestwhetherradishesgrowninsoil

treatedwithcowmanurearecapableoftakingupresistantgenesfrombacteriathroughtheir

vascularsystem(循环系统)."Theyhaveveins(血管)justlikeus,"shesays/aWedon'thaveany

evidenceyetthatthey'retakingupthebacteria,butifsareallyinterestingpossibility.^^

【语篇导读】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家JoHandelsman关于“耐抗生素细

菌是如何传播到人类”的研究成果。

()4.WhatdoesJoHandelsman^researchfocuson?

[A]Howantibioticsmaketheirwayontoourtable.

[B]Whatrestrictionsshouldbeputtoantibioticsuse.

[C]Howantibiotic-resistantbacteriareachhumanbeings.

[D]Whatdamagetheoveruseofantibioticsdoestohumans.

【答案】C

(解析】细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句中的“howantibiotic-resistantbacteriaevolve

andmaketheirwaytohumans”可知JoHandelsman的研究重点是耐抗生素细菌是如何传

播到人类的。故选C。

()5.WhatdidJoHandelsman^researchfind?

[A]Drug-freecowsproducedmanurewithantibiotic-resistantbacteria.

[B]Syntheticnitrogen-basedfertilizerdidmoregoodtotheenvironment.

[C]Soilbacteriacarryingantibiotic-resistantgeneswereincreasingwithtime.

[D]Manurefrompigstreatedwithantibioticscontainedfewerresistantbacteria.

【答案】A

【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句中的“eventhoughthecowsweredrug-fi*ee”可

知JoHandelsman团队发现无药(drug-free)奶牛产生的粪便中含有耐抗生素细菌。故选A。

()6.WhyisLancePricequotedinthepassage?

[A]Toprovidemoreevidencethatdrug-resistancebacteriaaredangerous.

第8页

[B]Tosuggestanotherpossibleexplanationtotheantibioticsproblems.

[C]Toemphasisetheimportanceoffeedingcowswithnoantibiotics.

[D]Toshowthattheresearchfindingsmaynotbethatworrisome.

【答案】D

【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Wecancontrolthis.”可知，文章引用Lance

的话是为了说明研究结果可能并不那么令人担忧(worrisome)。故选D。

()7.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisJoHandelsmanmostlikelytoagreewith?

[A]Itisverylikelythatwidespreadresistancetoantibioticsisnotinevitable.

[B]Plantsgrowninsoilfertilizedwithcowmanuremaycontaindrug-resistantgenes.

[C]Thereispossibilitythatradishestakeupresistantgeneswherevertheyareplanted.

[D]Thevascularsystemplaysakeyroleinguardingradishesagainstbacteria.

【答案】B

【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知JoHandelsman认为在施用牛粪的土壤中

生长的植物可能含有抗药基因。故选B。

II.七选五(每题2.5分，共12.5分)

TheImportanceofInventions

Theysaynecessityisthemotherofinvention,butinventiondrivestheeconomy.Thegreat

importanceofinventionisthatitsolvesproblemsandchangestheworld.1.Andit

goesbeyondculture.Themoderneraisarguablythegreatesttimeinthehistoryoftheworld

forinnovation,butnoneofitwouldhavehappenedwithouttheinventionofelectricitysupplied

ondemand.Withthatoneadvancement,incamethefastest-changingperiodinhumanhistory

andthegreatestpopulationgrowth,too.

2.Eventhingslikethetoiletandmodernplumbingmadeitpossibletoimprove

hygieneandreduceexposuretohumanwaste,whichinturnmadecitiescleanerandmore

desirabletolivein.Themodernbathroomalsohelpedreducethespreadofdisease,whichin

turnhelpedextendtheaveragelifeexpectancy.3.

Peopleeatbetter,andmoresafely,becauseofinnovationswenowtakeforgrantedlikethe

refrigerator,theovenandrunningtapwater.Dailylifeatworkhastransformedbecause

heavy-liftingjobscanbedonebyforklifts.Infact,technologyisreachinganewheight.4.

第9页

Morepeoplethaneverbeforeneedtositforwork,withofficejobsandthelikechangingour

fitnesslevelandloweringtheriskofinjuryduringaworkday.

Evenentertainmenthaschangedbecausenolongerdopeoplehavetomaketheirownfun

byplayinggames.5.Howpeoplecommunicate,work,eat,travel,shopisallsubjectto

innovationandinvention.Advancesdon,talwaysimprovelife,though,asmanypeopleare

learningthroughtheconstant-accessstrugglesofsmartphonesandever-presentnoisepollution

incities.

【语篇导读】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了发明的重要性，作者认为虽说需求是发明

之母，但发明才是经济的动力。

A.Innovationshapesthewaylifeislived.

B.Theycanturntotheirphone,TVorradio.

C.Factoriesareusingrobotsformanytasksnow.

D.Theyhaveaffectedthewayweconsumemedia.

E.Inventionsinfluenceallaspectsofmodernexistence.

F.Newtechnologiesoftensimplifytheaverageperson9slife.

G.AndthathasledtotheEarth5spopulationrisingsharplyinthelast150years.

1.【答案】A

【解析】根据空前内容“Thegreatimportanceofinventionisthatitsolvesproblemsand

changestheworld.”以及空后内容可知，空前和空后讲述的都是发明的重要性。A项符合上

下文内容，讲述的也是发明即创新给人们的生活带来的变化。空后的it指代的就是A项中

的Innovationo故选A。

2.【答案】E

【解析】根据本段空后内容可知，下文主要讲述的是发明影响了我们生活的各个方面。E

项与下文内容相一致，是本段的中心句。故选E。

3.【答案】G

【解析】根据空前内容“Themodembathroomalsohelped...lifeexpectancy.”可知，现代发明

有助于延长人类的平均寿命，所以上文讲的是发明与人类生命的关系。G项与上文构成因

果关系，即人类寿命的延长，又导致了地球人口的剧增。故选Go

4.【答案】C

第10页

［解析］根据空前内容“Dailylifeatworkhastransformed...anewheight.“可知，上文讲述

的是发明对工作的影响。C项承接上文内容，同时与下文“Morepeoplethaneverbeforeneed

tositforwork...duringaworkday.”保持一致，正因为工厂有机器人做很多工作，所以越来越

多的人可以坐在办公室工作。故选C。

5.【答案】B

【解析】根据空前内容“Evenentertainmenthaschanged...byplayinggames.”可知,上文提

到的是人们不再需要只通过游戏来获得乐趣。B项承接上文内容，进一步说明发明给娱乐

方式带来的变化。选项中的They指代上文的peopleo故选Bo

III.语法填空(每题1.5分，共15分)

HuangDanian,anotedChinesegeophysicist(地球物理学家),1.(devote)

himselftoscienceandmadegreatcontributionstoChina9sdeepearthexploration.

Bornin1958inNanning,Guangxi,Huang'spassion2.geophysicsstartedfrom

anearlyage.In1992,hewenttoEnglandforfurtherstudi