2022高考二轮英语第三节-词句猜测题胆大心细

第三节词句猜测题一一胆大心细［知命题］细研高考真题.把握命题规律［明策略］解题有的放矢,高考备考无忧近3年高考词句猜测题题量统计考纲解读年份卷别、\202120202019(1)词句猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词语或句子的能力,这也是一个从“己知”得出“未知”的过程,即利用上下文的已知部分（尤其是该词语或句子前后的内容)进行推理。(2）词句猜测题主要涉及单词意义理解、词块意义理解、句子意义理解和代词指代对象确定等。新高考卷I1(单词猜测）1(代词指代题)1(单词猜测）1（单词猜测)1（单词猜测）全国卷I(全国乙卷）（全国乙卷)（全国乙卷）1(单词猜测）1(单词猜测）1(单词猜测）全国卷II(全国甲卷）（全国甲卷)（全国甲卷）1(单词猜测）1(单词猜测)1(词块猜测）1（词块猜测)1（词块猜测）1(代词猜测)1(词块猜测）1（词块猜测)1（词块猜测）全国卷HI1(词块猜测）1(词块猜测）词句猜测题考查考生根据上下文推断单词、词块或句子的本意或外延含义的能力,既可以考查生词的意义,也可以考查熟词的新意,还可以考查对替代词所替代内容的判断。词句猜测题是英语高考阅读理解中的必考题型,一般每套试卷中的考查数量不超过2道,但是学生理解有一定的难度,易错,属于拉分题。因此要掌握好词句猜测题技法,做到分分都要得。命题方式解题捷径选项特征Thephraseinthesentencecouldbereplacedby.Thewordintheparagraphrefersto■考生做词句猜测题时既要能够大胆地根据上下文线索进行猜测；又要心细如发、有凭有据,从而猜测出正确答案。常见技巧有：1.利用构词法；■正确选项特征含义和其字面意思没有任何的关系。上下文逻辑通顺。与原句意思最接近。■干扰选项特征Moreterribleloneliness.B・Moreidealweatherconditions.Moredeadlyzones.Moredangerousstops.答案D［细节理解题。根据第五段中的"Thiscreatesdangerouspauses(停顿)inthemountain'smostdeadlyzones"可知,与埃德蒙•希拉里和丹增•诺盖相比,现在的珠穆朗玛峰攀登者面临着更多危险的停滞,故D项正确。］挑战外刊阅读WhentheworldrespondedtotheCOVID—19epidemicwithbroadlockdownorders,homedeliveryserviceslackedthemanpower(人力)tokeepupwiththeexplosionindemand.Storesandcompanieswentondoingthehiring;insomeareas,itwasveryhardtogetgoodsdelivered.Youknowwhatmighthavemadethingsabiteasier?Drones.lthastakenyearsfortheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toallowtheuseofunmannedaerialdevicesforcommercialdelivery.Overthecourseofadecade,we'vegonefromacompletebantoslow,heavilyregulated,andrestrictedinitialtesting.AttheendofAugust,202(),theFAAfinallygaveAmazonapprovalforitsPrimeAirdronedeliveryfleet.ltdidthatbyclassifyingAmazonasan"aircarrier"andmakingitsubjecttosomerelativelyrecentregulationsintendedtofacilitatedronedeliveries.TheFAA'srulesinitiallyrequiredthatprivatedronesremaininsightoftheoperatoratalltimes.Thatsimplywon'tworkfordeliveryservices.Soin2019,theagencyintroducedaspecialcertificationprocessthatwouldallowapprovedpilotstooperatedronesacrossmuchlongerdistances.AmazonwillnowbeabletojoinGoogleindronedeliveries.Thecompanyrevealedthatitsfleetcancarrypackagesweighinguptofivepoundsanddeliverthemwithina15—milerangeinlessthan30min.TheFAAalsorecentlygrantedthecompanyZiplineatemporarywaiver(豁免)allowingittodelivermedicalsuppliesinNorthCarolina.ZiplinehadbeenoperatingforsometimeinAfrica,buttheUnitedStatescontinuestolagbehindbothdevelopedanddevelopingnationsingivingdronecompaniesthefreedomtotesttheirservices.WhileAmazonstillfacesseveraltechnicalandregulatoryhurdles(障碍),it'sgreatthatthegovernmentisgivingitthisnewroomtomaneuver.ToobadittooktheFedsthislongtoallowit,especiallyasthepandemicmadedronedeliveriesnotjustafuturisticinnovationbutsomethingwecouldhaveusedyesterday.(Fw/?:Discover)【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。在新冠肺炎疫情背景下,美国联邦航空局(FAA)从完全禁止到允许包括亚马逊在内的几家公司使用无人机派送货物。WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph2?A.Dronesarethemostconvenientaerialdevices.B・Theuseofdroneswascompletelyprohibitedatfirst.Ittookashorttimetopermittheuseofdrones.FAAallowsdronestoserveforthearmy.答案B［细节理解题。从第二段最后一句uOverthecourseofadecade,we'vegonefromacompletebantoslow,heavilyregulated,andrestrictedinitialtesting."可以看出,B项正确。］Theunderlinedphrase"subjectto"probablyrefersto・A.obeyB.controlC.damageD.create答案A［词句猜测题。根据画线词所在段落可知,美国联邦航空局批准了亚马逊的空中无人机配送服务,亚马逊还为此被归类为“航空公司”,所以需要遵守相应的航空规则,故选A。］What'sParagraph5mainlyabout?A.Thecompaniesallowedtousedronedeliveries.B・Amazonjoiningindronedeliveries.Dronedeliveriesusedinmedicalservice.ZiplineoperatinginAfricaandAmerica.答案A［段落大意题。根据第五段内容可知,Amazon,Google,和Zipline这三家公司均被允许一定程度上使用无人机进行物品派送。故选Ao］What'stheauthor'sattitudetowardAmazon'sdronedeliveries?A.Neutral.Negative.A.Neutral.C.Favorable.D・IndifferentC.Favorable.答案C［观点态度题。根据最后一段中的"itsgreatthatthegovernmentisgivingitthisnewroomtomaneuver.Toobadittookthefedsthislongtoallowit"可以判断,作者支持使用无人机进行物品派送。neutral中立的;negative消极的;favorable赞成的;indifferent漠不关心的。］【精深阅读】—'词汇积累lockdownn.活动(或行动)限制dronen.无人机・commercialadj.商业的initiallyadv.起初grantv.准予;授予weighuptofivepounds重达五磅二、语境训练——语境猜词/单句语法填空/长难句分析...theuseofunmannedaerialdevices...(Para.2)无人驾驶的,无人操纵的...afuturisticinnovation...(Para.6)Q/.未来的Storesandcompanieswentondoingthehiring;insomeareas,itwasveryhardtogetgoodsdelivered(deliver).・Overthecourseofadecade,we’vegonefromacompletebantoslow,heavily(heavy)regulated,andrestrictedinitialtesting.ToobadittooktheFedsthislongtoallowit,especiallyasthepandemicmadedronedeliveriesnotjustafuturisticinnovationbutsomethingwecouldhaveusedyesterday.(Para.5)［分析］本句为主从复合句。句首省略了Itis;something为先行词,被定语从句wecouldhaveusedyesterday修饰和限定;其中定语从句的关系代词that在从句中作宾语,故可以省略。［翻译］很糟糕的是,联邦政府花了很长时间才允许无人机的使用,特别是在疫情之下,无人机派送不仅仅是一种未来的发明,更是我们原本在昨天就可以使用的服务。［背景链接］亚马逊公司是美国最大的一家网络电子商务公司,成立于1995年,位于华盛顿州的西雅图。它是网络上最早开始经营电子商务的公以之一,一开始只经营网络1'1勺书籍销售业务,现在则扩及了范围相当广的其他产品,已成为全球商品品种最多的网上零售商和全球第二大互联网企业。3・Whatdoesthe2.利用上下文语境;1.与所考词汇形似。underlinedwordmeanin3.利用语法关系;2.如果考的是熟词,含有the...paragraph?4.利用逻辑关系;常规词义的往往是错误选4.Whichofthefollowing5.利用线索关系。项。istheclosestinmeaningto3.句子解释中含有过多原thephrase句中已有的词和短语的选5・Thewordmostnearlymeans.6.Theunderlinedsentenceinthesecondparagraphimpliesthat・项一般是错误选项。微技能一I词语猜测题一一巧用线索猜词义词语猜测题主要考查考生猜测文章中某个单词或词块的含义,或考查该词(块)能被哪个单词或词块代替。此外,也会考查某一个熟词在具体语境中的特殊含义。近几年高考每套题一般考查一个小题,个别情况考查两个小题,主要考查以下几个方面:1.纲外陌生词(词块/习语);2.陌生派生词或合成词;3.熟词(词块)生义;4.有特殊含义的词块。构词法能够不借助阅读上下文便能够大体猜出词义,然后再结合语境猜测,这样事半功倍,而且具有双重保险,大大提高了解题效率和正确率。所以我们主张：可以利用构词法的,一定先利用构词法,再结合语境解题。构词法主要有派生、合成和转化三种形式。例如2019年全国卷II第25题：tugattheheartstrings中的heartstrings是合成词:heart(心）+string(弦）一heartstrings(心弦）,故本单词可能与feeling有关。【典例1】（2020-新高考卷II阅读B）Theendoftheschoolyearwasinsightandspiritswerehigh.Iwasbackteachingafteranabsenceof15years,dealingwiththevariouskindsof"forbiddenfruit"thatcomeoutofbookbags.Nowwasthespringofthewaterpistol（手枪）.Idecidedtothinkupamethodofdealingwithforbiddenfruit.MyimaginaryGrandma'sBoxworkedlikemagicthatspring,andlater.SometimesstudentswouldaskmetodescribeallthethingsIhadinit.ThenIwouldtrytorememberthedifferentpossessionsIsupposedlyhadtakenaway一sinceIseldomactuallykeptthem.Usuallytheoffenderwouldappearattheendoftheday,andIwouldreturnthebelonging.25.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"theoffender"inparagraph8referto?A.Thestudenfsparent.B・ThemakeroftheGrandma'sBox.Theauthor'sgrandchild.Theowneroftheforbiddenfruit.【分析】利用构词法猜测词义。er为后缀,当其与动词缀合时,表示"做某事的人或物";offend为动词,意为"违反;冒犯",故offender有"犯规者,违反者"的含义。结合前文中出现的"forbiddenfruit",以及后文提至0"returnthebelonging",可推断犯规者指的是拥有前述forbiddenfruit的人。故选D。这是最常见的方法,一定要先从画线词语最近的位置找起,要求理解句子的顺序是：本句的意思一前后句的意思一本段和前后段的意思【典例2】(202b新高考卷I阅读C）WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽）werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(栖息地）.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"decimate"meaninthefirstparagraph?

A.Acquire.B.Export.C.Destroy.D.Distribute.【分析】利用上下文猜测词义。文章前两句说,当探险家们第一次踏上北美洲大陆时,天上和大地上有许多各种各样的野生动物。美洲土著人很聪明地保护了这些宝贵的自然资源。下一句中的unfortunately表示转折意义,由此推断,画线单词所在句"Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources/5意思是"不幸的是,仅仅几十年后,探险家和定居者就毁灭了大部分资源。"也就是说,画线单词decimate意思是"破坏;毁灭(destroy)。首段最后两句"Millionsofwaterfowl...greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(栖息地)."进一步说明了"探险家和定居者对这里资源的破坏"。故选D。利用语法关系猜测词义利用下定义:be,mean,referto,becallcd/namcd,namely,thatis,beconsidered等词语后面的内容是对前面的注解性说明,相当于对前面的词语下定义利用同位语(从句):同位语(从句)是对其前内容的解释说明,也可以帮助猜测词义利用定I吾从句:尤其注意which/who后的非限制性定语从句)利用举例:forexample,forinstance,suchas,like,include,including等后的内容也有助于猜测利用标点符号:注意破折号(一)、冒号(:)、分号(;)后的内容;注意引号("")或括号中的内容[典例3]（2021・全国甲卷阅读C）Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.Itmeanthello.ltmeantdon'tworryaboutit.Once,whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam（横杆）,Ifellontothestones,damaginganerveinmyhand,andTobycameover,helpingmeup：Safe,man.Safe.Afewminuteslater,whenIlandedthetrick,myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud,shouting：“Safe!Safe!Safe!"Andthat'swhatmattered一landingtricks,beingagoodskater.29.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"Safe!Safe!Safe!"probablymean?B.Welldone!Becareful!B.Welldone!C.Noway!D.Don9tworry!C.Noway!【分析】利用语法关系猜测词义。根据画统词后文的解释说明"Andthat'swhatmattered一landingtricks,beingagoodskater."可知,作者掌握了滑板落地技巧,他的朋友大声欢呼,因此可以推出本句的Safe是赞美的含义。故选旦。技法4技法4利用逻辑关系猜测词义反义关系：根据画线同的反义词猜测词义同义关系：根据画线词的相同或相近意义的同语猜测词义反义关系：根据画线同的反义词猜测词义同义关系：根据画线词的相同或相近意义的同语猜测词义因果关系:根据前后因果关系猜测词义表转折:but,however,otherwise,though,eventhough表对比:unlike,incontrast,while,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,ratherthan,insteadof表类同:similarly,like,or,namely,in

otherwords,thatistosay,justas,and,

also,aswellas,thesameas,as...as...表原因:because,since,becauseof,dueto,thanksto,for,asaresull(of)表结果:so,therefore,sothat,so/such...that...,leadto/resultin/contributeto【典例4】(2020-新高考卷I阅读D）AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch^boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份）,it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"beanpoles"inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters.B.OverweightpersonsC.Pickyeaters.D.Tallthinpersons.［分析】利用逻辑关系猜测词义。根据"Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.",研究表明,与现存的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭)相反,你真正需要避开的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根据“contraryto"可知,画线词与heavierpeople含义相反。故选口。微技能二I代词猜测题一就近原则找指代代词猜测题主要考查文章中的人称代词、不定代词、指示代词或关系代词所指代的内容。解答这类题目的时候一定要遵循就近原则,艮K代词往上找,就近原则不能忘,找出离代词最近的名词、词组或句子等。代词永远出现在原词之后,故代词所指代的内容在这一句的前面一句中,或者前儿个句中用所找的指代内容替换画线代词,核实句意是否合理,前后内容是否一致【典例5](2020-浙江7月卷阅读B)ThetrafficsignalsalongFactoriaBoulevardinBellevue,Washington,generallydon'tflashthesamelengthofgreentwiceinarow,especiallyatrushhour.At9:30am,thefullred/yellow/greensignalcyclemightbe140seconds.By9:33am,aburstofadditionaltrafficmightpushitto145seconds.Lesstrafficat9:37amcouldpushitdownto135.Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.Thatisbydesign.Bellevue,afast—growingcityjusteastofSeattle,usesasystemthatisgainingpopularityaroundtheUS:intersection（十字路口）signalsthatcanadjustinrealtimetotrafficconditions.Theselights,knownasadaptivesignals,haveledtosignificantdeclinesinboththetroubleandcostoftravelsbetweenworkandhome.25・Whatdoestheunderlinedword"that"inparagraph2referto?A.Increasedlengthofgreenlights.B・Shortenedtrafficsignalcycle.Flexibletimingoftrafficsignals.Smoothtrafficflowontheroad.【分析】第一步确定题干中的关键信息:theunderlinedword"that"inparagraph2第二步定位到原句,并找出该词所代替的内容:根据代词永远出现在原词之后的原则,故代词所指代的内容应在这一句的前面一句或者前面几个句子中。所以该词所代替的内容为:Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.第三步综合判断得出答案:that指代第一段中的多变的交通信号灯时间。故选Co微技能三I句意猜测题一一意义吻合推句意句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的特殊含义的语句或高度概括句中,要求考生用合适的句子解释这一语句或这一语句的某一部分。锁定语句前后寻找,意义吻合是解题关键。一定位返M原文，定位画线句一定位返M原文，定位画线句二寻找寻找画线句前后的信息句细读与画线句有意义关联的信息句,合理推断画线句的句意|四比对HI两总结,仔细比对选项,确定答案【典例6]（2019-浙江6月卷阅读B）Moneywithnostringsattached.Ifsnotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationinLosAngeleslastmonth,aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoitwithpinsandasignthatread,“GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYouNeed.”24.Whatdoestheexpression"moneywithnostringsattached”inparagraph1mean?A.Moneyspentwithouthesitation.B・Moneynotlegallymade.Moneyofferedwithoutconditions.Moneynottiedtogether.【分析】第一步定位到原句,找出题干关键信息在原文中的位置:moneywithnostringsattached第二步寻找信息句,找出与该句相关的信息句:"GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYouNeed."第三步分析选项,细读信息句,合理推断画线句的句意。综合判断得出画线句的意思应该是"无条件提供钱"o第四步仔细比对选项,"Moneyofferedwithoutconditions.符合句意。故选C。［对点练］即学即练巩固,练透练全练通n精做模拟考题(2021-无锡市高三调研）Havingmetonlyweeksbefore,climbersEdmundHillaryandTenzingNorgayshookhandsbeforehuggingeachotherinamomentthatwouldputtheirnamesinhistorybooksforever.Theywereontopoftheworld一literally.AfterfivehoursofcontinuousclimbingthetwofirstclimbedtothetopofMountQomolangma,thehighestspotonearth.Astheultimateclimbinggoalforthembothandthedreamofmostclimbers,theyhadjust15minutestoabsorbtheexperienceofbeingat8,848.86metresabovesealevel.Beanylongerandtheymaynothavemadeitbacktocamptotellthetale.Withthisinmind,thepairspentsomeoftheirpreciousminutessearchingtheareaforsignsofthosewhohadbeenbeforethem.ThebodiesoftwopreviousQomolangmahopefuls一AndrewIrvineandGeorgeMalloryofthe1924attempt一wereinthethoughtsofNorgayandHillary.However,theycouldfindnosignofthemhavingreachedthetop.Qomolangmahasbeenresponsibleforclaimingover300livesandendangeringmanyothers,asitposeshugeandunpredictablechallenges,withhighaltitudes(海拔)puttingimmensepressureonhumanbiologyandwithitsicylandmakingeachsteparisk.Whentheclimbersmadeitbacktocampandthenewsspread,globaladmirationandfamepouredin.NorgayandHillaryweredeterminedtobethefirsttoconquertheworld'shighestmountain.Theyhaddoneit.Atthetimetheybelievedthattheboxhadbeentickedandnooneelsewouldputthemselvesthroughthedangertorepeattheirachievement.Theycouldn'thavebeenmorewrong.Todayhundredsofpeoplechoosetofollowintheirfootstepseveryyear.Incontrasttothetotalisolation(3K独)feltonthefirstsuccessf