第02讲 完形填空-说明文和议论文（复习讲义）（全国适用）（原卷版）

39/60第02讲完形填空——说明文和议论文目录01TOC\o"1-3"\h\u202体系构建·思维可视 303核心突破·靶向攻坚 4考点一利用文章首段的观点或看法解题 4知识点1说明文完形填空的特点 4知识点2议论文完形填空的特点 4知识点3利用文章首段的观点或看法解题 4考点二注重文章尾段的结论解题 7知识点注重文章尾段的结论解题 7考向注重文章尾段的结论解题 7考点三利用段落主题句解题 8考点四利用说明顺序解题 904真题溯源·考向感知 10完形填空之说明文和议论文考点目标要求年份卷别体裁主题文章词数考情分析完形填空之说明文和议论文考查在具体语境中理解词语表达的得体性和准确性2022全国乙卷说明文人际关系254根据新高考三年的考情分析，完形填空说明文和议论文主要集中考查：动词及动词短语、名词、形容词、副词等实词在完形填空语篇中的得体性和准确性。但它们更注重考查文章的逻辑性和文章结构。2026年高考很有可能考说明文或议论文。近几年一直在考记叙文，为了避免思维定式，26年考说明文的可能性更大。2022浙江卷议论文人与自我——诚信266考点一利用文章首段的观点或看法解题知识点1说明文完形填空的特点文体特征说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明，通常结构严谨，句子结构复杂，因此也是高考完形填空题中较难理解的一种文体。其主要特点为：1.开头点题在说明文类的完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明细节的前提。2.结构清晰说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系，选择正确答案具有重要意义。3.难度较大说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为复杂。4.遣词用字简练说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。5.条理清晰说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序来说明事物或事理。应试策略1.

快速弄清文章大意对于此类文章我们结合选择项，进行粗读或略读，对文章的大意要先有一个大体的了解。说明文往往生词较多，而题材又比较广泛，所以阅读时，首先要能够掌握文章的大意。2.

弄清楚说明的顺序把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加强对整篇文章的理解。3.

把握文章的组织结构，理清事实细节把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表达清楚的、逻辑比较严密的短文。在阅读这类文章时，我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾，从主题句着手，找出支持句，然后寻找文章的结论。这时，我们还要特别注意，不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑，我们在理解细节的基础上，还要斟酌文字的内涵意义，从而对文章进行深层次的理解。4.

注重上下文语境应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服＂思维定势＂，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。5.

熟练做题方法，遵循四个原则：（1）上下一致。每个选择项必须从全文出发，从大处着手，避免孤立地分析每一空格，造成误选。（2）语法正确。从语法地角度去考虑动词的时态、语态以及词类用法。（3）逻辑合理。在完形填空题中，逻辑推理非常重要，有时每个选择项从语法上讲都正确，但是有的是不合语境逻辑的。（4）符合搭配。英语中固定搭配很多，需要熟练掌握，才能做好此类题目。知识点2议论文完形填空的特点文体特征议论文都是由论点（作者的观点，也就是被证明的对象、论据（用来证明论点的依据，是说明论点的理由和材料）和论证（运用论据证明论点的过程与方法），这三个要素构成的，这也是一个提出问题——分析问题——解决问题的过程。因此，典型的议论文一般就由序论（提出问题，即what）、本论（分析问题，即why）和结论（解决问题，即how）三个部分构成，其具体的结构模式又有以下三种：模式一：引言段（提出观点）——正方论点心（支持作者的观点的较弱论点）、正方论点2（支持作者的观点的较强论点）、正方论点3（支持作者观点的最强论点）——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议）在这种模式中，文章主体段（中间部分）的每一个部分论述一个论点，这些论点以其重要性按序排列，最有力、最重要的论点在最后面，以示强调。模式二：引言段（提出观点）——反面意见（反方观点+作者的反驳）、正方论点1（支持作者观点的较弱论点）、正方论点2（支持作者观点的较强论点）、正方论点3（支持作者观点的最强论点）——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议）在这种模式中，文章立体段的一开始就提出对立方的反面意见及作者对这种意见的反驳，以后各部分仍分别陈述作者的不同论点。模式三：引言段（提出观点）——反方观点1+进行反驳的正方论点、反方观点2+进行反驳的正方论点、反方观点3+进行反驳的正方论点——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议）在这种模式中，作者在文章主体段的每一部分都先提出一个反面观点，然后再进行反驳。议论文有自己的语言个性，它不同于记叙文的生动形象，也不同于说明文的简明易懂。议论是对具体事物、事理作出的理论上分析与阐述，因此，它的语言自然客观的、抽象的、概括的。同时，它的语言也很准确，合乎逻辑。文中会较多地使用，诸如since（既然），nowthat（既然），therefore（因而），inthatcase（在那种情况下），so（所以），Itfollowsthat…（因而…），If…，wemayconcludethat…（如果……，我们可以这样下结论……），Shoulditbethecase（如果是这样的话……），Idon’twantto…,but…（我并不想……），Itistruethat…,but…（诚然……但是……）,Evenif…（即使……）等有辩论和推理含义的连接和过渡词语与结构，以增强语言的准确性和逻辑性。此外，作者的写作态度一般也较诚恳，在文章中通常使用的是与读者平等交流的语气，不会给人以居高临下、以势居人、逼人接受的感觉，在遣词造句方面多使用虚拟语气、让步状语从句和can,may,might,could,would,should等情态动词。应试策略技巧一把握首句议论文完形填空的首句一般是主旨句，作者通常在首段提出总论点，然后在每段的首句提出分论点。技巧二依据结构查论点文章论点提出一般有以下三种。开门见山：直接提出论点，然后用正反、对比、举例等论据加以论证，最后总结全文。抛砖引玉：先通过叙述生活中的一件事情或现象，不表明自己的观点，而是通过对具体现象的分析，最后得出结论。文末总结：先列举生活中的现象，不表明自己的观点，而是通过对具体现象的分析，最后得出结论。技巧三末段结论议论文的尾段就是结论，也是对论点的照应。知识点3利用文章首段的观点或看法解题说明文和议论文有一个共同特点，文章的首段总是提出要说明的事实或结论或提出论点或提出要解决的问题。根据文章作者提出的结论或论点，可以比较清晰的感悟作者的写作态度和目的，而下文将对其进行详细的说明或进行论证。明察作者的写作思路和态度就能一连串的解决首段一系列的问题，它们是相辅相成的。考向利用文章首段的观点或看法解题例(2025·江西省九江市高三一模)Ifyouwanttostandout,10,000hoursoftrainingwilltakeyoumuchfurtherthanyournaturalabilities.Mozartisconsideredbymanyasthegreatestcomposerwhoeverlived.Traditionally,manypeople1outstandingachievementslikeMozart’sareduetotalent,oreveninborninspirationor2.Thisassumptionholdsespeciallytrueforchildprodigies(神童)likeMozartwhosemusictalent3theworldattheageofsix.Butlookingmore4atthisphenomenon,wefindthattheseindividualsactuallyhadtopracticecountlesshoursbeforeshowingtheir5remarkabletalent.Infact,scientistsindicatethataprodigy’strainingtypically6ataveryearlyage,withmassivetimeinvestedinpractice.1．A．admit B．assume C．realize D．hope2．A．motivation B．progress C．fate D．determination3．A．amazed B．excited C．questioned D．scared4．A．slowly B．hurriedly C．widely D．closely5．A．old-fashioned B．so-called C．well-organized D．newly-discovered6．A．begins B．exists C．ends D．grows【变式训练·变载体】(2025·辽宁省鞍山市普通高中高三第二次质量监测节选)Reducingtheuseofplasticisabalancebetweenwhatyoucanaffordandwhatyoucanget.I’ve___41___alotfromaplastic-freelifestyle.Ithelpsme___42___mycarbonfootprintandsavemoney.41．A．heard B．benefited C．received D．suffered42．A．record B．rebuild C．reduce D．recall考点二注重文章尾段的结论解题知识点注重文章尾段的结论解题明文和议论文的尾段往往给我们传递非常重要的信息，常常是议论文得出的结论，而这个结论往往也是积极向上的，说明文会在尾段进一步总结，它们能反映作者的态度和情感。因此，利用好尾段信息对完形填空解题很有帮助。考向注重文章尾段的结论解题例(2025·河南省洛阳市高三开学联考)Thankfully,thegender13hasimprovedsinceIfirststarted.Now,Ihaveseveralfemaleengineersworkinginmyteam.Asthehead,Igetathrillfrom14peopleinrolesandonprojectsaccordingtotheirabilitiesandseeingthemachievegreatresults.Helpingaperson15byfocusingonherstrengthsgivesmeahugeamountofsatisfaction.13．A．characteristic B．role C．balance D．preference14．A．placing B．inspiring C．concerning D．updating15．A．explore B．develop C．compete D．qualify本文中的Helpingapersondevelopbyfocusingonherstrengthsgivesmeahugeamountofsatisfaction.就是文章的结论，文章的中心句。【变式训练·变载体】(2024·安徽省皖豫联盟毕业班第二次联考节选)Thatmessage28toamannamedEvanWilliams.In2005hedevelopedanAPPcalledOdeo.Notmanypeopleusedit.Itwasabig29,butWilliamswasn’tupset.30,helearnedfromhismistakesandkeptworkinghard.Afewyearslater,hehelpedcreateoneofthebiggestsocialmediasitesever:Twitter.

28．A．related B．applied C．switched D．objected29．A．hit B．disappointment C．relief D．reminder30．A．Instead B．Moreover C．Meanwhile D．Therefore考点三利用段落主题句解题知识点利用段落主题句解题说明文和议论文的语言组织结构很严谨，句子之间的逻辑关系紧凑，层次分明。因此，段落中的主题句总是统领整个段落，段中的所有的说明和论述都会围绕题展开。所以，整段内的选项要侧重主题句的思想选择，这样成功率很高。考向利用段落主题句解题例（2023·江苏省南京市第三中学模拟节选）Besomeoneelse.Lookatthesituationfroma_____53_____pointofview.Goodwritersusethistechnique.Fictionwritersoftenimaginetheyarethe_____54_____intheirbooks.Ifyourgoalinvolvesotherpeople,putyourselfintheir_____55_____.Thebestfishermenthinklikefish!53．A．personal B．global C．different D．positive54．A．features B．themes C．creatures D．characters55．A．locations B．positions C．images D．impressions【提醒】此处Besomeoneelse是主题句，后面的选项都统领在其语境的范围内，都侧重主题句的方向选即可。【变式训练】（河南省洛阳市等三地名校高三上学期开学联考）ThebiggestchallengeIhavefacedinmycareerisbeingawomaninamale-dominatedprofession.WhenIstartedworking,Iwastheonlyfemaleengineerinmydivision.ThoughIwasas10asmycolleagues,itwastoughtogetthemtoacceptmeastheir11.Insteadoffeelingupset,Ichosetofocusonmystrengthsasawomanengineertoearntheirrespect.12,theyacceptedme.10．A．stubborn B．humorous C．capable D．realistic11．A．equal B．opponent C．contemporary D．friend12．A．Occasionally B．Originally C．Frequently D．Eventually考点四利用说明顺序解题知识点利用说明顺序解题利用说明顺序（即逻辑顺序、时间顺序、空间顺序等）解英语完形填空时，可以遵循以下系统方法：1.通读全文，把握说明结构目的：快速理解文章主题和说明逻辑（如因果、步骤、对比等）。技巧：重点读首段、尾段及每段首句，标注关键词（如first,however,therefore等）。2.分析空格上下文逻辑时间顺序：空格处可能需填时间标志词（before,after,finally）或动词时态。例：若前文是"First,heatthewater"，后文可能是"Next,addthetealeaves."因果顺序：空格可能是结果（thus,consequently）或原因（dueto,because）。对比/递进：注意however,similarly,moreover等逻辑词。3.常见考点总结说明顺序类型典型线索词解题方向时间顺序first,then,finally填时间副词或动作顺序词因果顺序because,so,therefore填原因/结果相关词对比顺序but,however,whereas填反义词或转折词举例顺序forexample,suchas填具体事例或概括词考向利用说明顺序解题例1(2025·黑龙江省大庆外国语学校高三第一次教学质量检测)AfterstudyingarchitectureinChaux-de-Fonds,theyoungLeCorbusier4hishometown,travellingtoItalythenontoBudapestandVienna.He5cametoParisandsettledthereforyears.Later,helearnedGermaninorderto6ajobintheBerlinofficeofPeterBehrens,whoisoftenreferredtoasthefirsteverindustrialdesigner.4．A．left B．missed C．remember D．mentioned5．A．suddenly B．eventually C．secretly D．casually6．A．offer B．arrange C．cancel D．land【变式训练】Howlongcanhumanbeingslive?Mostscientistswhostudyoldagethinkthatthehumanbodyis1_______tolivenolongerthan120years.However,110yearsisprobablythelongestthatanyonecouldhopetolive-ifheorsheis2_______healthyandlucky.Somescientistsevensaywecanliveaslongas130years!Yet,ourcellssimplycannotcontinuetoreproduce3_______.Theywearout,andasaresult,wegetoldand4______die.1.A.designedB.selectedC.improved D.discovered2.A.completelyB.generallyC.apparently D.extremely3.A.rapidlyB.harmlesslyC.endlessly D.separately4.A.eventuallyB.hopelesslyC.automaticallyD.desperately1.（2021年天津卷）Formostpeople,havingthingsstolenfeelslikeanoffence.RobbiePruittadmittedthathegot____16____whenhediscoveredthetheftofhismountainbikelastSeptember.Butsoonenough,his____17____tookaturn.Afterlettinggoofhisangerandfrustration,hefoundhimselfonaroadtosympathy____18____.ForPruitt,akeenbicyclist,thefirstthingtodowas____19____hisstolenbike.Butwhenhewentbikeshopping,hefoundfewavailable,whichgothimthinking:Whatifthe____20____ofbikeswasCovid-19related,andwhatifthepersonwho'dtakenhisbikereallyneeded____21____togettowork?Withthatthoughtinmind,Pruitt____22____aplanandposteditonthecommunitywebsite.He____23____tofixbikesfreeofchargeforanyonewhoneededit.Healsoaskedforunwantedbikes,whichhewouldrepair-again____24____.Andthenhewoulddonatethemtofolkswhocouldtrulyusethembutdidn'thavethe____25____tobuyone.Thedaythepostwentlive,Pruittreceivedthirty____26____bicycles.Thencamemorethan500____27____fordetailedinformation.Bytheendof2020,Pruitthadrepairedmorethan140fordonationortobe____28____totheirowners.Pruitttriestogivehisdonationstofamiliesthatare____29____struggling.____30____simplysatisfyingamaterialneed,hehasprovidedanopportunityforkidsinhisneighborhoodtolearnhowtofixtheirownbikes.Inadditionto____31____skills,Pruitt'slessonsteachteamwork,encourageself-worth,andpromotefeelingsofcommunity.____32____,thekidshavegainedasenseofaccomplishment."It'sareallygreat____33____forkids,“saidaneighborinaninterviewwiththelocalnewspaper."Pruittiscertainlyprovidinga____34____,butit'snotjustthebikes.It'stherelationshipsinthecommunity.It'sthe____35____thathecanmakeonpeople."16.A.amazed B.mad C.curious D.frightened17.A.emotions B.career C.opinions D.route18.A.ever B.together C.instead D.yet19.A.ride B.lock C.repair D.replace20.A.lack B.variety C.increase D.quality21.A.instruction B.qualification C.transportation D.permission22.A.cameupwith B.stuckto C.gaveup D.brokeawayfrom23.A.remembered B.refused C.hesitated D.offered24.A.byaccident B.inadvance C.forfree D.oncredit25.A.profit B.budget C.courage D.excuse26.A.shared B.used C.expensive D.modern27.A.enquiries B.advertisements C.notices D.announcements28.A.exported B.sold C.lent D.returned29.A.hardly B.slightly C.truly D.instantly30.A.Without B.Beyond C.Upon D.Among31.A.practical B.commercial C.mathematical D.social32.A.Otherwise B.However C.Somehow D.Meanwhile33.A.promise B.celebration C.comfort D.experience34.A.competition B.service C.ceremony D.suggestion35.A.compromise B.impression C.impact D.progress2.（2015年安徽卷）Inourmodernworld,whensomethingwearsout,wethrowitawayandbuyanewone.The71isthatcountriesaroundtheworldhavegrowingmountainsof72becausepeoplearethrowingoutmorerubbishthaneverbefore.Howdidwe73athrowawaysociety?Firstofall,itisnoweasierto74anobjectthantospendtimeandmoneytorepairit.75modernmanufacturing(制造业)andtechnology,companiesareabletoproduceproductsquicklyandinexpensively.Productsareplentifuland76.Anothercauseisour77ofdisposable(一次性的)products.As78people,wearealwayslookingfor79tosavetimeandmakeourliveseasier.Companies80thousandsofdifferentkindsofdisposableproducts:paperplates,plasticcups,andcameras,tonameafew.Ourappetitefornewproductsalso81totheproblem.Weare82buyingnewthings.Advertisementspersuadeusthat83isbetterandthatwewillbehappierwiththelatestproducts.Theresultisthatwe84usefulpossessionstomakeroomfornewones.Allaroundtheworld,wecanseethe85ofthisthrowawaylifestyle.Mountainsofrubbishjustkeepgettingbigger.To86theamountofrubbishandtoprotectthe87,moregovernmentsarerequiringpeopletorecyclematerials.88,thisisnotenoughtosolve(解决)ourproblem.Maybethereisanotherwayout.Weneedtorepairourpossessions89throwingthemaway.Wealsoneedtorethinkourattitudesabout90.Repairingourpossessionsandchangingourspendinghabitsmaybethebestwaytoreducetheamountofrubbishandtakecareofourenvironment.71．A．key B．reason C．project D．problem72．A．gifts B．rubbish C．debt D．products73．A．face B．become C．observe D．change74．A．hide B．control C．replace D．withdraw75．A．Thanksto B．Asto C．Exceptfor D．Regardlessof76．A．safe B．funny C．cheap D．powerful77．A．love B．lack C．prevention D．division78．A．sensitive B．kind C．brave D．busy79．A．ways B．places C．jobs D．friends80．A．donate B．receive C．produce D．preserve81．A．adapts B．returns C．responds D．contributes82．A．tiredof B．addictedto C．worriedabout D．ashamedfor83．A．newer B．stronger C．higher D．larger84．A．pickup B．payfor C．holdonto D．throwaway85．A．advantages B．purposes C．functions D．consequences86．A．show B．record C．decrease D．measure87．A．technology B．environment C．consumers D．brands88．A．However B．Otherwise C．Therefore D．Meanwhile89．A．by B．infavourof C．after D．insteadof90．A．spending B．collecting C．repairing D．advertising3.（2013年广东卷）Numbersenseisnottheabilitytocount.Itistheabilitytorecognizea21,innumber.Humanbeingsarebornwiththisability.22,experimentsshowthatmanyanimalsare,too.Forexample,manybirdshavegoodnumbersense.Ifanesthasfoureggsandyouremoveone,thebirdwillnot23However,ifyouremovetwo,thebird24leaves.Thismeansthatthebirdknowsthe25betweentwoandthree.Anotherinterestingexperimentshowedabird's26numbersense.Amanwastryingtotakeaphotoofacrow(乌鸦)thathadanestinatower,butthecrowalwaysleftwhenshesawhimcoming.Thebirddidnot27untilthemanleftthetower.Themanhadan28.Hetookanothermanwithhimtothetower.Onemanleftandtheotherstayed,buttheydidnot29thebird.Thecrowstayedawayuntilthesecondmanleft,too.Theexperimentwas30withthreemenandthenwithfourmen.Butthecrowdidnotreturntothenestuntilallthemenwere31.Itwasnotuntilfivemenwentintothetowerandonlyfourleftthattheywere32abletofoolthecrow.Howgoodisahuman'snumbersense?It'snotverygood.Forexample,babiesaboutfourteenmonthsoldalmostalwaysnoticeifsomethingistakenawayfroma33group.Butwhenthenumbergoesbeyondthreeorfour,thechildrenare34fooled.Itseemsthatnumbersenseissomethingwehaveincommonwithmanyanimalsinthisworld,andthatourhuman35isnotmuchbetterthanacrow's.21．A．rise B．pattern C．change D．trend22．A．Importantly B．Surprisingly C．Disappointedly D．Fortunately23．A．survive B．care C．hatch D．notice24．A．generally B．sincerely C．casually D．deliberately25．A．distance B．range C．different D．interval26．A．amazing B．annoying C．satisfying D．disturbing27．A．relax B．recover C．react D．return28．A．appointment B．excuse C．idea D．explanation29．A．fool B．hurt C．catch D．kill30．A．reported B．repeated C．designed D．approved31．A．confused B．gone C．tired D．drunk32．A．gradually B．luckily C．strangely D．finally33．A．single B．small C．local D．new34．A．seldom B．temporarily C．merely D．often35．A．sight B．nature C．ability D．belief4.（2010年安徽卷）Mostpeoplegivelittlethoughttothepenstheywritewith,especiallysincetheprintersinmodernhomesandofficesmeanthatvery36thingsarehandwritten.Alltoooften,peoplebuyapenbasedonlyon37,andwonderwhytheyarenotsatisfied38theybegintouseit.However,buyingapenthatyou’llenjoyisnot39ifyoukeepthefollowinginmind.

Firstofall,apenshouldfitcomfortablyinyourhandandbe40touse.Thethicknessofthepenisthemostimportantcharacteristic(特征)41comfort.Havingasmallhandandthickfingers,youmaycomfortablewithathinpen.Ifyouhavea42handandthickerfingersyoumay43afatterpen.Thelengthofapencan44influencecomfort.Apenthatistoo45caneasilyfeeltopheavyandunstable.

Then,thewritingpointofthepenshould46theinktoflowevenly(均匀的)whilethatpenremainsintouchwiththepaper.47willmakeitpossiblyforyoutocreatea48lineofwriting.Thepointshouldalsobesensitiveenoughto49inkfromrunningwhenthepenislifted.Apointthatdoesnotblockthe50mayleavedropsofink,51youpickthepenupandputitdownagain.52,thepenshouldmakeathick,darkline.Finelinepensmay53badhandwriting,butfine,delicatelinesdonotcommand54nexttoprintedtext,as,55,asignatureonaprintedletter.Abroaderline,ontheotherhand,givesanimpressionofconfidenceandauthority(权威)。36．A．many B．few C．pleasant D．important37．A．looks B．reason C．value D．advantages38．A．once B．if C．because D．though39．A．convenient B．practical C．strange D．difficult40．A．heavy B．easy C．hard D．safe41．A．taking B．finding C．determining D．seeking42．A．strong B．weaker C．smaller D．larger43．A．prefer B．recommend C．prepare D．demand44．A．hardly B．also C．never D．still45．A．thick B．light C．long D．soft46．A．change B．allow C．reduce D．press47．A．they B．one C．this D．some48．A．thin B．rough C．black D．smooth49．A．prevent B．free C．protect D．remove50．A．way B．sight C．flow D．stream51．A．so B．as C．and D．yet52．A．Meanwhile B．Generally C．Afterwards D．Finally53．A．showup B．differfrom C．breakdown D．compensatefor54．A．attention B．support C．respect D．admission55．A．atmost B．forexample C．inbrief D．onpurpose5.（2009年江苏卷）Therequirementsforhighschoolgraduationhavejustchangedinmycommunity.Asaresult,allstudentsmust1sixtyhoursofservicelearning,2theywillnotreceiveadiploma.Servicelearningisacademiclearningthatalsohelpsthecommunity.3ofservicelearningincludecleaningupapollutedriver,workinginasoupkitchen,ortutoringastudent.4aserviceexperience,studentsmustkeepajournalandthenwritea5aboutwhattheyhavelearned.Supportersclaimthattherearemany6ofservicelearning.Perhapsmostimportantly,studentsareforc