2017-2018学年高中英语译林版选修8教学案Unit2Section4

eq\a\vs4\al\co1(省略,,[语法初识])原句感知自主探究①Inthestory,agirlnamedZhuYingtaiisstubbornandwantstogotoschool,butcan't(gotoschool)becauseonlyboysareadmitted.Ifhesayshe'lle,hewill(e)．②...buttheperformance(that)IsawwasthefirsttimeTurandotwasstagedinsidetheForbiddenCity.Thisisthebook(which)youwerelookingforyesterday.③Iaskedhimtoseethefilm,buthedidn'twantto(seethefilm)．However,althoughhewouldliketo(breakhispromise),hecannotbreakhispromiseandmustallowTurandottodoasshewishes.④Though(heis)young,heknowsalot.Once(theplanis)carriedout,theplancan'tbechanged.⑤Weshallstartateight,if(itis)convenient.If(itis)necessary,pleasecallmeup.⑥Hetoldme(that)hehadtwosonsandthattheybothhadgonetocollege.Theboysaid(that)youweretooyoungtounderstandthematterandthathewasaskednottotellyou.(1)第一组例句属于承前省略。(2)第二组例句为关系代词的省略。当关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时，可以省略。(3)第三组为不定式的省略。有时可用不定式符号“to”来替代上文中出现的不定式。(4)第四组例句为状语从句的省略。当状语从句的主语和主句的主语指的是同一人或物，且由人称代词的主格担当，而从句谓语中含有be动词时，可以把从句的主语和be动词一起省略。(5)第五组例句为状语从句的省略。当状语从句的主语为it，谓语为is/was时，可以将it_is/was省略。(6)第六组体现的是当及物动词之后跟两个或两个以上的由连词that连接的宾语从句时，只可省略第一个连词that的情况。[语法剖析]在英语中，有时为了避免结构上或内容上的重复，并使上下文紧密连接；有时因为语法的客观要求，句子中的一个或几个成分不需要表达出来，这种现象称为省略。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，还有一种替代省略。在此，我们只研究句法的省略和替代省略。语法点一省略在简单句中的应用1.祈使句的省略。在祈使句中通常省略主语。(You)Dobecarefulofsuchthingsinthefuture.今后一定要小心此类事情。(You)Speakalittleslower.Ican'tfollowyou.你讲慢一点，我听不清楚。2．在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。(Isthere)Anythingelse?(还有)其他东西吗？3．疑问句的答语省略。为避免重复而省略疑问句的答语，这也是常见的一种句式省略。—Areyouastudent?—Yes,Iam(astudent)．——你是一名学生吗？——是的，我是(一名学生)。4．感叹句的省略。目的是突出感叹的部分。Whatabeautifulgirl(sheis)!(她是)多漂亮的女孩呀！[即时演练1](1)单句语法填空①(天津高考改编)—Mary'sbeenofferedajobinauniversity,butshedoesn'twanttotakeit.—Butwhy?It'saverygoodchance.(2)写出下列句子的省略部分②(Are_there)Anyquestions?③—Areyoutired?—Yes,Iam(tired)．④Whatahotday(it_is)!语法点二省略在并列句中的应用在并列句中，如果后面的分句与前面的分句有相同的部分，后一部分则常被省略掉，以免重复。HeteachesEnglishandhisbrother(teaches)maths.他教英语，他弟弟教数学。Youradvicemademehappy,but(youradvicemade)Tomangry.你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。[即时演练2](1)单句语法填空①(全国卷Ⅱ改编)Janewon'tjoinusfordinnertonightandTomwon'teither.(2)合并句子②Myshirtiswhite.Hisshirtisblue.My_shirt_is_white_and_his_blue.③Tomturnedontheradio.TomlistenedtoEnglish.Tom_turned_on_the_radio_and_listened_to_English.语法点三主从复合句中的省略1.宾语从句中，连词that常省略，但当有多个并列宾语从句时，只能省略第一个that。Iknow(that)sheisateacherandthatsheisanexcellentwriter.我知道她是一个老师，也是一个优秀的作家。2．表示条件、时间、地点、方式或让步等的状语从句的谓语含有be动词，且主语又和主句的主语一致，或者主语是it时，常把从句的主语连同be动词一起省略。Ifso(＝Ifitisso),youmustgobackandgetit.如果是这样的话，你必须回去把它拿来。Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet(＝whenyouarecrossingthestreet)．过街时要当心车辆。[即时演练3](1)单句语法填空①(福建高考改编)Theclimatehereisquitepleasant,thetemperaturerarely,ifever,reaching30℃insummer.②(湖南高考改编)Children,whenacpanied(acpany)bytheirparents,areallowedtoenterthestadium.(2)句型转换(每空一词)③Whenyouarelisteningtoyourteacher,youmustbecareful.→Whenlisteningtoyourteacher,youmustbecareful.④Youshouldn'tetohispartyunlessyouareinvited.→Youshouldn'tetohispartyunlessinvited.3．定语从句中的省略。若引导限制性定语从句的关系代词在从句中作宾语，该关系代词一般可省略。Thecar(which/that)hisfathergavehimasabirthdaypresentwasstolen.他父亲送给他的作为生日礼物的那辆汽车被盗了。[即时演练4]句型转换(每空一词)Iboughttwobooksinthebookstoreandtheyareveryinteresting.→ThetwobooksIboughtinthebookstoreareveryinteresting.语法点四不定式的省略1.并列的不定式可以省略后面的不定式符号to。但若两个不定式之间表示对比关系时，不能省略to。Thebookisintendedtobereadandnot(to)betorn.这本书是供人阅读的而不是供人撕毁的。Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,nottomakeitmoredifficult.新技术的目的是要让生活更轻松自在，而不是让生活更困难。2．某些使役动词，如make,let,have等和感官动词，如see,watch,notice,observe等后面作宾补的不定式须省略to，但若这些动词用于被动语态，则to不能省略。Mymotherwouldn'tletmegotoseethefilm.我妈妈不会让我去看那部电影的。Hewasnoticedtoleavetheoffice.有人注意到他离开了办公室。3．不定式to后面的内容也可承前省略，此时所省略的成分相当于doso，但一定要有上下文语境。但倘若承前省略的不定式含有作助动词用的have，be的任何形式，to后要保留原形have和be。—WouldyouliketostudyEnglishwithme?—Yes,I'dliketo(studyEnglishwithyou)．——你愿意和我一起学英语吗？——是的，我非常愿意(和你一起学英语)。Shehassucceededinthefinalexaminationbutinfact，sheoughttohave(succeededinthefinalexamination)．她在期末考试中取得了成功，而实际上，她本就该获得成功。4．介词but,except(除了)前有实义动词do的具体形式时，后面的不定式不带to。Hecoulddonothingbutgiveintotherobber.他只能屈服于劫匪了。[即时演练5](1)单句语法填空①(全国卷Ⅰ改编)Thedriverwantedtoparkhiscarneartheroadsidebutwasaskedbythepolicenotto.(2)完成句子②HewillgotoBeijingtomorrowifheis_allowed_to(被允许)．③—Didyoubuymilk?—No,I_meant_to(我本打算买的),buttheshopwasshut.④Theworkersweremade_to_overwork(被迫加班)．⑤Wehavenothingtodonowbut_wait(除了等)．⑥I'mreallypuzzledhow_to_think_and_say(怎么想，怎么说)．语法点五替代性省略1.在一些交际用语中，think,suppose,expect,believe,guess,hope等后常用so,not替代上文出现的内容。—Doyoubelievehelied?—Ibelievenot/thathedidn'tlie.——你相信他撒谎了吗？——我不相信。2．so,nor,neither常用于句首替代前面提到的情况。IfJoe'swifewon'tgototheparty,neitherwillhe.如果乔的妻子不去参加晚会，那乔也不会去。3．ifso,ifany中的so和any用来替代前面的情况。[即时演练6]完成句子①—Everyonebelievestheplanispractical.Whataboutyou?—I_don't_think_so(我不这么认为)．②—Doyouthinkhewillwinthegame?—I_hope_not(我希望不)．③Billwasn'thappyaboutthedelayofthereportofJason,andneither_was_I(我也不满意)．如何写人物介绍[技法指导]写人物介绍时，应包括人物(who)、时间(when)、地点(where)、主要事件(what)等内容。写作时，要做到主题鲜明，内容清楚，并注意结构的完整性。其内容包括：1．姓名，时间，地点(Name,Time,Place)2．教育情况(Education)3．性格，品质(Characters/Qualities)4．兴趣爱好(Interest/Hobbies)5．成就(Achievements)6．评价(Evaluation)表达1．介绍人物的姓名、出身的常用形式①ShewasborninPolandonNov.7,1867.②agreatscientistwiththenameEinstein③AbrahamLincoln,thesonofapoorfamily,wasborninKentuckyonFebruary12,1809.④Bornofapoorclerk'sfamily,CharlesDickenshadlittleschooling.2．描述人物外貌的常用词语good­looking长得好看的，funny­looking长相滑稽的，ugly­looking长得难看的，ordinary­looking长相一般的，white­haired白头发的，pretty漂亮的，bright聪明的3．描述性格特征的常用词语warm­hearted热心肠的，kind­hearted好心的，absent­minded心不在焉的，bad­tempered脾气不好的，easy­going温和宽容的，diligent勤奋的，humorous幽默的，silent沉默的，attractive有吸引力的，talkative多话的4．表达人物兴趣和爱好的常用词或短语like喜欢，love喜爱，beinterestedin对……感兴趣，befondof喜欢……，hate憎恨，betiredof对……厌倦，becrazyabout对……极度喜欢，enjoy喜欢……，loseinterestin对……失去兴趣5．描述人物心情的常用词语sad难过的，happy高兴的，excited兴奋的，pleased高兴的，satisfied满意的，angry生气的，worried担心的，disappointed失望的，terrified恐惧的，friendly友好的，anxious焦虑的，curious好奇的，eager急切的[写作规范][题目要求]根据下列文字写一篇100词左右的文章，介绍海顿。海顿，奥地利著名音乐家，维也纳古典乐派重要代表人物。1732年3月31日，出生于奥地利南方靠近匈牙利边境的风景秀丽的罗劳村。1749年因变音被开除失业，从此流落街头。从1753年起，声名鹊起；1760年结婚，但和妻子相处不好，不久离婚。1761年受雇于一奥地利皇族。1802年因病无法作曲，1809年5月31日逝世于维也纳。海顿是世界音乐史上影响巨大的重要作曲家。[三步作文法]第一步：搜索词汇1．杰出的outstanding2．合唱的choral3．极不情愿地unwillingly4．令人敬畏的awesome5．结婚get_married6．相处get_along7．雇用employ8．遭受，患……病suffer9．身体的physical10．去世pass_away11．被认为是……be_considered_as_...第二步：由词造句1．他年龄太大，不能唱高声的合唱部分，这使他极不情愿地失去了这份工作。①Hewasso_old_thathecouldn't_singhighchoralparts.Thatmadehimlosehisjobunwillingly.②Hewastoo_old_tosinghighchoralparts,which_madehimlosehisjobunwillingly.(非限制性定语从句)2．从1753年，随着他技能的增长，他开始变得受欢迎和令人敬畏。①From1753,as_his_skills_were_increasing,_hebegantobeepopularandawesome.(as引导时间状语从句)②From1753,with_his_skills_increasing,_hebegantobeepopularandawesome.(with的复合结构)3．1760年，海顿结婚了，但他和他妻子相处不好，很快分离了，没有孩子。In1760,Haydngot_married,_butheandhiswifedidnotget_along_wellandgotseperatedsoon,leavingnochildren.4．然而，1802年患病使得他无法作曲。(动名词短语作主语)However,intheyearof1802,suffering_an_illnessmadehimphysicallyunabletopose.第三步：连句成篇Haydn,theoutstandingposeroftheclassicalperiod,wasbornonthe31stofMarchin1732inanAustrianvillage,neartheHungarianborder.At17,hewastoooldtosinghighchoralparts,whichmadehimlosehisjobunwillingly.From1753,withhisskillsincreasing,hebegantobeepopularandawesome.In1760,Haydngotmarried,butheandhiswifedidnotgetalongwellandgotseparatedsoon,leavingnochildren.In1761,hewasemployedbyoneofthewealthiestandmostimportantfamiliesintheAustrianEmpire.However,intheyearof1802,sufferinganillnessmadehimphysicallyunabletopose.Hepassedawayonthe31stofMayin1809,andisconsideredasoneofthegreatestmusiciansinthehistoryofmusic.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Inthecaraccidentthechildwashurt,butthemotherkilled(kill)．2．—Wouldyouliketogowithus?—Yes,I'dliketo.3．—Haveyougotanyparticularplansfortheingwintervacation?Yes.IfYes.Ifpossible,I'mgoingtovisitmygrandparents.4．Thoughnotrich,GuoMingyimakeshisefforttohelpthoseinpoverty.5．Haditnotbeenforourteachers,we'dneverhavebeenabletoenterthisuniversity.6．Girlsusedtotakefeweradvancedmathcoursesthanboysbutnowtheyaretakingjustasmany.7．—WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?—Losing(lose)herbicycle.8．Theresultsofthemedicalcheck­upsuggestedthatmyfatherwasinpoorhealth,sothedoctorsuggestedthathe(should)_give(give)upsmokingandtakemoreexercise.9．—Whydidn'tyouetomybirthdaypartyyesterdayevening?Youpromisedtoe!—Iwouldhave,_butIhadtolookaftermysister.10．Wewillhaveameetingnextweek,butwedon'tknowwhere.Ⅱ.单句改错1．Ourhometownisnolongerwhatitusedto.to后加be2．WhenIintrouble,Ialwaysturntoherforhelp.去掉第一个I或在第一个I后面加am3．Tompickedupacoinontheroadandhandedonetoapoliceman.one改为it4．Noonecanbearbeinglaughedinpublic.laughed后面加at5．Whenparingwiththesizeofthewholeearth,thebiggestoceandoesn'tseembigall.paring改为pared6．Thegoodswereorderedlastmonthhaven'tarrivedyet.去掉were或在were前加which/thatⅢ.将下列句子中省略的成分补充完整1．TommusthavebeenplayingbasketballandMary(must_have_been)doingherhomework.2．—Youhaven'tlosttheticket,haveyou?—Ihopenot(＝I_hope_I_haven't_lost_the_ticket).Iknowit'snoteasytogetanotheroneatthemoment.3．Unless(it_is)necessary,you'dbetternotcallme.4．Hewantstomoveabroadbuthisparentswonderwhy(he_wants_to_move_abroad)．5．(It_is_a)PitythatIdidn'tgotoMary'sbirthdaypartyyesterday.6．—WhywereyouabsentfromschoollastFriday?—(I_was_absent_from_school)Becausemymotherwasill.7．Shewantstoebutherparentswon'tallowherto(e)．8．AllIwant(to_do)isgotoschoolandstudyhard.Ⅳ.完成句子1．被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀！How_beautiful_(it_is)_for_himtobetreatedlikeanormalchild!2．我希望做完工作回家。Ihopetofinishmyjoband(to)_go_back_home.3．有谁要喝一杯吗？(Does)_Anyonewantadrink?4．我去了市场，买了点有用的东西，一小时之内就回家了。Iwenttothemarket,(I)boughtsomethinguseful,and(I)_returned_home_within_an_hour.5．——你本该在离开前谢谢她。——我本打算这么做，但当我就要离开的时候我却哪儿也找不到她了。—Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.—I_meant_to_(thank_her_before_I_left),_butwhenIwasleavingIcouldn'tfindheranywhere.[对应学生课下能力提升(七)]Ⅰ.将下列句子中省略的成分补充完整1．(You)Haveagoodtime.2．What(I_am)aboutacupoftea?3．—Areyoufeelingbetternow?—(I_am_feeling)Muchbetter.4．Istudyatcollegeandmylittlebrother(studies)atmiddleschool.5．Youareunhappy.Canyoutellmewhy(you_are_unhappy)?6．If(it_is)properlytreated,wastewilldonoharmtotheenvironment.7．Makeamarkwhere(it_is)necessary.8．HadIhadtime(＝If_I_had_had_time),_Iwouldhavegonewithyou.9．Shedidn'tjoininthegamethoughshehadpromisedto(join_in_the_game)．10．—Couldyougotothecinemawithme?—I'mgladto(go_to_the_cinema_with_you)．Ⅱ.完成句子(用省略句)1．——你会去参加聚会吗？——当然会去，如果被邀请。—Willyougototheparty?—OfcourseIwillif_invited.2．——你认为周末会下雨吗？——我认为不会。—Doyouthinkitisgoingtorainovertheweekend?—I_believe_not.3．——倘若我再一次被抓到吸烟怎么办？——你肯定会受到惩罚。—What_ifIamcaughtsmokingagain?—Youaresuretobepunished.4．要不是有免费的票，我不会经常去看电影的。Had_it_not_beenforthefreetickets,Iwouldnothavegonetoseethefilmssooften.5．我想正午会有一班火车。要是没有，你只好等到十二点半了。Ithinkthere'satrainatmidday.If_not,_you'llhavetowaittill12：30.Ⅲ.阅读理解ADoyouliketoeatout?Doyouliketoeatquickly?Doyoulikeexpensivefood?Somepeoplegotofast­foodrestaurantforthesereasons.Inthepast,peopleusuallywenttodiners(路边餐馆)forthesereasons.Infact,manypeopleinthestatesstillgotodinerstodayforthesamereasons.AmannamedWalterScotthadthefirst“diner”in1872.Itwasn'treallyadiner.Itwasonlyafoodcart(手推车).Peopleonthestreetwalkeduptothecartstobuyfood.Thesecartsservedlatenightmeals.Themealwasasandwichorboiledeggs.In1887,SamuelJonesbuiltthefirstdinerbigenoughtoallowthecustomerstoeinside.However,theydidn'tsitdown,laterpeoplebuiltdinerswithcountersandstools,andpeoplesatdownwhiletheyate.Beforelongmanydinersstayedopenaroundtheclock.Inotherwords,peoplewereabletoeatinadineratanytime.Dinerschangedinotherways,too.Theoriginalmenuofsandwichesandcoffeebecamebigger.Itincludedsoup,favoritedishes,andabreakfastmenu.Inaddition,dinerssoonbecamepermanentbuildings.Theywerenolongercartsonwheels.Dinerstodaylooksimilartothedinersoftheearly1990s.Theyareusuallybuildingswithlargewindows.Inside,thedinershaveshiningcounterswithstools,booth(公用电话),andtablesandchairs.Peoplecanhaveallthreemealsinamoderndiner.Today,manypeopleeatinfast­foodrestaurantsuchasMcDonald'sandBurgerKing.However,thedinerremainsanAmericantradition,andthousandsofpeoplestillenjoyeatingthere.Itwaspopularacenturyago,anditisstillpopulartoday.eq\x(语篇解读：本文主要介绍了路边餐馆的相关情况。)1．AmannamedWalterScotthadthefirst“diner”in1872.Whyisdinerinquotationmarks(引号)?A．Becauseitisspelleddifferentlyfrom“diner”．B．Becausethefirstdinerwasnotarealdiner.C．Because“diner”wasanewword.D．Becauseitisaspecialkindofrestaurant.解析：选B细节理解题。从文章第三段第二句话“Itwasn'treallyadiner.”可得到答案。2．AccordingtoParagraph4,dinerschangedin________.A．twowaysB．threewaysC．fourwaysD．fiveways解析：选B细节理解题。从本段内容可知：路边餐馆从时间(peoplewereabletoeatinadineratanytime)、菜单(Theoriginalmenuofsandwichesandcoffeebecamebigger.)、建筑物(dinerssoonbecamepermanentbuildings)三个方面出现了变化。3．WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?A．Dinersexistedbeforefast­foodrestaurant.B．Themenuincludedmorefoodthansandwichesandcoffee.C．BurgerKingisafast­foodrestaurant.D．Sandwichesbecamesmaller.解析：选D推理判断题。从二、三段内容知A项正确；从第四段知B项正确；从末段首句“Today,manypeopleeatinfast­foodrestaurantsuchasMcDonald'sandBurgerKing.”知C项正确；文章中并没有提及三明治大小方面的变化。4．Themainideaofthepassageisthat________.A．dinersarestillpopularplacestoeatintheUnitedStatestodayB．SamuelJonesbuiltthefirstdinerbigenoughtoallowthecustomerstoeinsideC．Americandinersservemanytypesoffood24hoursadaytotheircustomersD．dinersaredifferentfromfast­foodrestaurantinmanyways解析：选A主旨大意题。从文章的第二段末句“Infact,manypeopleinthestatesstillgotodinerstodayforthesamereasons.”和最后一段末句“Itwaspopularacenturyago,anditisstillpopulartoday.”可以得知答案。BAwarmdrinkofmilkbeforebedhaslongbeenthebestchoiceforthosewantingagoodnight'ssleep.Butnowastudyhasfounditreallydoeshelppeoplenodoff—ifitismilkedfromacowatnight.Researchershavediscoveredthat“nightmilk”containsmoremelatonin(褪黑激素),whichhasbeenproventohelppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiety.Thestudy,byresearchersfromSeoul,SouthKorea,involvedmicebeingfedwithdriedmilkpowdermadefromcowsmilkedbothduringthedayandatnight.Thosegivennightmilk,whichcontained10timestheamountofmelatonin,werelessactiveandlessanxiousthanthosefedwiththemilkcollectedduringdaytime,accordingtothestudypublishedinTheJournalofMedicinalFood.Nightmilkquickenedthestartofsleepandcausedthemicetosleeplonger.Whiletheeffectofcowsmilkharvestedatdifferenttimehasnotbeentestedonhumansuptonow,takingmelatonindrugshasbeensuggestedtothosewhoarestrugglingtofallasleepatnight.Previousstudieshavealsoindicatedthatmilkcanbeexcellentforhelpingsleepbecauseofthecalciumcontent,whichhelpspeopletorelax.Milkisalsosugar­freeandadditive­freewithnutritionistsremendingskimmedmilkasthebestchoicebeforebedasitistheleastfattening.Themorefatyoutakeinbeforebedtime,thegreaterburdenyouwillputonyourbodyatnight.5．Accordingtothetext,themicefedwithdaytimemilk________.A．startedsleepmoreeasilyB．weremoreanxiousC．werelessactiveD．wokeuplater解析：选B细节理解题。根据第四段“Thosegivennightmilk...werelessactiveandlessanxiousthanthosefedwiththemilkcollectedduringdaytime”可知，themicefedwithdaytimemilk会比themicegivennightmilk更加“anxious”。6．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEofmelatoninaccordingtothetext?A．It'sbeentestedonmicefortentimes.B．Itcanmakepeoplemoreenergetic.C．Itexistsinmilkingreatamount.D．It'susedinsleepingdrugs.解析：选D推理判断题。根据第六段“takingmelatonindrugshasbeensuggestedtothosewhoarestrugglingtofallasle