2025年学历类自考公共课英语(二)

2025年学历类自考公共课英语(二)第一部分词汇与语法结构（共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。1.Thecommitteeinsistedthateveryapplicant______adetailedresearchproposalbeforethedeadline.A.submitB.submitsC.submittedD.submitting2.Notuntilthetraindisappearedinthemist______howmuchshemissedherhometown.A.sherealizedB.didsherealizeC.shehadrealizedD.hadsherealized3.Thenewpolicyislikelytomeetwithstrongopposition,______itspotentialbenefitstotheenvironment.A.regardlessofB.inviewofC.onaccountofD.insteadof4.TheprofessorspokesoquicklythatIcould______followwhathewassaying.A.nearlyB.barelyC.hardlyeverD.almost5.Themuseum’slatestexhibitionfeaturesartifacts______backover3,000years.A.datedB.todateC.datingD.date6.Itisessentialthatthemeeting______withoutanyfurtherdelay.A.isheldB.beheldC.willbeheldD.hasbeenheld7.Themorecarefullyyouplanyouritinerary,______youwillenjoyyourtrip.A.thegreatB.thegreaterC.themoregreatD.thegreatest8.Thejournalistrefusedtorevealthesourceofherinformation,______thatitwasconfidential.A.statingB.tostateC.statedD.havingstated9.Thecitycouncilhasallocatedadditionalfundstopreservebuildingsofhistorical______.A.significanceB.significanceC.significantD.signification10.Theresearchteamwassurprisedtofindthatthebacteriasurvived______extremetemperaturesandhighpressure.A.inspiteB.despiteC.althoughD.however11.TheCEOemphasizedthatinnovationcannotbeforced,butratheritmustbe______cultivatedovertime.A.delicatelyB.deliberatelyC.desperatelyD.defiantly12.Thenovel’sprotagonistisayoungdoctorwho______toaremotemountainvillageaftergraduation.A.hasassignedB.hasbeenassignedC.hadassignedD.hadbeenassigning13.Thelecturewassothought-provokingthattheaudienceremainedsilentforseveralseconds______itended.A.sinceB.onceC.afterD.while14.Theboardofdirectorsdemandedafullreport,______detailedfinancialstatementsforthepastfiveyears.A.tobeincludedB.includedC.beingincludedD.including15.Theathlete’sextraordinaryperformancewas______torigoroustrainingandanindomitablewill.A.contributedB.attributedC.distributedD.constituted16.Thenewregulationprohibitsrestaurants______plasticstrawstocustomersunlessspecificallyrequested.A.toprovideB.fromprovidingC.provideD.providing17.Thehistorianarguedthatthetreatymarkedaturningpoint,______thecourseofEuropeanpoliticsforcenturies.A.havingreshapedB.reshapingC.toreshapeD.reshaped18.Theexperimentwasconductedunderstrictlycontrolledconditions______anyexternalinterference.A.soastoeliminateB.sothateliminateC.foreliminatingD.inordereliminate19.Themanagerspokehighlyoftheintern,sayingthatshewasthemostassistanthehadeverworkedwith.A.efficientB.efficientC.efficientlyD.efficiency20.Thenovelist’slatestworkisaprofoundexplorationofidentity,memory,andthepassageoftime,themesthat______throughouthiscareer.A.havebeenresonatedB.haveresonatedC.hadresonatedD.resonated第二部分完形填空（共15小题，每小题1分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从21—35各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳答案，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Intheearly1940s,whentheworldwasengulfedinwar,aquietrevolutionwastakingplaceinamodestlaboratoryintheAmericanMidwest.ChemistRuthRoganhadlongbeenfascinatedbythemolecularstructureofnaturalpolymers,particularlythosefoundinthesilkspunbyspiders.Shebelievedthatiftheintricatearchitectureoftheseproteinscouldbe21______,anentirelynewclassofmaterialsmightemerge—lighterthansteelyetstrongerthanaluminum.Atthetime,conventionalwisdomheldthatsyntheticfiberscouldnever22______thetensilestrengthoftheirnaturalcounterparts.Rogan,however,remainedundeterred.Workingwithateamofonlythreetechnicians,shespentcountlessnightsadjustingreactiontemperaturesand23______theconcentrationofcatalysts.Progresswaspainstakinglyslow;failedexperiments24______thecorridorswithacridfumes,andfundingwasperpetuallyonthebrinkofexhaustion.Then,lateoneNovemberevening,anunexpected25______occurred.Aforgottensample,leftundisturbedonawindowsillsubjectedtosub-zerotemperatures,hadsolidifiedintoatranslucentfiberthatdefiedallpreviousmeasurements.Whentested,itstensilestrengthexceededthatofspidersilkbyafactoroftwo.Rogan’sheartraced—notsimplybecauseascientificbarrierhadbeen26______,butbecauseshesensedthatthisdiscoverymight27______industriesfarbeyondtextiles.Yettriumphwasaccompaniedbytrepidation.Roganunderstoodthatscientificbreakthroughs,28______theirpromise,oftencarryunintendedconsequences.Shedraftedmeticulousprotocolsforhandlingthenewsubstance,codenamed“Arachne,”andlobbiedforindependentoversightofsubsequentresearch.Hercautionprovedprescient;whenarivalcorporationattemptedto29______thepatent,alengthylegalbattleensuedthatwoulddrainbothherenergyandherlaboratory’sresources.Decadeslater,historianswoulddescribeRogan’sfiberasthe30______momentthatusheredintheageofhigh-performancecomposites.Aerospaceengineersusedittoweavelighterfuselages,reducingfuelconsumptionbynearly18percent.Medicalresearchers31______biocompatiblesuturesthatdissolvedharmlesslywithinthebody,eliminatingtheneedforsecondsurgeries.Evenartistsfoundinspirationinthematerial’siridescentsheen,32______sculpturesthatseemedtofloatinmid-air.Throughoutthesedevelopments,Roganherselfremainedremarkably33______.Shedeclinedlucrativeconsultingcontracts,preferringinsteadtoteachintroductorychemistryatasmallwomen’scollege.Inherfinalinterview,sheobservedthatdiscoveryislessasuddenflashofgeniusthanapatient34______withtheunknown.“Weareallweavers,”shemused,“buttheloomisindifferenttoourintentions.Whatmattersisthepatternthat35______oncetheshuttlehascometorest.”21.A.decodedB.defusedC.deferredD.deflected22.A.surpassB.subscribeC.subsideD.subtract23.A.monitoringB.marvelingC.mobilizingD.manipulating24.A.permeatedB.punctuatedC.partitionedD.perpetrated25.A.outcomeB.outcryC.outageD.outburst26.A.breachedB.bequeathedC.beratedD.besieged27.A.transgressB.transformC.transmitD.transfix28.A.forallB.afterallC.aboveallD.exceptfor29.A.counterfeitB.confiscateC.contriveD.corner30.A.pivotalB.peripheralC.plausibleD.picturesque31.A.fabricatedB.facilitatedC.formulatedD.fostered32.A.forgingB.financingC.forsakingD.foreseeing33.A.reticentB.resilientC.redundantD.relentless34.A.collusionB.collisionC.conversationD.conversion35.A.emergesB.immersesC.submergesD.diverges第三部分阅读理解（共20小题，每小题2分，共40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳答案，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。PassageOneQuestions36-40In1872,theBritishmerchantvesselHMSChallengersetsailfromPortsmouthonwhatwouldbecomethefirstsystematicsurveyoftheworld’soceans.Overthenextthreeandahalfyears,theexpeditionlogged68,890nauticalmiles,collected4,700previouslyunknownspecies,andlaidthegroundworkformodernoceanography.Yettheachievementthatmoststartledcontemporaryscientistswasnotbiologicalbutgeological:thediscoveryofmicroscopicshellsembeddedinsedimentdredgedfromdepthsexceeding4,500meters.Thesecalcareousremnantshintedatanenvironmentradicallydifferentfromtheabyssaldarknessinwhichtheywerefound.Theirveryexistencesuggestedthatvaststretchesoftheseafloorhadoncebathedinsunlight,supportingphotosyntheticorganisms.Theimplicationwasunsettling:eithersealevelshadfluctuatedbythousandsofmeters,orentirecontinentshadbobbedlikecorksontheplanetarymantle.Modernplate-tectonictheoryhasresolvedtheparadox,buttheChallenger’scargocontinuestoyieldsurprises.In2023,researchersre-examiningarchivedspecimensusingnanoscaleimagingdetectedtracesoforganicpigmentspreservedwithinthefossilizedshells.Chemicalanalysisrevealedthatthesepigmentsbelongedtoaclassofproteinsknownasrhodopsins,typicallyfoundintheretinasofshallow-waterfish.Thefindingimpliesthatvertebratevisionoriginatedfarearlierthanpreviouslythought,andthatdeeptimehasentombednotmerelymineralskeletonsbutbiochemicalghosts.36.TheprimarypurposeofthepassageistoA.recountthenavigationalchallengesfacedbytheChallengerexpeditionB.illustratehowa19th-centuryvoyagestillinfluencescontemporaryscienceC.arguethatoceanographyhasneglectedthegeologicalrecordD.demonstratethatsealevelswereoncedramaticallylower37.ThediscoveryofmicroscopicshellsstartledscientistsprimarilybecauseA.theshellswereembeddedinvolcanicrockratherthansedimentB.thedepthatwhichtheywerefoundcontradictedprevailingassumptionsC.nolivingcounterpartsoftheorganismswereencounteredD.theshellscontainedunprecedentedlevelsofcalciumcarbonate38.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheChallengerexpeditioncanbestbedescribedasA.skepticalB.celebratoryC.ambivalentD.indifferent39.Thereferenceto“biochemicalghosts”servesmainlytoA.emphasizetheeerieatmosphereofdeep-seaexplorationB.suggestthatorganicmoleculescansurviveforgeologicerasC.critiquetheromanticizationofscientificdiscoveryD.warnagainstoverrelianceontechnologicalinnovation40.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythepassage?A.RhodopsinswerefirstidentifiedinChallengerspecimens.B.Plate-tectonictheorywasproposedduringtheChallengerexpedition.C.Vertebratevisionmayhaveevolvedearlierthanoncebelieved.D.TheChallengercollected4,700speciesofcalcareousorganisms.PassageTwoQuestions41-45Thenotionthatlanguageshapesperception—commonlyassociatedwiththeSapir-Whorfhypothesis—hasundergonerepeatedrefinementsinceitsarticulationintheearly20thcentury.Earlyformulationsclaimedthatspeakersofdifferentlanguagesinhabitdistinctcognitiveworlds;ifatonguelacksafuturetense,itsuserssupposedlyexperiencetimeaslesslinear.Suchstrongclaimshavebeentemperedbydecadesofpsycholinguisticexperimentation,yetsubtlerformsoflinguisticinfluencepersist.A2022studyledbycognitivescientistDr.LilaMoreauinvestigatedhowgrammaticalgenderaffectsobjectcategorization.SpeakersofGermanandSpanish,languagesthatassignopposinggenderstotheword“key”(masculineinGerman,feminineinSpanish),wereaskedtolistadjectivesdescribinganantiquekey.Germanparticipantsproducedtermssuchas“heavy,”“jagged,”and“industrial,”whereasSpanishspeakersfavored“elegant,”“intricate,”and“shiny.”Importantly,thesebiasesvanishedwhenparticipantsperformedthetaskinasecondlanguageacquiredafterpuberty,suggestingacriticalperiodforlinguisticscaffoldingofperception.Evenmoreintriguingarerecentfindingsonnumericalcognition.TheMundurukúofAmazoniapossessalexiconthatcontainsexacttermsonlyuptofive.Whenaskedtolocatethemidpointofalinesegment,Mundurukúadultssystematicallyerrtowardtheleft,mirroringthedirectioninwhichtheirnumberwordsdecrease.Neuroimagingrevealsdiminishedactivationintheintraparietalsulcus—anarealinkedtoprecisemagnituderepresentation—indicatingthatlinguisticscarcitycanrecalibrateneuralcircuitry.41.Theauthor’sprimaryconcernistoA.defendthestrongestversionoftheSapir-WhorfhypothesisB.tracetheevolutionofideasaboutlanguageandthoughtC.disprovetheclaimthatgrammarinfluencesperceptionD.arguethatsecond-languagelearningerasescognitivebiases42.Thekey/lockexperimentdemonstratesthatA.bilingualindividualsareimmunetogrammaticalgendereffectsB.grammaticalgendercansubtlyinfluencedescriptivevocabularyC.GermanspeakerspossessricheradjectiveinventoriesthanSpanishspeakersD.antiqueobjectsevokemoreabstractassociationsthanmodernones43.TheMundurukúfindingsimplythatA.culturedeterminesneuralarchitectureindependentlyoflanguageB.limitednumericalvocabularyaltersspatialrepresentationC.leftwardbiasisuniversalamongindigenouspopulationsD.exactnumbertermsareunnecessaryformidpointestimation44.Whichstatementbestcapturestheauthor’sstancetowardlinguisticrelativity?A.Ithasbeendefinitivelyrefuted.B.Itoperatesonlyintrivialdomains.C.Itsurvivesinweakenedbutmeasurableforms.D.Itappliesexclusivelytotemporalconcepts.45.WhichofthefollowingwouldmostweakentheMundurukúconclusion?A.EvidencethatleftwardbiasappearsinspeakersoflanguageswithextensivenumbersystemsB.DiscoveryofasecondMundurukúgroupwithexacttermsuptotwentyC.DemonstrationthattheintraparietalsulcusalsorespondstocolordiscriminationD.DocumentationthatMundurukúchildrenattendPortuguese-mediumschoolsPassageThreeQuestions46-50In2019,thesmallnationofEstonialaunchedanambitiousprogramdubbed“DataEmbassy.”Ratherthanstoringsensitivegovernmentrecordsinphysicalbuildingsondomesticsoil,officialscontractedcloudserverslocatedinLuxembourg,protectedbythesamediplomaticimmunityaffordedtobrick-and-mortarembassies.Theinnovationwasbornofnecessity:Estonia,oneoftheworld’smostdigitizedsocieties,hadalreadyweatheredamassivecyberattackin2007thatparalyzedbanks,mediaoutlets,andevenemergencyservices.TheDataEmbassyoperatesthroughadistributedledgerthatfragmentsencryptedstaterecordsacrossmultiplejurisdictions.ShouldanaturaldisasterorhostileincursiondisableEstoniandatacenters,thegovernmentcanreconstructitsdigitalinfrastructurewithinhoursbyactivatingtheoverseasnodes.Criticswarnthatsuchextraterritorialstoragecreatesunprecedentedlegalambiguities.Ifahostnationwithdrawsrecognition,couldtheencrypteddatabeseizedunderdomesticlaw?Estonianofficialscounterthattheblockchainarchitecturerendersseizurefutile:withouttheprivatekeys—heldonlybytheEstonianpresident,primeminister,andthechiefjustice—anyconfiscatedfragmentremainsanindecipherablestringofbits.Theprogramhassparkedglobalinterest.SingaporeisnegotiatingsimilaragreementswithAustralia;MontenegrohasexploredpartnershipswithSwitzerland.Yettheethicalimplicationsremaincontentious.Digitalrightsadvocatesarguethatdiplomaticimmunityshouldnotextendtoinformationthatmaypertaintoprivatecitizens.Moreover,theenvironmentalcostofmaintainingredundantserverfarmschallengesthesustainabilitynarrativeofteninvokedbye-governancechampions.46.TheprimarypurposeofthepassageistoA.critiqueEstonia’scybersecuritystrategyB.analyzethelegalandethicaldimensionsoftheDataEmbassyprogramC.arguethatblockchaintechnologyisunsuitableforgovernmentarchivesD.chroniclethe2007cyberattackonEstonia47.The2007cyberattackismentionedprimarilytoA.illustratethevulnerabilitythatpromptedEstonia’sinnovativeresponseB.demonstratethesuperiorityofLuxembourg’sdataprotectionlawsC.explainwhyEstoniawithdrewfrominternationaldiplomaticconventionsD.justifytheenvironmentalcostsofserverfarms48.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheDataEmbassycanbestbedescribedasA.unqualifiedendorsementB.cautiousinterestC.outrightrejectionD.bemuseddetachment49.Whichstatementissupportedbythepassage?A.TheprivatekeysrequiredtodecryptEstonianrecordsarestoredinmultiplelocations.B.Blockchaintechnologyensuresthatconfiscateddatacannotbereadwithoutauthorization.C.LuxembourghasagreedtocedeterritorialjurisdictionovertheserverstoEstonia.D.SingaporehasalreadyfinalizedaDataEmbassyagreementwithAustralia.50.Whichofthefollowingwouldmoststrengthenthecritics’position?A.EvidencethatblockchainencryptionhasbeenbrokenbyquantumcomputersB.DocumentationthatcitizendataareanonymizedbeforestorageC.DemonstrationthatserverfarmsconsumelessenergythanpaperarchivesD.AssurancethathostnationslacktechnicalexpertisetoaccessthedataPassageFourQuestions51-55Forcenturies,thecityofVenicehasbeenengagedinaslow-motionduelwiththeAdriatic.WoodenpilesdrivenintosiltedislandscreatedamaritimerepublicthatoncecommandedtradebetweenEuropeandtheLevant,yetthesamehydrologicalingenuitynowhastensthecity’sdecline.Risingsealevels,cruise-shipturbulence,andtheextractionofgroundwaterbeneaththelagoonhaveamplifiedthefrequencyofacquaalta—exceptionaltidesthatfloodplazasandcorrodemasonry.Inresponse,engineersunveiledMOSEin2020:anetworkof78retractablebarriersanchoredtotheseabedatthelagoon’sthreeinlets.Whentideforecastsexceed110centimeters,compressedairispumpedintothebarriers,forcingthemtorotateupwardandtemporarilysealthelagoonfromthesea.Theproject,initiatedin1984,consumed€5.5billion—tripleitsoriginalbudget—andbecamesynonymouswithcorruptionscandalsthatimplicatedmayors,senators,andeventheMafia.YetMOSE’stechnologicalpromiseremainstantalizing.Duringitsfirstoperationalwinter,thebarriersactivated20times,sparingthecityanestimated€300millioninflooddamages.Environmentalists,however,warnthatprolongedclosurestrappollutantswithinthelagoon,threateningtheveryecosystemthathassustainedVeniceforamillennium.Fishermenlamentalteredsalinitylevelsthatdisruptclamandcuttlefishspawningcycles.Meanwhile,thecity’spopulationhasdwindledbelow50,000,hollowedoutbytourism’smonoculture.Theparadoxisstark:themoresuccessfullyVenicedefendsitselfagainstthesea,themoreitriskserodingtheculturalandecologicalcomplexitythatdefinesit.Someurbanplannersadvocateacontrolledretreat,allowingselectdistrictstoreturntotidalmarshwhileconcentratingheritagepreservationintheurbancore.Suchproposalsignitefiercedebate,fortheychallengetheromanticmyththatVenicemustremainimmutable.51.Theauthor’sprimarypurposeistoA.arguethatMOSErepresentsanirreversibletechnologicaltriumphB.explorethetensionsinherentinpreservingacitythreatenedbyitsownsuccessC.demonstratethattourismisthesolecauseofVenice’sdepopulationD.chroniclethearchitecturalhistoryofVenetianpalazzos52.Thephrase“slow-motionduel”conveysprimarilythatA.Venice’spoliticalinfluencehaswanedgraduallyB.thecity’srelationshipwiththeseaisbothlong-standingandadversarialC.AdriaticpiratesonceposedacontinuousthreatD.sealevelsriseatanimperceptiblepace53.Theauthor’sattitudetowardMOSEcanbestbedescribedasA.unequivocalpraiseB.qualifiedacknowledgmentC.outrightcondemnationD.ironicridicule54.Whichstatementissupportedbythepassage?A.MOSEhaseliminatedacquaaltaeventssince2020.B.Environmentalistsbelievebarrierclosuresbenefitlagoonecosystems.C.Someplannersproposeabandoningportionsofthecitytonaturalprocesses.D.TheMafiaopposedMOSEonecologicalgrounds.55.Whichofthefollowingwouldmostweakentheargumentforcontrolledretreat?A.EvidencethattourismrevenueincreaseswithelevatedfloodriskB.DocumentationthatmarshrestorationreducesbiodiversityC.DemonstrationthatbarriermaintenancecostslessthanrelocationD.Assurancethatcruiseshipswillbepermanentlybanned第四部分翻译（共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）A.将下列短文译成中文。Theproliferationofartificialintelligencehaspromptedare-evaluationofwhatconstitutesintellectuallabor.Tasksoncedeemedtheexclusiveprovinceofhumancognition—diagnosingdisease,draftinglegalbriefs,composingsymphonies—arenowperformedbyalgorithmswhosecapacityforpatternrecognitionoutstripsthatofanyindividualexpert.Yetthistechnologicalfecundityhasnotdiminishedthevalueofhumanjudgment;rather,ithasclarifieditsessence.Machinesexcelatoptimizationwithindefinedparameters,buttheyremainnaïvetothenormativequestionsthatprecedeanyoptimization:Whichoutcomesshouldbeprized?Whoseinterestsmustbesafeguarded?Thefuturebelongsnottohumansormachinesalone,buttohybridsystemsinwhichcriticalreflectionandcomputationalpowerfunctionindialecticaltension,eachcompensatingfortheother’slimitations.人工智能的迅猛发展促使人们重新界定何为智力劳动。那些曾被视为人脑独有领地的工作——诊断疾病、起草法律摘要、谱写交响乐——如今皆由算法完成，其模式识别之能力已超越任何个体专家。然而，技术的丰饶并未贬损人类判断的价值；相反，它使这一价值的本质愈发清晰。机器在既定参数内的优化游刃有余，却对优化之前的规范问题茫然无知：究竟应珍视何种结果？必须保护谁的利益？未来既不属于纯粹的人类，也不属于纯粹的机器，而属于混合体系；在其中，批判性反思与计算能力形成辩证张力，彼此弥补对方的局限。B.将下列短文译成英文。在江南的梅雨季节，时间仿佛被泡得发胀。青石板缝隙里的苔藓绿得近乎奢侈，乌篷船桨声欸乃，惊醒了桥洞下沉睡的涟漪。老茶馆的窗棂外，雨丝斜织成一张半透明的网，将评弹艺人的三弦声过滤得愈发柔软。此刻，若有一位过客推门而入，抖落衣襟上的水汽，他便会发现，每一只白瓷杯里漂浮