2023年考研英语一真题阅读

阅读A

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,

CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappearto

bewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory."Womenareparticularly

susceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostress

comparedtomen,“accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork's

Veteran'sAdministrationHospital.

Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehow

affectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetrigger

chemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,when

stressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,

theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.

Addingtoawoman'sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased

“opportunities“forstress."It'snotnecessarilythatwomendon'tcopeaswell.It'sjust

thattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,“saysDr.Yehuda."Theircapacityfor

toleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen's,"sheobserves,"it'sjustthatthey,re

dealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyand

sooner.”

Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes."Ithinkthatthekindsof

thingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.

Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsof

randomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenare

exposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamily

members,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfrom

theselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.^^

AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedto

finishcollege.struggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuch

frustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.n

Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother."It'sthehardestthingto

takecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.

Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”

NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.

Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,and

feelingthestrain.Alvarez'sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingways

todiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.

21.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?

[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.

[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.

[C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.

[D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.

22.Dr.Yehuda'sresearchsuggeststhatwomen

[A]needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.

[B]havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.

[Claremorecapableofavoidingstress.

[D]areexposedtomorestress.

23.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe

[A]domesticandtemporary.

[B]irregularandviolent.

[C]durableandfrequent.

[D]trivialandrandom.

questioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-funded

researchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.The

OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissueda

reportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughton

ofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavy

readingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurther

thanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientific

endeavor.

Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearch

depends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.In

America,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand

$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedical

Publisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializingin

thesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000

journals.

Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarly

journalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainones

wereidentifiedbythereport'sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,where

institutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthrough

site-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedby

askingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,there

areopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternational

laboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsof

thesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscribersto

readapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryone

whowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-review

process,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.

26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses

[A]thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.

[B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.

[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.

[D]thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.

27.WhichofIhefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?

[A]Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.

[B]Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.

[C]Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.

[D]Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.

28.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat

[A]itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.

[B]itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.

[C]itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.

[D]itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.

29.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto

[A]coverthecostofitspublication.

[B]subscribetothejournalpublishingit.

[C]allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.

[D]completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.

30.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext?

[A]TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.

[B]Anewinodeofpublicationisemerging.

[C]Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.

[D]Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.

Text3

Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersinthe

NationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlast

season,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajor

professionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershave

beenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,

longerframes.

Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:

Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestaller

nowthan140yearsago,today'speople-especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohave

livedintheU.S.formanygenerations-apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly

1960s.Andtheyaren?tlikelytogetanytaller.4<Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthis

genetic,environmentallevel,we'veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,“says

anthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.Inthecaseof

NBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommon

practiceofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.

Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof2(),demandscaloriesand

nutrients-notably,protein-tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,

under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealth

improved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutan

inchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.Yet

accordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight-5'9"for

men,5'4"forwomen-hasn'treallychangedsince1960.

Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.During

childbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.

Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetand

backcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeated

strainimposedbyoversizelimbs.uTherearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythe

geneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,saysanthropologistWilliamLeonard

ofNorthwesternUniversity.

Geneticmaximumscanchange,butdon'texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.

Gordon,senioranthropologistattheAnnyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensures

that90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.She

saysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchanged

forsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesigna

pieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,“youcouldusetoday'sdataand

feelfairlyconfident.”

31.WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleto

[A]illustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers.

[B]showthepopularityofNBAplayersintheU.S..

[C]comparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers.

[D]assesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers.

32.Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?

[A]Geneticmodification.

[B]Naturalenvironment.

[C]Livingstandards.

[DIDailyexercise.

33.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?

[A]Non-Americansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.

[B]Humanheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.

[C]Americansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.

[D]Largerbabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.

34.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuture

[A]thegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize.

[B]thedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremainunchanged.

[C]genetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen.

[D]theexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable.

35.Thetextintendstotellusthat

[A]thechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern.

[B]humanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.

[C]Americanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.

[D]thegeneticpatternofAmericanshasaltered.

Text4

In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,George

Washington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteeth

intohisjaw-havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.

That'safardifferentimagefromthechcrry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeople

rememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocus

ontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.Theyhavebeen

spurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainly

provedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.

Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.

Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation'searly

leadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry\infancy.Moresignificantly,theyargue

thatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong-andyetmostdidlittle

tofightit.

Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbythe

cultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistastefor

slavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockof

thecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.

Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaves

was“likehavingalargebankaccount,saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:

GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.Thesouthernstates

wouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe“peculiar

institution,includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanfor

purposesofcongressionalrepresentation.

Andthestatesmenspoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethrcc-fifthsformula

handedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflating

thevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,Jefferson

extendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto

13states,includingthreeslavestates.

Still,JeffersonfreedHemings'schildren-thoughnotHemingsherselforhis

approximately150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmen

werecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringthe

RevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppos