2015年考研英语(一)真题试卷

2015年考研英语(一)练习题试卷2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related”asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis1astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2.Thestudyisagenomewideanalysisconducted31932uniquesubjectswhich4pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth5.While1%mayseem6,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven7theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho8ourkin.”Thestudy9foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.10,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore11it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat12usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13“functionalkinship”ofbeingfriendswithbenefits!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving14thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp15whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor16factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople’s17tobefriendthoseofsimilarethnicbackgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento18thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.Theteamalsocontrolledthedatatocheckancestryofsubjects.Infact,the“sharedfriendshipgenes”mayhaveevolvedfromthousandsofyearsofhumanmigration.Inhistory,humansmovedingroupstosurvive,and19thesharedgenesnotonlyfacilitatedthismigrationbutalso20morecooperation.1.[A]what[B]why[C]how[D]when2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised3.[A]for[B]with[C]on[D]by4.[A]compared[B]sought[C]separated[D]connected5.[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unreliable[D]incredible7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]know[D]seek8.[A]resemble[B]influence[C]favor[D]surpass9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus10.[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps11.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like12.[A]drive[B]observe[C]confuse[D]limit13.[A]accordingto[B]ratherthan[C]regardlessof[D]alongwith14.[A]faster[B]slower[C]later[D]earlier15.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]express[D]understand16.[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]disruptive17.[A]tendency[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]endeavor18.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tell19.[A]inturn[B]inreply[C]inaddition[D]inreturn20.[A]remained[B]involved[C]promoted[D]exhibitedSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon’tabdicate,theydieintheirsleep.”ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuroelectionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs’continuingpopularityasheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarchinfestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanoncontroversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory—andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday—embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshavedayjobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEurope’smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy’sreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwellheeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice—asnoncontroversialandnonpoliticalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy’sworstenemies.21.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.[A]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals[C]easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.[A]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality[C]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?[A]Aristocrats’excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies.[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.[D]Thenobility’sadherencetotheirprivileges.24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharles\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.[A]takesaroughlineonpoliticalissues[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone[C]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreatsText2JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia’sadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernible,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.Theyshouldstartbydiscerninghowamobilephonediffersfromotherobjectsthatarecommonlysearchedduringanarrest.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon’tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone’smobilephoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Amobilephonestoresmanythousandsofdocuments,photos,videosandothertypesofdata.Theinformationonamobilephoneisnotunlikethepapersandfilesfoundinanoffice.Moreover,cellphoneuserstypicallycarrytheirphoneswiththemallthetime,makingthedevicevirtuallyanextensionoftheperson.Thejusticesshouldmakerulesthatforbidpolicefromusingthecontentsofanarrestee’smobilephonewithoutawarrant.Theyshouldalsosetoutguidelinesforthepoliceonwhentheycansearchthecontentsofaphonewithoutawarrant.Forexample,ifasuspectistryingtodestroyevidence,policecansearchthroughthephone’scontents,justastheycansearchthroughasuspect’shomeinsuchcircumstances.However,thejusticesshouldnotgivepolicecarteblanchetosearchthroughmobilephoneswithoutawarrant.Amobilephoneisdifferentfromawalletorapocketbook.Itcanstoreavastamountofpersonalinformation.Thepoliceshouldnotbeallowedtoaccessthisinformationwithoutaproperwarrant.Inaddition,thecourtshouldalsoconsidertheprivacyimplicationsofnewtechnologies.Astechnologyadvances,itbecomeseasierforthepolicetoaccesspersonalinformation.ThecourtshouldensurethattheConstitution’sprotectionofprivacyisnoterodedbythesenewtechnologies.26.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.[A]searchforsuspects’mobilephoneswithoutawarrant[B]checksuspects’phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized[C]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones27.Theauthor’sattitudetowardCalifornia’sargumentisoneof\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.[A]tolerance[B]indifference[C]disapproval[D]cautiousness28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone’sphonecontentsiscomparableto\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.[A]gettingintoone’sresidence[B]handlingone’shistoricalrecords[C]scanningone’scorrespondences[D]goingthroughone’swallet29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.[A]rulesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction[C]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation[D]policemaychoosetoignorethelaw30.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheissueofpoliceaccessingphonecontentsis\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.[A]neutral[B]indifferent[C]tolerant[D]criticalText3ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeerreviewprocess,editorinchiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,”writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).ManuscriptswillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybytheSBoREbeforebeingpassedtotheexistingexternalpeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenexaminethepapersandrecommendwhetherthejournalshouldpublishthem.Thisinitiativeappearstoaddresstheproblemofirreproducibilityinscientificresearch.Manystudiespublishresultsthatcannotbereplicatedbyotherresearchers.Thisisaseriousissue,asitunderminesthecredibilityofscientificresearch.Thenewstatisticalchecksaimtoensurethatthedataandanalysesinmanuscriptsaresound.However,somecriticshaveraisedconcernsaboutthenewpolicy.TheyarguethataddinganextralayerofcheckingwillslowdownthepublicationprocessandmaydiscourageresearchersfromsubmittingtheirworktoScience.OthersworrythattheSBoREpanelmaynothavetheexpertisetoevaluatecomplexstatisticalanalyses.Despitetheseconcerns,theinitiativeisastepintherightdirection.Itshowsthatthejournalistakingtheissueofirreproducibilityseriously.Byaddinganextraroundofstatisticalchecks,Scienceistryingtoimprovethequalityoftheresearchitpublishes.Inaddition,theinitiativemayalsohaveapositiveimpactonthebroaderscientificcommunity.OtherjournalsmayfollowScience’sleadandintroducesimilarstatisticalchecks.Thiscouldleadtoanoverallimprovementinthequalityofscientificresearch.31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.[A]Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeerreviewprocess[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks[C]fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis[D]lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects32.Thephrase“flaggedup”(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.[A]found[B]marked[C]revised[D]stored33.TheSBoREpanelwill\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.[A]findlittlescientificvalueinthemanuscripts[B]giveadviceonwhethertopublishthemanuscripts[C]improvethestatisticalqualityofthemanuscripts[D]scrutinizethemanuscriptspassedtotheexternalreviewers34.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthenewinitiativecanbedescribedas\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.[A]critical[B]objective[C]derisive[D]optimistic35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?[A]ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenOutBadScience[B]AStatisticBoardofReviewingEditorsIsBorn[C]TheProblemofIrreproducibilityinScience[D]ScienceStrugglestoKeepItsPublicationProcessIntactText4Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch’sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions.”Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism”insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But“it’sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit.”Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:“It’sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom.”ThissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelytoloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes—findingguiltyoneexeditoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentinthesametrial—thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldtodothehacking.AndyCoulsonworkedattheNewsoftheWorldfrom2003to2007.Hissuccessor,RebekahBrooks,workedtherefrom2000to2003.ThehackingscandalattheNewsoftheWorldwasaseriousbreachofjournalisticethics.Itinvolvedillegalaccesstopeople’sprivatei