2024年文学导论知识点

poetry

（一）ElementsofPoetry

Rhyme（Rime）

Rhymeistherepetitionofthestressedvowelsoundandallsucceedingsounds

1.SingleorMasculinerhyme单（阳）韵…-rhymingsoundsinvolveonlyone

syllable.

Eg

cold,bold;

thing,king;

day,way

1.DoubleorFemininerhyme双叠（阴）韵--rhymingsoundsinvolvetwoormore

syllables.

Eg

begin,again；

flatter,matter;

3.Triplerhyme三叠韵kindoffemininerhymeinwhichidenticalstressed

vowelsoundsarefollowedbytwoidenticalunstressedsyllables.

E.g.machinery^scenery;

tenderly,slenderly;

spitefully,delightfully;

remember,September

4.Internalrhyme(行内韵)・…atleastoneoftherhymingwordsarewithinthe

line.E.g.“Eachnarrowcellinwhichwedweir；"thegrainsbeyondage,the

darkveinsofhermother”

5.Endrhyme(orTerminalrhyme)(行尾韵)--thebothrhymingwordsoccurat

theendsoflines.(Thecommonestandmostconsciouslysought-aftersound

repetitioninEnglishpoetry.)E.g.

Undermywindow,acleanraspingsound

Whenthespadesinksintogravellyground.

Letusrollallourstrength,andall

OurSweetness,upintooneball.

6.BeginningRhyme行首词韵・一rhymethatoccursinthefirstsyllableor

syllablesofsuccessivelines.E.g.

WhyshouldIhavereturned?

Myknowledgewouldnotfitintotheirs.

Ifounduntouchedthedesertoftheunknown.

7.InterlacedorCrossedRhyme交织韵・…Wordsinthemiddleofeachline

rhyme.Itoccursinlongcouplets,especiallythehexameter.E.g.

Laurelisgreenforaseason^andloveissweetforaday,

Butlovegrowsbitterwithtreason,andlaureloutlivesnotMay.

8.PcrfectorExactrhyme（全韵）——differingconsonantsoundsarefollowedby

identicalstressedvowelsounds,andthefollowingsoundsareidentical.

E.g.

foe,toe;meet,fleet;buffer,rougher;fix,sticks;

9.Halfrhymeoroffrhyme,nearrhyme,obliquerhyme,slantrhyme）（斜韵）

——thefemininerhymesthatdonotrhymecompletely.E.g.

frightful,slightly;

yellow,pillow；

mirthsforth；

trolley,bully

lO.yerhyme（视觉韵）——formedbywordsthatlookalikearhymedunitbutdo

nothavethesamesounds.E.g.cough,bough；home,some;hear,bear

11.Approximaterhymes

Alliteration-repetitionofinitialsounds.E.g.

alltheawfulauguries..

MM

^ringmemy如wofburninggold;

moreoftendefinedastherepetitionofconsonants.E.g.

a/terli/fsfitfulfever

(二)Rhymescheme(押韵格式)

--thepatternofalternatingendrhymesinastanzaorpoem.Inanalysisofa

rhymescheme,eachrhymeisrepresentedbyasmallletter.E.g.

Loveisasicknessfullofwoes,(a)

Allremediesrefusing;(b)

Aplantthatwithmostcuttinggrows(a)

Mostbarrenwithbestusing.(b)

Whyso?(c)

(三)Stanza----

agroupoflinesofverseformingoneoftheunitsordivisionsofapoem.(Itis

usuallyrecurrent,characterizedbyaregularpattern,withrespecttoorunder

determinationof,thenumberoflines,andarrangementofmeterofrhyme.)

Commonstanzaformsincludethecouplet,thetriplet,andthequatrain

Couplet——twosuccessiverhyminglines:

ForthysweetloveremembVedsuchwealthbrings

ThatthenIscorntochangemystatewithkings.

(ThecoupletisoneofthemainverseunitsinWesternliterature,andisaform

ofgreatantiquity.ChaucerwasoneofthefirstEnglishpoetstouseitandit's

generallythoughtthatChaucerdevelopedtheform.)

Triplet---astanzaofthreelines;anindividualpoemofthreelines.E.g.

WhenasinsilksmyJuliagoes

Then,then(methinks)howsweetlyflows

Thatliquefactionofherclothes.

Next,whenIcastmineeyesandsee

Thatbravevibrationeachwayfree;

Ohowthatglitteringtakethme!

Quatrain——astanzaoranindividualpoemoffourlinesrhymedorunrhymed.

ItoccursasthecommonestofallstanzaicformsinEasternandWesternpoetries,

andlendsitselftowidevariationinmeterandrhyme.E.g.

Ienvynotinanymoods

Thecaptivevoidofnoblerage,

Thelinnetbornwithinthecage

Thatneverknewthesummerwoods;

Ienvynotthebeastthattakes

Hislicenseinthefieldoftime,

unfetteredbythesenseofcrime,

Towhomaconscienceneverwakes.

OtherStanzaicforms：

Quintain--astanzaoranindividualpoemof5lines.

Sexain,orsixain,sextain,hexastich/heksostik/--astanzaof6lines

Heptastichfheptostik/--astanzaoranindividualpoemof7lines.

Sonnet——a14-linepoem./

（四）MetricalRhythm

Accentsandpauses

Inpoetry,theendofalineofverseisitselfamarkofpunctuation.

Ifthelastwordofalineisfollowedbynopunctuationandispartofacontinuing

grammaticalunitlikeaprepositionalphrase,wecallthelinerun-on,orenjambed.

侬行连续）

E.g.somuchdepends

upon

aredwheel

barrow

glazedwithrain

water

besidethewhite

chickens.

(WilliamCarlosWilliams)

MetricalRhvthm

Meter(韵律，格律derivedfromtheGreekword“metron“meaning

“measure”.Referstotheregularpatternofstressed(markedasOor/)and

unstressedsyllables(markedasooru;xetc.).E.g.

morningOo(or:/~)

verbalizeOoo(or:/~~)

tomorrowoOo(or:-/-)

againoO(or:~/)

MetricalRhythm

NamesforMeters:

1.Iambraiaemb/(Iambic/ai\embik/adj.):anunstressedsyllablefollowedbya

stressedsyllable.抑扬格(英)；短长格(西、拉)oO(~/)(da-dum)

E.g.againoO(or:~/)

ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?

Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate

oOoOoOoOoO

ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?

oOoOoOoOoO

Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.

2.TrocheeAtrauki:/(trochaic/trou'keiik/adj.):astressedsyllablefollowedbyan

unstressedsyllable.扬抑格(英)；长短格(西、拉)Oo(/〜)

(dum-da)

E.g.morning()o(or:/~)

Tiger!Tiger!burningbright

Intheforestsofthenight.

OoOoOoO

Tiger!Tiger!burningbright

OoOoOoO

Intheforestsofthenight.

OR:

Tiger!Tiger!burningbright

/〜/〜/〜/

Intheforestsofthenight.

3.AnapestorAnapaestf3enapi:st/(AnapesticorAnapaestic/seno'pEstik/adj.):

twounstressedsyllablesfollowedbyastressedsyllable抑抑扬格(英)；短短长

格(西、拉).ooO(--/)(da-da-dum)

E.g.beneficial

...theoldinnandthelights,andthefire

Andthefiddler'soldtuneandtheshufflingoffeet

ooOooOooO

...theoldinnandthelights,andthefire

ooOooOoOooO

Andthefiddler'soldtuneandtheshufflingoffeet

4.Dactyl/daektil/(Dactylic/daektilik/adj.):astressedsyllablefollowedbytwo

unstressedsyllables.扬抑抑格；长短短格

Ooo(/~~)E.g.verbalizeOoo(/~~)

OooOooOooOo

Justforahandfulofsilverheleftus,

OooOooOooO

Justforaribandtostickinhiscoat-

5.syllables.扬抑抑格；长短短格

Ooo(/-~)E.g.verbalizeOoo(/~〜)

Ooo()ooOooOo

Justforahandfulofsilverheleftus,

OooOooOooO

Justforaribandtostickinhiscoat-

6.Spondeefspondi:/(Spondaic/spon'deiik/adj.):astressedsyllablefollowedby

anotherstressedsyllable.扬扬格00(//)mostoftenusedasasubstitutefor

aniambortrochee

E.g.

Smartlad,toslipbetimesaway

OOoOoOoO

(五)Foot诗的音步

----Aunitofpoeticmeterofstressedandunstressedsyllablesiscalledafoot.

Namesforfeet:

♦Monometer/mo'nomito(r)/:onefoot单音步诗行

♦Dinietcrfdimita(r)/:twofeet二音步诗行；二步格诗行

♦Trimeterftrimita(r)/:threefeet三音步诗行

♦Tetraincter/te'traeinita(r)/:fourfeet

Pentameter/pen'taemita(r)/:fivefeet

♦Hexameter/hek'saemitd(r)/:sixfeet

♦Heptameter/hep'tiemito(r)/:sevenfeet

♦Octameter/ok'taemito(r)/:eightfeet

♦Nonameter/no'n3emita(r):ninefeet

(linescontainingmorethansevenfeetdonotoftenoccurinEnglishverse)

Illustrationsofmetricalrhythms:iambicpentameter

oOoOoOoOoO

ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?

OoOo()oOo()

Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.

oOoOoOoOoO

RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,

o()oC)o()oOoO

Andsummer'sleasehathalltooshortadate:

Twotermsmarkingthemetricalpatternandrhymeschemeofapoem:

♦Scansion(音律分析：将诗行提成音步，标出重音位置，算出音节)•…to

markthestressedandunstressedsyllablesandrhvmeschemeistoscan.

♦Caesura/si:'zjiiM3/(诗行中依照意思而作的)重要停止--apauseina

lineofversedictatedbysenseornaturalspeechrhythmratherthanby

metricsiscalledcaesura,whichisoftenmarkedwith“II"

Illustrationofcaesurae:

Meanwhile,IIdecliningfromthenoonofday

ThesunobliquelyIIshootshisburningray;

ThehungryjudgesIIsoonthesentencesign

AndwretcheshangIIthatjurymenmaydine...

KindsofPoetry

1.Ballad2.Lvric

3.NarrativePoem4.Epic

5.Sonnet6.Ode

7.ElegyS.Pastoral

9.BlankVerselO.FreeVerse

NarrativePoem(叙事诗)：A.Ifapoemmainlytellsarelativelycompletestory,

itiscalledanarrativepoem.B.widespreadinmanyliteraturesand

continuetobewrittenandread.

Epic(史诗)：

a)oneoftheancienttypesofpoetry.

b)playsaveryimportantroleinearlydevelopmentofliteratureand

civilization

c)longnarrativepoemofgreatscaleandgrandiosestyleaboutheroeswhoare

usuallywarriorsorevendemigods

d)dealswithnoblecharactersandheroicdeeds

e)incorporatesmyth,legendandfolktale

f)reflectsnationalhistory,thusmoreculturalthanliterary

Sonnet(十四行诗)：

a)oneofthemostconventionalandinfluentialformsofpoetryin

Europe--popularinRenaissanceItaly,andthereafterinSpain,Portugal

andotherEuropeancountries.

b)GermanandEnglishRomanticsrevivedtheform,whichremainspopular

c)alyricinvariablyof14lines,usuallyiniambic/ai'aembik/pentameter/pen,

tsemita/,restrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme.

Sonnet:therearethreeprominenttypesofsonnet,allnamedaftertheirfounders

orperfecters

1)ShakespeareanSonnet莎士比亚体十四行诗

♦alsocalledElizabethansonnetorEnglishsonnet.

♦structuredofthreequatrainsandaterminalcouplet

♦iniambicpentameter

♦withtherhymepatternababededefefgg.

2)PetrarchanSonnet彼特拉克体十四行诗

♦alsocalledItaliansonnet——originatedinItalyinthe13thcentury.

♦consummatedbyFrancescoPetrarch,acrownedlaureate

♦containsanoctave/。ktiv/(意大利十四行诗的前八行)withtherhymepattern

abbaabbaandasestet/ses'tet/(十四行诗的最后六行)ofvariousrhyme

patternssuchascdecdeorcdcdcd

3)SpenserianSonnet斯宾塞体十四行诗

♦isconsideredbysomeavariationofShakespeareansonnet.

♦comprisesthreequatrainsandacouplet

♦iniambicpentameterwiththerhymeschemeababbcbccdcdee.

♦somepoetswritesonnetsonasinglesubjectorunderonecontrollingidea

andthuscreateasonnetsequenceorsonnetcycle

(六)ElementsofPoetry--Tone

1)thepoise,mood,voice,attitudeandoutlookofthepoet

2)thespeakerorthepoefsattitudetowardhissubject,hisaudienceoreven

himself.

3)personalityreflected

4)discussedusuallyinordinaryvocabulary,i.e.cold,eager,uncertain,boastful,

protesting,indifferent,positive,optimistic

HJudgedbysyntheticanalysisofalltheelementsinvolvedinthepoem

(imagery,metaphor,understatement,etc),especiallyitsdictionand

sentencepatterns

ElementsofPoetry--•-Image

1)awordpicturetoevokesenseimpressionsinthereader'smind

2)representationofsenseexperiencethroughlanguage

3)thesoulofpoetryaslanguageisthebodyofpoetry

4)Oneimageisfrequentlytheresultofthecooperationoftheseveral

sensesandsometimescanberatherabstract,i.e.fresh

air--cooperation;death/coffin——abstract

5)imagery

6)Alltheimagesformedintoameaningfulwholeinapoem

Functionsofimagery:

1.tocreatetheatmosphere

2.toprovideaninternalpattern

3.focusthethemeofthepoem

ElementsofPoetry--Theme

controllingideaoritscentralinsight

Anovel:thought-provoking

Apoem:emotion-arousing.

ElementsofPoetry--一PoeticDevices

(1)Simile:acomparisonoftwothings,indicatedbysomeconnective,usually

like,as,thanoraverbsuchasresembles.

Yourfingersarelikemine.

Yourfingersarelikesausages.

e・g・

OmyLove'slikeared,redrose,

ThafsnewlysprunginJune

OmyLove'slikethemelodic

That'ssweetlyplayedintune.

(2)Metaphor:astatementthatonethingissomethingelse,which,inaliteral

sense,itisnot.

Yourfingersaresausages.

e.g.Oh,myloveisared,redrose.

Oh,mylovehasredpetalsandsharpthorns.

Oh,Iplacedmyloveintoalong-stemvase

AndIbandagedmybleedingthumb.

(3)Conceit:originallymeans“concept"or"idea"andlatercametomean"a

fancifulidea”.Itisametaphororsimilethatismadeelaborate

(far-fetched),oftenextravagant.

e.g.twolover'ssoulsarecomparedtothelegsofthecompasses.

(4)Personification:afigureofspeechinwhichathing,ananimal,oran

abstractterm(l.e.truth,nature)ismadehuman.

e.g.TheWindbyJamesStephens

Thewindstoodupandgaveashout.

Hewhistledonhisfingersand

Kickedthewitheredleavesabout

Andthumpedthebrancheswithhishand.

Andsaidhe'dkillandkillandkill,

Andsohewillandsohewill.

(5)thepun:oftensubjectedtoabuseasa“low”formofwit,thepunis

essentiallyakindofmetaphorthatcanbeusedlightlyandfacetiouslyor

formoreseriouspurposes.

e.g.Customer:Doyouservecrabhere?

Waiter:YesSir,weserveeveryone!

(6)apostrophe:awayofaddressingsomeoneorsomethinginvisibleornot

ordinarilyspokento.Suchasaninanimateobject(spade!),somedeador

absentperson(Milton!),anabstractthing(Return,delights!),oraspirit

(soul).Apoetusesapostrophetoannouncealoftyandserioustone,giving

lifetotheinanimateandgivinglifetotheintangible(awayofspeakingtoit

persontoperson).

e.g.Death,ain'tyougotnoshame?

(7)metonymy(换喻，转喻)：thenameofathingissubstitutedforthatofanother

closelyassociatedwithit.

e.g.theWhiteHousedecided.

(8)synecdoc