回避性和语言风格立场副词

AbstractIntheresearchpapers,theauthorsnotonlypresenttheirfindings,butalsomakeevaluationtothefindings.Socorrectlyusingstanceadverbsplaysanimportantpartinacademicwriting.However,previousstudiesonsinglestanceadverbsareverylimited,andatthesametime,fewscholarsfocusontheexpressionofstanceadverbsintheDiscussionofmedicalresearchpapersathomeandabroad.ThispaperwillusethemethodofcorporacomparisontostudytheusageofstanceadverbsintheDiscussionofEnglishmedicalresearchpapersbetweenChineseandnativewriters,inordertoexplorethecharacteristicsandinfluencingfactorsoftheuseofstanceadverbsintheDiscussionofEnglishmedicalresearchpapersbetweenthem.ThispaperfoundthatalthoughChineseauthorsusestanceadverbsinthesamerankasnativespeakers,thefrequencyofhedgingandstyle-of-speakingstanceadverbsishigherthanthatofnativespeakers.Moreover,comparedwithChineseauthors,thestanceadverbsusedbynativeEnglishspeakersaremorediversified.ThispaperwillenrichtheresearchontheuseofstanceadverbsintheDiscussionoftheresearchpaper.IthascertainreferencevaluefortheteachingofacademicwritingofEnglishmedicalresearchpapers.Itishelpfulforlearnerstoestablishtheawarenessofusingadverbscorrectlytoexpresstheirstandandimprovethewritingqualityofmedicalresearchpapers.Itisbeneficialforwriterstoimprovethewritingstandardtolearnfromnativespeakersabouttheirusingofstanceadverbsandenhancethepersuasivenessofthepaper.Keywords:stanceadverbs;medicalresearchpaper;comparativeanalysis;hedgingandstyle-of-speakingstanceadverbs摘要研究论文中，作者不仅要陈述他们的发现，还要对这些发现进行评价。因此，正确使用立场副词在学术写作中起着重要的作用。但是，单个立场副词的研究有限，而且也很少鲜有学者关注医学研究论文讨论中的立场表达。本文将运用语料库对比的方法研究立场副词在中外医学研究论文中讨论部分的使用来探索立场副词的使用特点和影响因素。经研究发现，虽然中国作者使用立场副词的顺序与本族语使用者大体上相同，但在回避性和语言风格立场副词的频率却高于本族语使用者。而且与中国作者相比，以英语为母语的作者使用的立场副词更加多样化。本文将丰富立场副词在研究论文中的使用研究。对医学研究英语论文的学术写作教学具有一定的参考价值。有利于提高医学研究论文的写作质量和写作规范。关键词：立场副词；医学研究论文；对比分析；回避性和语言风格立场副词ChapterOneIntroductionResearchBackgroundStanceexpressionplaysanimportantroleinacademicEnglishwriting.Inmedicalresearchpapers,scholarsinevitablyexpresstheirattitude,judgmentandevaluationthroughpositionmarkers,andstanceadverbsarealsotypicalpositionmarkers.Stanceadverbscanhelptheauthorconveyclearlytextualinformationandhelpthereaderunderstandpropositionandmeaningsaccurately.Inmedicalresearchpapers,theDiscussionistheonethatbestreflectsthepositionofresearchersontheirfindings.Correctlyusingstanceadverbsisanimportantsignofsuccessinacademicwriting.However,previousstudiesonsinglestanceadverbsareverylimited,andatthesametime,fewscholarsfocusontheexpressionofthepositionintheDiscussionofmedicalresearchpapersathomeandabroad.ThereforethispaperwillusethemethodofcorporacomparisontostudytheuseofstanceadverbsintheDiscussionofEnglishmedicalresearchpapersbetweenChineseandnativewriters,inordertoexploretheusecharacteristicsandinfluencingfactorsofstanceadverbsintheDiscussionofEnglishmedicalresearchpapersbetweenthem.ResearchQuestionsandHypothesesAccordingtothetraditionalview,thepurposeofresearchpapersistointerpretresearchcontentandconveyinformationobjectively,withouttheauthors’feelingsandattitudes.Butinfact,theauthorsofthepaperarenotonlytopresenttheirfindingsinthethesis,alsomakeevaluationtothefindings.Socorrectlyusingstanceadverbsplaysanimportantpartinacademicwriting.However,previousstudiesonsinglestanceadverbsareverylimited,andatthesametime,fewscholarsfocusontheexpressionofthepositionintheDiscussionofmedicalresearchpapersathomeandabroad.Therefore,thispaperwillexplorethefollowingquestions:(1)IntheDiscussionsectionofEnglishmedicalresearchpapers,whatarethedistributioncharacteristicsofusingstanceadverbsbetweenChineseandnativewriters?(2)IntheDiscussionsectionofEnglishmedicalresearchpapers,whatarethepossiblefactorsthataffecttheuseofstanceadverbsbetweenChineseandnativewriters?Andthehypothesesofthispaperareasfollows:(1)ThefrequencyofstanceadverbsusedbynativeauthorsishigherthanthatofChineseauthorsandthenativeauthors’wordsaremorediversified.(2)ThedifferencesinChineseandnativethinkingmodes,ChineseandnativeacademicculturesandacademicwritingguidancearethemainfactorsthataffecttheuseofstanceadverbsbyChineseandnativewriters.SignificanceoftheResearchThispaperwillenrichtheresearchontheuseofstanceadverbsintheDiscussionoftheresearchpaper.IthascertainreferencevaluefortheteachingofacademicwritingofEnglishmedicalresearchpapers.Itishelpfulforlearnerstoestablishtheawarenessofusingadverbscorrectlytoexpresstheirstandandimprovethewritingqualityofmedicalresearchpapers.Itisbeneficialforthewriterstoimprovetheirwritingstandardtolearnfromnativespeakersabouttheirusingofstanceadverbsandenhancethepersuasivenessofthepaper.ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewStudiesonStanceAdverbsatHomeandAbroadAccordingtoChafe(1986),hediscoveredthatadverbsappearmorefrequentlyinconversationthaninwriting.Holmes(1988)proposedthatepistemicadverbsprovidedauthorsaconspicuouslybroadboundaryofmethodsexpressingcertaintyanddoubt,andsomewerespecificallyfeaturesofresearcharticles.HylandandMilton(1997)contendedthatadverbsarehardtoacquirefornon-nativespeakers.Hyland(1998,2000)consideredthathardscienceandsoftscienceemploydifferentkindsofstanceadverbswhiletheirproportionsofstanceadverbswerealike.Also,stanceadverbswerethesecondmostfrequentlymethodofhedgingstanceinJournalcorporaafterlexicalverbs.Biberetal.pointedoutthattheexpressionofstanceinacademicdiscourseindicatestheauthor'sfeelings,attitudes,valuejudgmentsandwishes.(Biber&Finegan,1988:1;Biber,etal.,1999:999).BasedontheresearchresultsofBiberetal.(1999),Hyland(2005)foundtheinter-disciplinarydifferenceofstancechunkinacademicpapers.Althoughtherearemanystudiesonstanceadverbsinnativecountries,mostofthemtakenativespeakersassurveyobjects,suchasMcGrath&Kuteeva(2011).AndafewstudiescomparingL2learnerswithnativespeakers,suchasHyland&Milton(1997)andHyland(2006),allofthemfoundthatL2learnersarequitedifferentfromnativespeakersinexpressingstanceadverbsandattitudeininterpersonalresources.XuHongliang(2007)madeacomparativeanalysisofthedifferencesintheuseofpositionmarkersbetweenChineseadvancedEnglishlearnersandEnglishnativespeakers.Theresearchshowedthat,justliketheEnglishexpertauthors,ChineseadvancedEnglishlearnersusealotofpositionmarkersintheterminology,butthefrequencyanddiversityofusearelowerthanthatoftheEnglishexpertwriters.PanFan(2012)hadmadeacontrastivestudyontheusagefeaturesandpragmaticdifferencesofstanceadverbsinEnglishjournalpapersandshowedthatlearnershaddifficultyinchoosingpositionadverbstoexpresscertaintyandinappropriatepositionexpressionhadbecomeoneofthemainobstaclesforlearnerstobeacceptedbyinternationaljournals.SunLi(2014)foundthattheChinesewritersusestanceadverbsandadverbsofindefinitedegreewithsignificantlylowerfrequencythanthenativespeakersbutusecertaintyadverbswithsignificantlyincontrastbycomparingChinaDaily'sChineseandAmericancolumnists.Xufang(2015),basedonthedegreethesisofEnglishmajorandthecorporaofinternationaljournalpapers,findsthatlearnersarelesstousedeterministicstanceadverbs.Itmaybeduetothelearners'lackofeuphemismorpragmaticawarenesstoexpressknowledgepositions.LouBaocui&YaoWenting(2019)analyzedthefeatureofstanceadverbsinlearners’academicwritingandfoundthatintheinternationalacademicpapers,journalauthorsoftenusepositionadverbswithmoderatingfunctiontorestrictthepropositionalcontentandexpresstheuncertaintyofthepropositionalcontenttosomeextentwhichisdifferentfromChinese.StudiesonEnglishMedicalResearchPapersInrecentyears,theresearchofEnglishmedicalpapersathomeandabroadhasbeenmainlyfocusedongenrestructure,vocabularyandgrammaticalfeatures,aimedtoprovideastandardforwritingEnglishmedicalpapers.(Dudley,1999;Nakayamaetal.2005;LiuXueli,2003)Salager-meyer(1994)analyzedthemaintypesandcommunicativefunctionsofhedgesinmedicalpapers.Hyland(2005,2006)studiedmodality,voice,useofvaguelanguage,andconstructtheauthorpositioninmedicalpaper.InChina,YeNan&JiangYue(2009)analyzedtheabstractsofEnglishmedicalpapersfromapragmaticperspective.XueYingli(2017)bystudyingthedifferencesintheconstructionoflexicalresourcepositionsintheabstractionsofinternationaljournalarticlesandfoundthatthewordfrequencyofstanceadverbsishigherinEuropeanandAmericanjournalarticlesthaninAsianjournals,andtheformerusedavarietyofprepositionalstanceadverbstohighlightthepositionexpressionofacademicdiscourse.SummaryInconclusion,mostofthestudiesonstanceadverbsathomeandabroadtakethewholeastheresearchframework,andthereisalackofstudiesonstanceadverbsinDiscussionpartofresearchpapers.Andinrecentyears,theresearchonstandpointsinacademicwritinghasshownanincreasingtrend,butitisraretoanalyzethecharacteristicoftheDiscussionpartofmedicalacademicwritingfromthestanceadverbs.Therefore,thispaperwillusethemethodofcorporacomparisontoanalyzetheuseofstanceadverbsintheDiscussionpartofEnglishmedicalresearchpapersbyChineseandnativeauthors,inordertoexploretheirusecharacteristicsandinfluencingfactorsofstanceadverbsintheDiscussionpartofEnglishmedicalresearchpapers.ChapterThreeTheoreticalFramework3.1DefinitionofStanceThestancehasbeenstudiedbydifferentresearchers.However,thereisnoconsistentdefinitionofthetermstance.BiberandFinegan(1988,1989)firstlydefinedstanceas"thelexicalandgrammaticalexpressionofattitudes,feelings,judgments,orcommitmentconcerningofthemessage,includingtheindicationofthemessage.”Later,Ochs(1990,1996)attemptedtodefinethepositionfromsocialandculturalperspective.Shearguesthatastanceis"asociallyrecognizeddispositionthatincludesbothepistemicstance,asociallyrecognizedwayofknowingaproposition,suchasdirectandindirectknowledge,degreesofcertaintyandspecificity.Fromaffectivestance:asociallyrecognizedfeeling,attitude,moodordegreeofemotionalintensity”(Ochs,1990:2)."Biberetal.pointedoutthatstanceexpressedinacademicdiscourseindicatedtheauthor'sfeelings,attitudes,valuejudgmentsandaspirations,anddividedthepositionsintothreegeneralcategories(Biberetal.,1999,2000).ButHyland(2005)definedstanceasatextual“voice”orcommunity-approvedpersonality.AlthoughtherearevariouswaystoexpressstanceinEnglish,includinggrammar,lexiconandcontext,stanceadverbsaregrammaticalmeansandoneofthemostcommonwaystoexpressstance.3.2ClassificationofStanceAdverbsBasedonBiberetal.(2000)’stheories,stanceadverbscanbedividedintoepistemicstanceadverbs,attitudinalstanceadverbsandstyle-of-speakingstanceadverbs.Epistemicstanceadverbsindicatevaryingdegreesofcertaintyordoubtaswellascommentsontherealityoraccuracyofaproposition(E.g.clearly,possibly,highly).Attitudinalstanceadverbsreflecttheauthor'spersonalattitude,emotionandvaluejudgment(E.g.fortunately,positively,andeasily).Style-of-speakingstanceadverbsmainlyusedtoevaluatethewayinwhichinformationisexpressedorpropositionsareinterpreted(E.g.firstly,consequently,statistically).AccordingtoXuHongliang(2007)’stheories,hefirstdividedstandadverbsintoEpistemicstandadverbs,Attitudinalstandadverbsandstyle-of-speakingstanceadverbs.EpistemicstanceadverbsaresubdividedintoEvidentialityadverbs,CertaintyadverbsandHedgingstanceadverbs.Amongthem,hedgingstanceadverbsaredividedintoprobabilityadverbs,adverbsofindefinitefrequency,adverbsofindefinitedegree,andapproximatedadverbs;attitudinalstanceadverbsaresubdividedintoAffectadverbsandEvaluationadverbs.AstheclassificationmethodofpositionadverbsusedbyXuHongliang(2007)ismoredetailedandeasytomaster,thispaperisusedthisclassificationmethodtoclassifystanceadverb.3.3FunctionsofStanceAdverbsThefunctionofstanceisrootedinthefictionalgrammarproposedbyHalliday(1994).Heproposedthreemeta-functionsoflanguage:ideationalfunction,interpersonalfunctionanddiscoursefunction.Ideationalfunctionmeansthatlanguagereflectspeople'sperceptionandexperienceoftheworld.Interpersonalfunctionisanimportantpartofsystemic-functionalgrammar,whichinvolvesbuildingandmaintaininginterpersonalrelationshipsthroughlanguage.Discoursefunctionmeansthatlanguageisnotarandomlistofpropositions,butawaytoturnanyspokenorwrittentextintoacoherentunifiedtext.Andstanceandstanceadverbialshaveacloserelationshipintheinterpersonalfunction.AccordingtoHallidayandMatthiessen(2004),interpersonalfunctionwasusedtohelppeopleunderstandandexpressattitudes,feelingsandjudgments.Biber(1999)proposedthatstanceadverbscouldconveythespeaker'sattitude,feeling,judgmentorcommitmenttotheproposition.Forexample,somestanceadverbs,suchas"sadly"and"strongly"etc.,cangivethespeakersorauthorsadegreeofcertaintytothethesis,therefore,stanceadverbsusedproperlycanshowtherelationshipbetweenthespeakerandtopic,andcanalsobecomeaneffectivewaytoexpresstheirinfluence.Inaddition,fromtheperspectiveofdiscoursefunction,stanceadverbscanenrichtheemotionofsentencesandmakethelanguagecoherent.Biberetal.(2000)pointedthatadverbshadtwomainfunctions:inclauses,adverbscouldeitherbeintegratedintoanelementoftheclauseorfunctionthemselvesasanelementoftheclause.Theadverbsserveasmodifiersinthefirstcaseandadverbialsinthesecondcase.FromBiberetal.(2000),themainfunctionofstanceadverbsistocommentonthestylisticcontentofaclauseoraspecificpartofaclause.Itcanmodifysomeelementsofasentence,suchasadjectives,adverbs,nounphrases,orthewholesentence.ChapterFourMethodologyCorporaDescriptionThecorporaofthispaperareallrandomlyselectedfromBMJjournalandAMAjournal.Thereasonsforchoosingthesejournalsareasfollows:BMJJournalsCollectionincludesnotonlythemostfamousBritishMedicalJournal,butalso22otherJournalsinfieldsrangingfromMedicalcaretoneurology,whichareworldleadersintheirfields.AndAMA(AmericanMedicalAssociation)isoneofthethreemajormedicalassociationsintheworld,withmorethan300,000membersandahighstatusinthemedicalfield.ItmainlyincludesJAMA(TheJournaloftheAmericanAssociation)and9otherjournalsforspecificmedicalfields.Therefore,bothofthemdeterminethattheEnglishproficiencyandwritingabilityoftheauthorspublishedinthemnotonlyreachtheinternationalstandard,butalsoaremoresuitablefortherequirementsofforeignreaders.Inthispaper,therearetwocorpora:Chineseauthors’corpusandnativespeakers’corpus.Eachofthemconsistsof30researchpapers,withhalfrandomlyselectedfromBMJandhalffromAMA.AsindicatedintheAppendices,Chineseauthors’corpusarticlesareNo.1-30andnativespeakers’corpusarticlesareNo.31-60.Theirtopicsmainlyinvolvedclinicalmedicine,immunology,pharmacologyandinternalmedicine.Samplingfocusesontherepresentativeness,authoritativeness,timelinessandAccessibility.Byusingthecombinedquantitativeandqualitativeanalysismethod,theauthoranalyzedtheusecharacteristicsandinfluencingfactorsofstanceadverbsintheDiscussionpartofmedicalresearchpapersbyChineseandnativeauthors.ResearchProcedureFirst,selectthecorpora.Thecorporaselectedinthisstudyaretheself-builtcorporaofEnglishmedicalresearchpaperswrittenbybetweenChineseandnativeauthors.Intheprocessofeachtextprocessing,informationsuchasabstract,introduction,text,charts,acknowledgementsandreferencesaredeleted,andonlytheDiscussionpartisreserved.Second,determinethewordlists.WithreferencetoHyland&Milton(1997)andXuHongliang（2007）,147stanceadverbsweredeterminedastheobjectsofinvestigationfortheitemslistedintheacademicEnglishdiscourse.AccordingtotheclassificationmethodofXuHongliang(2007),thesestanceadverbsaredividedintothreecategoriesandsixsubcategories.Then,collectandextractdata,andeachworditemareretrievedintwocorporaonebyone.Accordingtothecontext,excludethewordsthatdonotconformtothestanceadverbsandcountstanceadverbsfrequencyandclassification.Finally,processandanalyzethedata.Bycomparingthefrequencyofstanceadverbsinthetwocorpora,analyzethecharacteristicsandinfluencingfactorsofstanceadverbsused.ChapterFiveResultsandDiscussion5.1DescriptionofStanceAdverbsinTwoCorporaInthesetwocorpora,oneisthearticleswrittenbyChineseauthorsandtheotheristhearticleswrittenbyNativeSpeakers.ThetotalnumberofwordsinthedatabaseforChineseauthorsis35,677including540stanceadverbs,whilethatfornativeauthorsis37,499including548stanceadverbs.ThefollowingTable1isthecomparisonofthreemajorcategoriesofstanceadverbsusedbyChineseandnativeauthors.InNativeauthors’corpus,thefrequenciesofthreecategoriesare334,88and126,whichaccountfor60.9%,16.1%and23.0%respectively,whileinChineseauthors’corpus,thefrequenciesofthreecategoriesare314,67and159,whichmakeup58.2%,12.4%and29.4%respectively.Intwocorpora,ChineseandNativeauthorshavethesamerankingofthethreetypesofstanceadverbs,withtheepistemicstanceadverbsaccountingforthelargestproportion,followedbythestyle-of-speakingonesandattitudinalones.Atthesametime,thereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenChineseandnativeauthorsinthefrequencyofthethreecategoriesofstanceadverbs.ThissimilarityindicatesthatChinesewritersaregenerallyconsistentwithnativewritersinthechoiceofstanceadverbs.InChapterthree,wehavealreadyknownthattheepistemicstanceadverbdemonstratesvaryingdegreesofcertaintyorskepticismandcommentsontherealityoraccuracyofaproposition.InthethesisDiscussion,thesecontentsareessentialforexpressingdegreesofcertaintyordoubtaswellascommentsontherealityoraccuracyofaproposition.Therefore,itisreasonablethatepistemicstanceadverbsappearmostfrequently.Meanwhile,theresearchpaperfocusesonobjectivityandfacts,asdoesthediscussionsection.However,attitudinalstanceadverbsreflecttheauthor'spersonalattitudeandemotion,sothatisthereasonwhyattitudinalstanceadverbsreachthesmallestproportion.Afteranalyzingthefrequencyofthethreemajorcategories,itisnecessarytohavealookatthedetailedinformationineachsubcategory.AnalysisofCharacteristicsofStanceAdverbsUsinginTwoCorporaInTable2,wecanseethatinnativeauthors’corpus,therankingsofeachsubcategoryinregardstofrequencyarehedging(42.2%),style-of-speaking(23.0%),evaluation(14.0%)certainty(11.3%),evidentiality(7.5%)andaffect(2.0%).InChineseauthors’corpus,therankingsarehedging(44.4%),style-of-speaking(29.5%),evaluation(10.2%),certainty(7.0%),evidentiality(6.7%),andAffect(2.2%).Wecanseethatbothcorporaalsohavethesamegeneralrankof6typesofsubcategories.Althoughtheproportionsofthe6typesofsubcategoriesinChinaandnativeauthorshavethesamerank,theydiffersignificantlyinthespecificfrequency,exceptfortheevidentialtyandaffectstanceadverbs.Chineseauthorsarehigherthannativeauthorsintheuseofhedgingandstyle-of-speakingstanceadverbs,butonthecontraryintermsofcertaintyandevaluationstanceadverbs.Moreover,Chineseauthorswerehigherthannativeauthorsinusingthesamewordmorethan10times.Meanwhile,inChineseauthors’corpus,theevaluationstanceadverb“significantly”appearsthemostfrequently,withatotalof19times;andthefollowingarestyle-of-speakingstanceadverbs“finally(18),first(17),second(17),firstly(15),secondly(14),third(14),statistically(11).”andhedgingstanceadverbs“relatively(18),especially(14),potentially(13)”,whileinnativespeakers’corpus,thehedgingstandadverb“particularly”appearsthemostfrequently,withatotalof19times;andthefollowingisstyle-of-speakingstanceadverbs“additionally(16),finally(15)”. SimilaritiesofUsingStanceAdverbsinTwoCorporaInbothcorpora,hedgingstanceadverbsaccountsforthelargestproportion;affectstanceadverbshavetheleastratioandsimilarproportion.AccordingtoXuHongliang(2007),hedgingstanceadverbsindicatethattheauthorlackscompletecommitmenttoaproposition.Researchershidetheiremotionsformaintaininganobjectiveattitudetowardstheissuesdiscussed.Inacademicdiscourse,authorsshouldbeheldaccountableforwhattheyaretalkingabout,andusinghedgingstanceadverbsisoneofthebestwaystoachieveobjectivity.Therefore,itisnotsurprisingthatinthesetwocorpora,thehedgingstanceadverbsaccountforthelargestproportion.Similarly,emotionalexpressioncarriestheauthor'spersonaljudgment,whichisoftenregardedasaffectandsubjectivestandpointshouldbeavoidedinacademicdiscourse.Itcanbeseenfromtheabovedatathattheproportionofaffectstanceadverbsisthesmallest.FromthisanalysiswecanseethatthesimilarityofthetwocorporamaybecausedbythecharacteristicsoftheDiscussionpartoftheacademicdiscourse.Intheresearchpaperwriting,theauthorshouldnotonlymakeajudgmentontheauthenticityofhisstatementinformation,butalsoexpressrespecttothereader.Intheexamplesentences,thestanceadverbs(probably,possibly,might,likely)indicatesthattheauthordoesnotfullyagreewithwhatissaid,suggestingthattheremaybesomeproblemsanddifferencesintheresultsofthestudy.Theuseofepistemicstanceadverbsreflectstheauthor'spolite,cautiousandobjectiveattitude.Inthesearticles,theChineseandnativewritersusedhedgingstanceadverbs(generally,frequently,moderately,typicallyandhighly)andevaluationstanceadverbs(significantly,adequatelyandsufficiently)toobjectivelyexpressthereasonandcondition.Thesehedgingandevaluationstanceadverbswereusedtoimprovethecertaintyandobjectiveofpropositionalinformation.Withoutinvolvingpersonaljudgmentandemotion,justbasedonobjectivefact,itillustratesthecautionandobjectivityofthismedicalresearch.Ingeneral,affectstanceadverbsrarelyappearinresearchpapers.Inthesetwopapers,althoughtheaffectstanceadverbs(interestingly,wellandsurprisingly)havetheauthor'spersonalemotion,infact,theydoesnotaffectthejudgmentoftheresearchresults.Theirrolewassimplytoreinforcethefactthattheresultsexceededexpectationsanddeservedfurtherdiscussion.AccordingtoTable2,wehadfoundthatChineseauthorsarehigherthannativeauthorsintheuseofstyle-of-speakingstanceadverbs.Moreover,intheBMJresearchpapers,themajorityofstyle-of-speakingstanceadverbsoftenusedbyChineseandnativeauthorsare“firstly,secondly,thirdly…”,whileinJAMAresearchpapersthemajorityofStyle-of-speakingstanceadverbsusuallyare“first,second,third…”Forexample:Aswecanseefromtheaboveexamples,“firstly”“secondly”and“first”“second”havethesamefunction,thatis,theyareusedtoindicatethesequencesthatpointsortopicsareenumerated.WeregardthisasthedifferencebetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish.DifferencesofStanceAdverbsUsinginTwoCorporaIntheTable2,thebiggestdifferencebetweenthesetwocorporaistheproportionofstyle-of-speakingstanceadverbs.Itcanbeseenthattheuseofstyle-of-speakingstanceadverbsofChinesewritersexceedsthatofforeigners.ThisstudyfoundChineseusealargenumberofstyle-of-speakingstanceadverbstoillustratetheirfindings,suchasfirst(ly),second(ly)andthird(ly).AccordingtoBiberetel.(1999)mentioned:“stanceadverbialscanalsohaveaconnectivefunction,likelinkingadverbials.”,thustheseadverbsaregroupedintothestyle-of-speakingstanceadverbs.Traditionally,Chineseauthorsbelievethattheuseofsuchadverbscanmaketheexpressionmorelogicalandclearer.ThatisthereasonwhyChinesewritersusetheseadverbsmorethannativeones.Forexample:Atotalof16timesofthe30articleswerefoundinnativespeakers’corpus,while32timesofthe30articleswerefoundinChineseauthors’corpus.BelowIwillgivefourtypicalexamples,twofromChineseauthorsandtwofromnativespeakers,amongthemincludingtwotypesofstyle-of-speakingstanceadverbs(first,second…andfirstly,secondly…respectively).Inthesemedicalresearchpapers,theauthorsusedthestyle-of-speakingstanceadverbs[first(ly),second(ly),last(ly)]toexplainthesituationofthesecondpatient,andfinallygotthecauseofthepatient'sinfectionandthetransmissionrouteofinfection.Inthisway,style-of-speakingstanceadverbsmakethesemedicalresearchpapersmorelogicalandconvincing.ThereasonforChineseauthorschoosingthesestyle-of-speakingstanceadverbshigherthannativespeakersmayalsobethatChinesewriterswereaccustomedtousingthesestanceadverbstoillustrateclearlythearticleandexpressclearlytheirjudgmentbecauseofinfluencedbytraditionalwritingguidance.Inaddition,comparedwithChineseauthors,thestanceadverbsusedbynativeEnglishspeakersaremorediversified.Table3liststhetypesofwordusedineachsubcategory.Forexample,thereare30variouscertaintystanceadverbsinthena