高三英语专题汇编阅读理解(科普环保)(一)

高三英语专题汇编阅读理解(科普环保)(一)一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类1．犇犇阅读理解TheAlexandertechnique

Untilearlierthisyear,Ididn'tknowanythingabouttheAlexandertechnique—andsawnoreasontothinkIshould.Oneday,thebackacheIregularlysufferedwasmorepainful.Iwasbroughtuptothinkthatthepreferredwayofdealingwithachesistodonothingandhopethey'llgoaway,butIeventuallywenttothedoctor.Afterexaminingme,hesaid,"Youactuallyhavebadposture(姿势).GooffandlearntheAlexandertechnique."ThreemonthslaterIcouldwalkstraighterandsitbetter.

TheAlexandertechniqueisawayoflearninghowyoucangetridofharmfultensioninyourbody.Theteachingfocusesontheneck,headandback.Ittrainsyoutouseyourbodylessseverelyandcarryoutthemovementsthatwedoallthetimewithlesseffort.Thereislittleeffortinthelessonsthemselves,whichsetsaparttheAlexandertechniquefromyogaorpilates,whichareexercise-based.Atypicallessoninvolvesstandinginfrontofachairandlearningtositandstandwithminimumeffort.Youspendsometimelyingonabenchwithyourkneesbenttostraightenthespine(脊椎)andrelaxyourbodywhiletheteachermovesyourarmsandlegstotrainyoutomovethemcorrectly.

Thetechniquehelpstobreakthebadhabitsaccumulatedoveryears.Tryfoldingyourarmstheoppositewaytonormal.Thisisanexampleofahabitthebodyhasformedwhichcanbehardtobreak.Manyofuscarryourheadstoofarback.Theheadweighsfourtosixkilos,soanyinappropriateposturecancauseproblemsforthebody.Thetechniqueteachesyoutoletgoofthemusclesholdingtheheadback,allowingittogobacktoitsnaturalplaceonthetopofourspines.

SowhowasAlexanderandhowdidhecomeupwiththetechnique?FrederickAlexander,anAustralianactorbornin1869,foundinhisyouththathehadvocal(声音的)problemsduringperformances.Heanalyzedhimselfandrealizedhisposturewasbad.Heworkedonimprovingit,withexcellentresults.HebroughthistechniquetoLondonandopenedateacher-trainingschool,whichisstillsuccessfultoday.

Soifyou'rewalkingalongtheroadonedaywithshouldersbentforward,feelingweigheddownbyyourtroubles,giveathoughttotheAlexandertechnique.Itwillhelpyouwalktallagain.（1）WhatdoestheauthorsuggestinParagraph1?A.

Shefeltnobetterafterthetreatment.B.

ShegotboredwiththeAlexandertechnique.C.

Shewasscepticalaboutthedoctor'smethod.D.

Shewasunwillingtoseektreatmentforherbackache.（2）WhatistheprincipleoftheAlexandertechnique?A.

Physicaltensionshouldn'tbecompletelyrelieved.B.

Thetechniqueshouldn'tbecombinedwithotherexercises.C.

Thepracticeofthetechniqueshouldn'tbeattemptedalone.D.

Familiarphysicalactionsshouldn'tbedonewithmucheffort.（3）WhatcanwelearnaboutFrederickAlexander?A.

Hemanagedtorecoverhisvocalpowers.B.

Hewaseagertomakeanameforhimself.C.

Hedevelopedaformofexerciseforactors.D.

Hehadtoleavehometodevelophistechnique.（4）Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.

Theoccurrenceofbackpainiswidespread.B.

Alexanderimprovedthetechniquetotreatbodypain.C.

TheAlexandertechniquehelpsovercomepostureproblems.D.

Peoplewithbackpainarevictimsofinappropriatepostures.【答案】（1）D（2）D（3）A（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍亚历山大技巧的对于矫正身体的作用以及其发明者。（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“Iwasbroughtuptothinkthatthepreferredwayofdealingwithachesistodonothingandhopethey'llgoaway,butIeventuallywenttothedoctor.”可知，作者从小就被灌输这样的思维，处理疼痛的更好办法就是不做任何事情，希望疼痛自行消失，但是却最终不得不去看医生，故可知，作者看医生都是迫不得已，故选D。（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Ittrainsyoutouseyourbodylessseverelyandcarryoutthemovementsthatwedoallthetimewithlesseffort.”可知，亚历山大技巧让你更合理使用身体，用最小的努力来做那些习惯性的动作，故可知，该技巧的原则就是用最小的力来做习惯性的动作，故选D。（3）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“FrederickAlexander,anAustralianactorbornin1869,foundinhisyouththathehadvocal(声音的)problemsduringperformances.Heanalyzedhimselfandrealizedhisposturewasbad.Heworkedonimprovingit,withexcellentresults.”可知，弗雷德里克·亚历山大，一个出身于186年的澳大利亚演员，在年轻的时候声音出了问题。他做了分析，意识到自己的姿势不正确，因此致力于改善姿势，结果很好，故可知，他通过矫正姿势，解决了自己的声音问题，故选A。（4）考查主旨大意。本文介绍亚历山大技巧的对于矫正身体的作用以及其发明者，故可知在介绍亚历山大技巧的作用，故选C。【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。2．犇犇阅读理解

Youknowthosenutritionguidelinesthegovernmentissueseveryfewyears?Itturnsoutthatfollowingthemisn'tjustgoodforyourhealth.It'sgoodfortheplanet,too.

"Whatwefoundisthatimpactsvaryacrossnations,butinthehigh­impactnations,ingeneral,youcanseethat,ifyoufollowanationallyrecommendeddiet,despitethefactthatthesedietsdon'tmentionexplicitly—ormostofthemdon'texplicitlymention—environmentalimpacts,thatyouaregoingtohavelowerenvironmentalimpactsduetothat.Sothat'ssortoffairlyclearacrossallthehigh­incomenations."saidPaulBehrens,anenvironmentalscientistatLeidenUniversityintheNetherlands.

Thefoodweeattakesabigtollontheenvironment.Athirdoftheice­freelandonEarthisusedforagriculture,andaccordingtosomeestimates,producingfoodaccountsforroughlyafifthofallhuman­causedgreenhousegasemissions.Fertilizerrunoffalsoleadstootherproblems,likethealgaebloomsinLakeEerieandtheDeadZoneintheGulfofMexico.

However,followingdietaryguidelineswouldreducethoseimpacts,especiallyinwealthycountriesliketheUS."Mostofthereductionscomefrommeatanddairy,"whichhaveanoutsizedimpactonlanduseandpollution,andareamajorsourceofgreenhousegases.(That'spartlyduetocowfarts.Seriously.)Followingthesuggestionswouldalsomeaneatingfewercalories,sincemanypeoplehereeatmorethantheyneed.

Overall,inhigh­incomecountries,Behren'steamestimatesthatfollowingtherulescouldresultinasmuchasa17percentreductioninlanduse,a21percentreductioninnutrientpollution,anda25percentdropinagriculturalgreenhousegasemissions.Cuttingdownonhowmuchfoodwewaste—whichisroughlyathirdintheUS—couldhelpevenmore.TheresultsareintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.

Ofcourse,peoplearenotoriouslybadatfollowingdiets.But:"Thesenationallyrecommendedguidelinesdoactuallyhaveaknock­oneffectonotherareasofpolicymaking.SoifI'mdevelopinganewhealthy­eating­for­schoolsprogramthenthat'sgoingtobebasedoffalotofdetailthatIgetfromthenationallyrecommendedguidelines.Sowhileitmightnotnecessarilybethecasethatpeoplefollowdirectly…theyactuallyarequiteinfluentialonthepreparationofotheradvice."

Itseemsthatasmallerenvironmentalfootprintandahealthierlifestylecouldgohandinhand.（1）WhichofthefollowingstatementwillPaulBehrensapproveof?A.

Followinganationallyrecommendeddietcanhavesimilarimpactsindifferentcountries.B.

Followinganationallyrecommendeddietcandogoodtoourhealth.C.

Notallthecountrieshaverecommendeddietsinanexplicitmanner.D.

Somehigh­incomenationsdon'tmentionthedietexplicitlyforitsimpactscanbeignored.（2）Whatdotheunderlinedwords"takesabigtollon"

inparagraph3probablymean?A.

showssignsof

B.

hasabadeffecton

C.

takesfulladvantageof

D.

makesupfor（3）WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.

Foodproductioncanleadtoabout20percentofhuman­causedgreenhousegaswithonlyathirdoftheice­freelandused.B.

Itisestimatedthatfollowingdietaryguidelinescanleadtodecreaseinmorelandusethaninnutrientpollution.C.

PaulBehrens'newprogramconcerninghealthyeatingforschoolsislikelytobebasedonnationalnutritionguidelines.D.

Somewealthycountriestendtoreducemeatanddairythoughtheotherareasofpolicymakingisn'teffectedmuch.【答案】（1）C（2）B（3）A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了营养指南对地球也有利。通过膳食指南，似乎可以减轻对环境的伤害，人类自己也可以过上健康的生活，二者可以兼得。（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"Whatwefoundisthatimpactsvaryacrossnations,butinthehigh­impactnations,ingeneral,youcanseethat,ifyoufollowanationallyrecommendeddiet,despitethefactthatthesedietsdon'tmentionexplicitly—ormostofthemdon'texplicitlymention—environmentalimpacts,thatyouaregoingtohavelowerenvironmentalimpactsduetothat.”我们发现（营养膳食指南的）影响因国家而异，但总的来说，在影响力较大的国家，如果你遵循国家推荐的膳食指南，即使这些膳食并未明晰对环境的影响，或者大多数膳食没有明确说明这一点，但是你对环境的影响会因为遵循指南而减轻。由此推断出"并非所有国家都以明确的方式推荐饮食"，这个观点PaulBehrens会赞成，故选C。（2）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的“Athirdoftheice­freelandonEarthisusedforagriculture,andaccordingtosomeestimates,producingfoodaccountsforroughlyafifthofallhuman­causedgreenhousegasemissions.Fertilizerrunoffalsoleadstootherproblems,likethealgaebloomsinLakeEerieandtheDeadZoneintheGulfofMexico.”地球上三分之一的无冰区被用于农业生产，根据一些估算，食物生产大约占到了人类造成的温室气体排放量的五分之一。肥料径流也导致了其他问题，例如伊利湖的藻类爆发以及墨西哥湾的死亡区域。由此推断出划线词所在的句子意思是我们所吃的食物给环境带来了巨大代价。takesabigtollon固定短语，“付出了巨大的代价”，故选B。（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Athirdoftheice­freelandonEarthisusedforagriculture,andaccordingtosomeestimates,producingfoodaccountsforroughlyafifthofallhuman­causedgreenhousegasemissions.”地球上三分之一的无冰区被用于农业生产，根据一些估算，食物生产大约占到了人类造成的温室气体排放量的五分之一。由此可知。A选项的描述"粮食生产可导致约20%的人为造成的温室气体，而只使用了三分之一的无冰土地"正确，故选A。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。3．犇犇阅读理解

Inourtwenties,wefinditfunnywhenwecan'trememberourneighbor'scat'snameorahandsomeactorwhostarredinafamousmovie.Inourthirties,wejokinglycallit"brainfreeze".Inourforties,welaughitoffasa"seniormoment"andfollowupwithoneoftheseoldagejokes.Buttherealityisthattherecomesapointwhenbeingforgetfulstopsbeingfunnyandstartstoseemabitdreadful.Youthink,"AmIlosingit？"Orworse,"IsthisasignofAlzheimer'sdisease（老年痴呆症）？"

Well,don'tworry.Thefactthatyourecognizeyourownforgetfulnessmaybeaverygoodsign,atleastintermsofthepossibilityofyourdevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease（AD）.Theresearchersinanewstudyshowthatit'snotforgetfulnessbutnotbeingawarethatwe'reforgetfulthatweshouldfear.

TheresearchersbeganwiththeassumptionthatonecommonfeatureofAlzheimer'sdis-easeisadamagedawarenessofillness.Andtheywantedtoprovetheirtheorythatthelackofawarenesscanbeusedtopredictwhethersomeonewith"mildcognitive（认知的）damage"willprogresstofull-onAD.Forthestudy,"mildcognitivedamage"wasdefinedassomeonewhosementalstatewasconsideredhealthybutwhohadeithercomplainedofmemorylossorhadsufferedobjectivememoryloss.

Theresearchersusedexistingdatafor1,062peoplebetweentheagesof55and90thathadbeenrecordedovera12-yearperiod.Thedataincludedbrainscans,whichtheresearchersusedtolookforvisualsignsofreducedglucoseuptake（葡萄糖吸收）.ItisanobjectivemarkerofthesortofreducedbrainfunctionthatgoesalongwithAD.Asexpected,glucoseuptakewasreducedinthosewithAD.Whattheresearchersalsodiscoveredwasthatglucoseuptakewasreducedinthosewithmildcognitivedamagewhoalsoshowedevidenceofreducedillnessawareness.Finally,theresearchersfoundthatthosewhohadreducedillnessawarenessweremorelikelytodevelopADthanthosewithout.（1）Whatcanbeimpliedfromparagraph1？A.

Peoplecanbeforgetfulatdifferentages.B.

Thememoryoftheyoungisbetterthantheold.C.

OldpeoplearemostafraidofgettingAlzheimer'sdisease.D.

It'sararephenomenonwhenyoungpeopleforgetsomething.（2）Whatstatementdoestheresearchersinthenewstudyagreewith?A.

Beingawareallthetimeisafearfulthing.B.

IllnessawarenesshasnothingtodowithAlzheimer'sdisease.C.

Recognizingforgetfulnessdoesn'tmeandevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease.D.

RealizingforgetfulnessmustbeasignofdevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease.（3）WhatcanbeasignofdevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease?A.

Realizingothers'forgetfulness.

B.

Reduceduptakeofglucose.C.

Havinghigherintakeofglucose.

D.

Expectedincreaseinbrainfunction.（4）Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A.

Sciencefiction.

B.

Achemistrybook.

C.

Ascienceresearch.

D.

Ahealthbrochure.【答案】（1）A（2）C（3）B（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了如何预测你的记忆丧失是否是老年痴呆症,

一项新的研究表明，不是遗忘，而是没有意识到我们的健忘让人们感到害怕。（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“

Inourtwenties,wefinditfunnywhenwecan'trememberourneighbor'scat'snameorahandsomeactorwhostarredinafamousmovie.Inourthirties,wejokinglycallit‘brainfreeze’Inourforties,welaughitoffasa‘seniormoment’andfollowupwithoneoftheseoldagejokes.Buttherealityisthattherecomesapointwhenbeingforgetfulstopsbeingfunnyandstartstoseemabitdreadful.

”在二十多岁的时候，当我们记不起邻居的猫的名字或是主演一部著名电影的英俊演员时，我们觉得很有趣。在三十多岁的时候，我们开玩笑地称它为“大脑冻结”，在四十多岁的时候，我们把它当作“老年时期”来嘲笑，然后继续讲这些老年笑话。但现实是，有这样的时候，健忘不再有趣，而且看起来有点可怕，可推知选A。（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Thefactthatyourecognizeyourownforgetfulnessmaybeaverygoodsign,atleastintermsofthepossibilityofyourdevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease（AD）”承认自己的健忘也许是一个很好的迹象，至少从你患老年痴呆症,的可能性来看，可知选C。（3）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“ItisanobjectivemarkerofthesortofreducedbrainfunctionthatgoesalongwithAD.Asexpected,glucoseuptakewasreducedinthosewithAD.”这是一个患有老年痴呆症降低了脑功能的客观标志。正如所料，老年痴呆症患者的葡萄糖吸收降低，故选B。（4）考查推理判断。纵观全文可知，是一项科学研究，介绍了如何预测你的记忆丧失是否是老年痴呆症,

故选C。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。4．阅读理解

Ithasbeendiscoveredthataftertheageofsixteen,thenumberofourbraincellsbeginstodecreaseataspeedofseveralmillionayear.Theysimplydieoff.Incertaintypesofactivity,thehumanbrainisatitshighestpointintheearlytwenties,whenithascollectedenoughinformationtobeabletousethevastnumberofcellsfreelyinthemosteffectiveway.Puremathematicsisoneofthefieldsinwhichthishappens,andweknowthatAlbertEinsteinmadeallhisworld-shakingdiscoveriesbetweentheageofabout20and25,andspenttherestofhislifetidyingthemupandarrangingthem.

Butincertainothertypesofactivity(ofwhichbeinganauthorisperhapsone),experienceismoreimportantthansharpnessofbrain,andthereoneusuallyfindsthatapersonreacheshisorherpeakmuchlaterinlife.

Besidessharpnessofbrainandexperience,hereisanotherthingthatisveryimportant,andthatiswisdom.Onecanhaveaveryquick,inventivebrainandplentyofexperience,butifoneusesthesefoolishly,oneharmsbothoneselfandothers.Wisdomdoesnotalwayscomewithage——thereareplentyoffoolishmiddle-agedpeopleabout——buttheaveragepersontendstolearnwisdomashegetsolder,usuallybymakingpainfulofembarrassingmistakes.Leaningtobewiseisbasicallylearningwhatisnotpossible;andwhatispossiblebutsodifficultthatitisnotworthallthetroubleonehastogothroughtogetthere.Mostly,itislearningabouthumannature;howrealpeoplebehaveandreact,asagainsthowonewouldlikethemtobehaveandreact.Onecanreadandhearlotofidealisticstuffabouthowtomaketheworldabetterplace,whichwouldbefoundifitwasbasedonanaccurateobservationofhumannature,butwhichisbasicallyawasteoftimebecauseitisnot.（1）Accordingtothewriter,thegreatdiscoveriesmadebyAlbertEinsteinweremainlyaresultin________.A.yearsofhardworkB.sharpnessofthebrainC.richexperienceD.hisdeepunderstandingofthenature（2）Somepeopleachievesuccessmuchlaterinlifebecause

.A.theirworkoftenrequiresmuchexperienceB.theydonothaveachancetoshowtheirtalentsC.theyhavetolearnlessonsfromfailuresD.theyfailtorealizeearliertheimportanceofhardwork（3）Theimportanceofwisdomliesinthefactthat

.A.ithelpstoavoidvariousmistakesB.itcontributestoone'screativityC.itencouragesonetogoforwardinfaceofdifficultyD.itprovidestherightdirectionofefforts（4）Thewritercametobelievethat

.A.itisalwaysawasteoftimetomakeplansaboutthefutureB.itishumannaturetomakeattemptsonwhatlooksimpossibleC.oneshouldalwayschallengetheimpossibletopushthesocietyforwardD.onehastousewisdomindecidingwhatisthebestthingtodo【答案】（1）B（2）A（3）D（4）D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人类的大脑在20岁左右于巅峰，在以后的成就多数是因为需要丰富的经验。除了头脑敏锐和经验丰富外，智慧也非常重要，因为智慧为人们提供了正确的努力方向。人们要用智慧来决定做什么才是最好的。（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段“Ithasbeendiscoveredthataftertheageofsixteen,thenumberofourbraincellsbeginstodecreaseataspeedofseveralmillionayear.Theysimplydieoff.Incertaintypesofactivity,thehumanbrainisatitshighestpointintheearlytwenties,...andweknowthatAlbertEinsteinmadeallhisworld-shakingdiscoveriesbetweentheageofabout20and25,andspenttherestofhislifetidyingthemupandarrangingthem.”人们发现，16岁以后，我们的脑细胞数量开始以每年几百万的速度减少。在某些类型的活动中，人类的大脑在20岁早期处于巅峰状态,...我们知道阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦在20到25岁之间做出了所有震惊世界的发现。用余生来整理和安排这些发现。根据对爱因斯坦所的发现可知，他的伟大的发现是在20-25岁之间，更是印证了人类大脑在20年代初达到了巅峰，可推断出，本段主要研究人类大脑巅峰期，故选B。（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段“Butincertainothertypesofactivity(ofwhichbeinganauthorisperhapsone),experienceismoreimportantthansharpnessofbrain,andthereoneusuallyfindsthatapersonreacheshisorherpeakmuchlaterinlife.”但在某些其他类型的活动中(作家可能是其中一种)，经验比头脑的敏捷更重要，人们通常会发现一个人在他一生的晚期才达到顶峰。可推断出有些人在晚年取得成功是因为他们的工作中往往需要很多经验。故选A。（3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Besidessharpnessofbrainandexperience,hereisanotherthingthatisveryimportant,andthatiswisdom....Leaningtobewiseisbasicallylearningwhatisnotpossible；andwhatispossiblebutsodifficultthatitisnotworthallthetroubleonehastogothroughtogetthere.Mostly,itislearningabouthumannature；howrealpeoplebehaveandreact,asagainsthowonewouldlikethemtobehaveandreact.”除了敏锐的头脑和丰富的经验外，还有一件事是非常重要的，那就是智慧。学习成为智者，要基本的了解什么是不可能的；学习有可能但又很困难的东西，以至于不值得一个人为了达到目的而付出所有的努力。最重要的是了解人性，了解真实的人是如何行为和反应的，以及人们希望他们如何行为和反应的。由此可推断出智慧的重要性在于智慧能让人知道什么可做，什么不能做，即为人提供正确的努力方向。故选D。（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“Leaningtobewiseisbasicallylearningwhatisnotpossible；andwhatispossiblebutsodifficultthatitisnotworthallthetroubleonehastogothroughtogetthere.Mostly,itislearningabouthumannature；howrealpeoplebehaveandreact,asagainsthowonewouldlikethemtobehaveandreact.Onecanreadandhearlotofidealisticstuffabouthowtomaketheworldabetterplace,whichwouldbefoundifitwasbasedonanaccurateobservationofhumannature,”成为智者，要大体上知道什么是不可能的。学习有可能但又如此困难的东西，以至于不值得一个人为了达到目的而付出所有的努力。最重要的是学习人性，了解真实的人是如何行为和反应的，以及人们希望他们如何行为和反应的。人们可以读到和听到很多关于如何使世界变得更美好的理想主义的东西.......由此可推断出聪明的人必须运用智慧来决定最好要做什么事。故选D。【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。5．阅读理解

In1953,amountainclimberreportedseeingabar-headedgoosesoaroverthepeakofMountEverest(珠穆朗玛).Itwasthoughtimpossible.Nowresearcherswhoraised19ofthegeese—namedfortheblackstripesonthebacksoftheirheads—haveshownthebirdsreallyflysohigh.

Theteamtrainedtheyoungsterstoflyinalargewindtunnelwearingbackpacksandfacemasksfullofsensorsthatrecordedtheirheartrate.bloodoxygenlevels,temperature,andmetabolicrate—howmanycaloriestheyburnedperhour.Theresearcherssimulated(模拟)10w-,medium-,andhigh-altitudeconditionsbyalteringtheconcentrationofoxygensuppliedtofacemaskswornbyeachgooseasitflewinthetunnel.

Birdsalreadyhaveabetterheartandlungsthanmammalsforsustainedphysicalactivity.Andresearchersknewthatbar-headedgeesehaveevenlarger,thinnerlungsthatletthembreathemoredeeplyandanevenbiggerhearttopumpmoreoxygentomusclesthanotherbirds.

Thewindtunnelexperimentsshowedthatwhentheconcentrationofoxygenwasatitslowest-likethe7%foundontopofMountEverestversus21%atsealevel—thegeese'sheartrateandfrequencyofwingbeatsremainedthesameevenastheirmetabolicratedropped.Somehow,thebirdsmanagedtocooldowntheirblood-themeasuredbloodtemperaturedroppedsoitcouldtakeinmoreoxygen,theresearchersreporttodayineLife.Thiscoolinglikelyhelpscompensatefortheverythinair,theteamsays.

Althoughwelltrained,thebirdswereonlywillingtostayintheairafewminutes-orlesswhenwearingtheirbackpacksandflyingat6ihigh"altitudes.Soit'snotclearwhethertheseadaptationsalonearewhatmakeitpossibletoflythe8hoursittakestoclimboverMountEverest.ButthosefewminutesshowedthesegeesereallycouldflyoverthetopofMountEverest.（1）Whydidtheresearchersraise19bar-headedgeeseandtrainthem?A.

Totesttheflyingheightandspeedofthem.B.

ToconfirmtheycouldflyoverMountEverest.C.

Toobservethemflyingthroughthewindtunnel.D.

Toseehowmanycaloriestheyburnedperhour.（2）Whatcanwelearnfromthewindtunnelexperiment?A.

Itwascarriedoutatveryhighaltitude.B.

Thegeesemanagedtobreathelesswhentheirblooddecreased.C.

Thegeesecouldlivethroughthelowestconcentrationofoxygen.D.

Itshowsthegeesecouldflyathighaltitudeforlong.（3）Whatstillpuzzlesscientistsaboutthegeese?A.

Whethertheyhavesuperheartsandlungs.B.

Whethertheyhavemusclespumpedmoreoxygento.C.

Whethertheyarewillingtowearbackpacksandfacemasks.D.

Whethertheycanmanagetofly8hourstoclimboverMountEverest.（4）Wheredoesthetextmostprobablycomefrom?A.

Asciencefiction.

B.

Aclimbingguide.

C.

Atravelbrochure.

D.

Asciencereport.【答案】（1）B（2）C（3）D（4）D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，登山者报告说看到一只长颈鹅翱翔在珠穆朗玛峰的顶峰，为了确认其真实性，研究人员养了18只这种鹅，在大型风洞中训练它们飞行。结果发现这种鹅可以在氧气极低的情况下飞行，但停留时间只有几分钟，因此能否飞过珠峰尚不明确。（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的"In1953,amountainclimberreportedseeingabar-headedgoosesoaroverthepeakofMountEverest.Itwasthoughtimpossible."报道说，一名登山者看到一只斑头鹅飞过珠穆朗玛峰。人们认为这是不可能的；以及"Nowresearcherswhoraised19ofthegeese-namedfortheblackstripesonthebacksoftheirheads-haveshownthebirdsreallyflysohigh."现在研究人员饲养了这种鹅，他们发现这些鹅真的飞得很高。再根据最后一段中的"Soit'snotclearwhethertheseadaptationsalonearewhatmakeitpossibletoflythe8hoursittakestoclimboverMountEverest.ButthosefewminutesshowedthesegeesereallycouldflyoverthetopofMountEverest."但是否能让这种鹅飞8小时爬上珠穆朗玛峰尚不清楚。由此可推断出研究人员饲养这种鹅是为了证实这种鹅是否能飞过珠峰。故选B。（2）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的"Thewindtunnelexperimentsshowedthatwhentheconcentrationofoxygen...thegeese'sheartrateandfrequencyofwingbeatsremainedthesameevenastheirmetabolicratedropped....theresearchersreporttodayinelife.Thiscoolinglikelyhelpscomp"可知风洞实验表明，当氧气浓度最低时，鹅的心率和翅膀搏动频率保持不变，即使它们的新陈代谢率下降。研究人员今天在《伊利费》杂志上报道说，...这种降温可能有助于补偿空气的稀薄；第五段中的"Althoughwelltrained,thebirdswereonlywillingtostayintheairafewminutes-orless..."尽管训练有素，但这些鸟只愿意在空中呆上几分钟。这两处综合推断出，鹅可以在最低浓度的氧气中生存。故选C。（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"Soit'snotclearwhethertheseadaptationsalonearewhatmakeitpossibletoflythe8hoursittakestoclimboverMountEverest."可知，目前尚不清楚的是，只有这些适应性变化能否可以飞行8小时爬上珠穆朗玛峰。故选D。（4）考查推理判断。第一段中提到登山者报告说看到一只长颈鹅翱翔在珠穆朗玛峰的顶峰。为了证实是否可能，研究人员养了18只这种鹅，并在大型风洞中训练它们飞行。结果发现这种鹅可以在氧气极低的情况下飞行，但停留时间只有几分钟，因此能否飞过珠峰尚不明确。由此可知本文属于科普文章。故选D。【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生根据上下文进行分逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。6．阅读理解

Somethingsshouldjustbecommonknowledgebynow.TheEarthisn'tflat.Nope,yourhairandnailsdon'tgrowafteryoudie.TheholesatthetopofBicbiropensaretheresothat,ifyouswallowoneaccidentally,youcanstillbreatheandwon'tchoketodeath.It'sdebatablewhetherthatlastonethereiscommonknowledgeornot.AquickGooglesearchofthefact,rewrittenasaquestion,showsarticlesaddressingthispointgoingbackseveralyears,withthelatest(re)appearingjustthisweekoveronScienceAlert.Wesupposeit'soneofthosethingsthatcomeupfromtimetotime,likewhatwouldhappenifyouattackYellowstonewithanuclearweapon(notmuch,asitturnsout).

IfyoujumpovertoBic'swebsite,undertheirFAQs(frequentlyaskedquestions),itquiteclearlystates:"ThereasonthatsomeBIC®penshaveaholeintheircapistopreventthecapfromcompletelyobstructingtheairwayifaccidentallybreathedin.ThisisrequestedbytheinternationalsafetystandardsISO11540,exceptforincaseswherethecapisconsideredtoolargetobeachokingrisk."

That'sratherlovelyofthem.Inappreciationoftheirwanttonotkillofftheirmoreclumsycustomers,wethoughtwe'dshareafewmorerandomfactsaboutBicthatareprobablygoingtocomeupinapubquizoneday.Didyouknow,forexample,thateachBicballpointpencanproduceatleast2kilometers(1.2miles)ofinkbeforeitbeginstorunout?Infact,in2018,7,250kilometers(4,505miles)ofwritingtestsonsuchpenswerecarriedoutonballpointpens,gelpens(中性笔),androllerstomakesuretheyworkedtothehigheststandard.

ThebestpartoftheBicsite,however,isthisrathercuriousfact:"100percentofpenballsaremadethroughahighly-controlledprocess."Asopposedtoahighlyuncontrolledprocess,involvingexplosionsandbouncycastlesandtotalchaos,wesuppose.（1）WhydoestheauthormentionthecaseofYellowstone?A.

Tolistthefacts.

B.

Toprovehispoint.C.

Tocomparethetwosituations.

D.

Toemphasizetheimportanceofsafety.（2）Whatdoestheunderlinedword"obstructing"inparagraph2mean?A.

Block.

B.

Open.

C.

Transform.

D.

Narrow.（3）Whywerethewritingtestsonpenscarriedout?A.

Toworkouttheirlifespan.

B.

Toassuretheirgoodquality.C.

Toprovesomerandomfacts.

D.

Tocomparedifferentpenswitheachother.（4）Inwhattonedoestheauthordevelopthetext?A.

Critical.

B.

Acid.

C.

Humorous.

D.

Serious.【答案】（1）B（2）A（3）B（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，毕克笔的笔帽上有一个小孔是为了防止那些粗心的使用者不小心吞下而窒息死亡。这真是粗心使用者的生命通道。（1）考查推理判断。毕克笔的笔帽上留一个小孔的原因，且这个问题会被偶尔问到，就像如果你用核武器攻击黄石公园会发生什么事这个问题一样，作者是在举例证明他的观点，故选B。（2）考查词义猜测。此处意为当使用者不慎把笔帽吞下时，笔帽上的小孔就是为了阻止笔帽完全阻塞气管而引起窒息，故选A。（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"Infact,in2018,7,250kilometers(4,505miles)ofwritingtestsonsuchpenswerecarriedoutonballpointpens,gelpens(中性笔),androllerstomakesuretheyworkedtothehigheststandard."可知，举行书写测试的目的是为了确保