《储能技术概论双语课程》课件-氢的物理化学性质

氢的物理化学性质Physicalandchemicalpropertiesofhydrogen《储能技术概论》《EnergyStorageTechnology》主讲教师：Instructor:

氢的物理化学性质PhysicalandchemicalpropertiesofhydrogenCONTENTS氢的物理特性Physicalpropertiesofhydrogen01PART氢的化学特性Chemicalpropertiesofhydrogen02PART目录氢的物理特性PhysicalpropertiesofhydrogenPART01一、氢的物理特性Physicalpropertiesofhydrogen（1）基本物理参数Basicphysicalparameters氢的物理性质Physicalpropertiesofhydrogen（2）扩散性和渗透性Diffusionandpermeability（3）热学性质Thermalproperties一、氢的物理特性Physicalpropertiesofhydrogen（一）氢的基本物理参数Basicphysicalparametersofhydrogen状态与密度Stateanddensity在标准状况下，氢为无色、无味、无臭的气体。其密度极低，仅为0.0899g/L，约为空气密度的十四分之一，这使得氢气在储存和运输过程中需要特殊的容器和方式。Understandardconditions,hydrogenisacolorless,odorlessgas.Itsdensityisextremelylow,only0.0899g/L,aboutone-fourteenthofthedensityofair,whichmakeshydrogenstorageandtransportationrequirespecialcontainersandmethods.熔点与沸点Meltingpointandboilingpoint氢的熔点为-259.14℃，沸点为-252.87℃。常温常压下以气态氢存在，液氢的密度为70.8kg/m3，相比气态氢，液化后提高了单位体积的能量存储密度，有利于大规模的氢储能应用。Themeltingpointofhydrogenis-259.14℃,andtheboilingpointis-252.87℃.Hydrogenexistsingaseousstateatroomtemperatureandatmosphericpressure,andthedensityofliquidhydrogenis70.8kg/m3.Comparedwithgaseoushydrogen,theenergystoragedensityperunitvolumeisincreasedafterliquefaction,whichisconducivetolarge-scalehydrogenenergystorageapplications.一、氢的物理特性Physicalpropertiesofhydrogen（一）氢的基本物理参数Basicphysicalparametersofhydrogen临界参数Criticalparameters氢的临界温度为-239.9℃，临界压力为1.29MPa。氢的临界温度极低，这增加了液化的难度，但也意味着在高于临界温度时，氢气始终保持气态，便于在某些需要气态氢参与的储能过程中使用。Thecriticaltemperatureofhydrogenis-239.9℃andthecriticalpressureis1.29MPa.Theextremelylowcriticaltemperatureofhydrogenincreasesthedifficultyofliquefaction,butitalsomeansthathydrogenremainsinagasstateabovethecriticaltemperature,whichfacilitatestheuseofgaseoushydrogeninsomeenergystorageprocesses.一、氢的物理特性Physicalpropertiesofhydrogen（二）扩散性与渗透性Diffusionandpermeability01.高扩散性Highdiffusivity氢具有极高的扩散系数，在空气中的扩散系数约为0.611cm2/s。在氢储能系统的设计中，积极方面在于，当氢气发生少量泄漏时，它能快速分散，降低局部氢气浓度，减少爆炸风险。然而，高扩散性也增加了氢气泄漏的可能性，对容器的密封性要求极高。Hydrogenexhibitsanexceptionallyhighdiffusioncoefficient,withaspecificdiffusionrateofapproximately0.611cm²/sinair.Inhydrogenenergystoragesystemdesign,thischaracteristicoffersadualadvantage:whenminorleaksoccur,thegasrapidlydispersestoreducelocalizedconcentrationsandminimizeexplosionrisks.However,itshighdiffusivityalsoincreasesleakagepotential,requiringextremelystringentsealingstandardsforcontainmentvessels.一、氢的物理特性Physicalpropertiesofhydrogen（二）扩散性与渗透性Diffusionandpermeability02.强渗透性Strongpermeability氢原子半径极小，仅为0.037nm。能够透过许多常见的材料，如橡胶、塑料，甚至金属。长期与氢气接触，材料可能会发生氢脆现象，导致材料的力学性能下降，如韧性和强度降低。Theradiusofhydrogenatomsisverysmall,only0.037nm.Itcanpassthroughmanycommonmaterials,suchasrubber,plastic,andevenmetal.Long-termcontactwithhydrogenmaycausehydrogenembrittlementofthematerial,resultinginadeclineinmechanicalproperties,suchastoughnessandstrength.一、氢的物理特性Physicalpropertiesofhydrogen（三）热学性质Thermalproperties比热容Specificheatcapacity氢的比热容较大，在常温常压下，定压比热容约为14.307kJ/(kg·K)。温度变化相对较小。Hydrogenhasalargespecificheatcapacity,atroomtemperatureandpressure,thespecificheatcapacityatconstantpressureisabout14.307kJ/(kg·K).Thetemperaturechangeisrelativelysmall.01导热性Thermalconductivity氢的导热率在所有气体中名列前茅，在0℃时，其导热率为0.1815W/(m·K)瓦每米每开，约为空气导热率的7倍。Hydrogenisoneofthebestthermalconductorsofallgases.At0℃,itsthermalconductivityis0.1815W/(m·K)wattpermeterperkilometer,aboutseventimesthatofair.02氢的化学特性ChemicalpropertiesofhydrogenPART02二、氢的化学特性

Chemicalpropertiesofhydrogen（1）可燃性与燃烧特性Combustibilityandcombustioncharacteristics（2）还原性Reducingpower（3）与金属相互作用Interactionwithmetal二、氢的化学特性

Chemicalpropertiesofhydrogen（一）可燃性与燃烧特性Combustibilityandcombustioncharacteristics01.燃烧反应Combustionreaction氢气具有高度可燃性，在空气中，氢气与氧气发生燃烧反应。这一反应释放出大量的热，氢气的燃烧热为285.8KJ/mol，是同质量汽油燃烧热的3倍。Hydrogenishighlyflammableandburnswithoxygeninair.Thisreactionreleasesalargeamountofheat,andthecombustionheatofhydrogenis285.8KJ/mol,whichisthreetimesthatofgasolineburningwiththesamemass.02.燃烧特性Combustioncharacteristics氢气在空气中的燃烧极限范围较宽，体积分数为4.0%-75.6%。在氢储能系统的设计和运行中，必须严格控制氢气浓度，确保其在安全范围内。氢气的燃烧速度极快，在常压下，氢气与氧气的预混火焰燃烧速度可达2.7m/s。Hydrogenhasawidecombustionlimitrangeinair,withavolumefractionof4.0%to75.6%.Inthedesignandoperationofhydrogenenergystoragesystems,itisessentialtostrictlycontrolhydrogenconcentrationwithinsafelimits.Hydrogenburnsextremelyrapidly;underatmosphericpressure,pre-mixedhydrogen-oxygenflamescanreachaburningspeedof2.7meterspersecond.二、氢的化学特性

Chemicalpropertiesofhydrogen（二）氢的还原性ReducingPowerofHydrogen氢作为还原剂，将其他物质还原。例如，在冶金工业中，氢气可用于还原金属氧化物，通过这种方式可以制备高纯度的金属。在氢储能领域，某些储能技术利用氢气的还原性来实现能量的存储和转换。Asareducingagent,hydrogencanreduceothersubstances.Forinstance,inthemetallurgicalindustry,hydrogenisusedtoreducemetaloxides,enablingtheproductionofhigh-puritymetals.Inhydrogenenergystorageapplications,specifictechnologiesleveragehydrogensreducingpropertiesforenergystorageandconversionprocesses.氢气不仅能还原金属氧化物，还能与许多非金属氧化物发生反应。CO₂+H₂=CO+H2O。

Hydrogencannotonlyreducemetaloxides,butalsoreactwithmanynon-metallicoxides.CO₂+H₂=CO+H2O二、氢的化学特性

Chemicalpropertiesofhydrogen（三）氢与金属的相互作用Interactionbetweenhydrogenandmetal许多金属能够与氢气发生反应，形成金属氢化物。Mg+H2=MgH2。Manymetalsreactwithhydrogentoformmetalhydrides.Mg+H2=MgH2金属氢化物具有较高的储氢容量，在氢储能领域，金属氢化物储氢被视为一种有潜力的固态储氢方式。Metallichydrideshavehighhydrogenstoragecapacity.Inthefieldofhydrogenenergystorage,metallichydridehydrogenstorageisregardedasapotentialsolidstatehydrogenstoragemethod.SUMMARY小结01理解氢的物理化学性质，对于优化氢储能系统的各个环节，从储存、运输到能量转换与利用，以及提升系统的安全性和可靠性都具有重要意义Understandingthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofhydrogenisofgreatsignificanceforoptimizingallaspectsofhydrogenenergystoragesystem,fromstorageandtransportationtoenergyconversionandutil