高考总复习优化设计二轮用书英语A 文体分类练6　议论文

文体分类练(六)议论文高考总复习优化设计GAOKAOZONGFUXIYOUHUASHEJI2025Passage

1(2024福建漳州三模)主题:气候变化对体型的影响

词数:321难度:★★★☆☆Theclimatecrisismayleadthehumanracetoshrinkinsize,asmammalswithsmallerframesappearbetterabletodealwithrisingglobaltemperatures,aleadingfossilexperthassaid.ProfessorSteveBrusatte,apaleontologistattheUniversityofEdinburgh,suggestedthatthewayinwhichothermammalshavepreviouslyrespondedtoperiodsofclimatechangecouldofferaninsightintohumans’future.Hecomparedthepotentialproblemofpeopleassimilartothatofearlyhorses,whichbecamesmallerinbodysizeastemperaturesrosearound55millionyearsago.WritinginThe

Rise

and

Reign

of

the

Mammals,Brusattenotesthatanimalsinwarmerpartsoftheworldtodayareoftensmallerthanthoseincolderareas,anecologicalprincipleknownasBergmann’srule.“Thereasonsarenotentirelyunderstood,butitisprobably,inpart,becausesmalleranimalshaveahighersurfacearearelativetotheirvolumethanbiggeranimalsandcanthusimprovethedissipationoftheextraheat,”hewrites.Brusattesaidthatbecomingsmallerwas“acommonwaythatmammalsdealwithclimatechange”.Headded,“That’snottosayeveryspeciesofmammalwouldgetsmaller,butitseemstobeacommonsurvivaltrickofmammalswhentemperaturesriseprettyquickly.Thatdoesraisethequestion:Iftemperaturesdorisereallyquickly,mighthumansgetsmaller?AndIthinkthat’scertainlyreasonable.”However,notallexpertsagreethatrisingtemperaturecausesmammalstoshrink.ProfessorAdrianLister,oftheNaturalHistoryMuseuminLondon,saidtherelationshipshownbytherecenthumanremainsstudyisweak.“Wearenotreallycontrolledbynaturalselection,”hesaid.“Ifthatwasgoingtohappen,you’dneedtofindlargepeopledyingbeforetheycouldreproducebecauseofclimatewarming.Thatisnothappeningintoday’sworld.Wewearclothes,andwehavegotheating,justaswehavegotairconditioningifitistoohot.”【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨了气候变化对哺乳动物尤其是人类的体型的影响。1.How

do

mammals

cope

with

climate

change

according

to

Brusatte?A.Moving

to

colder

regions.B.Reducing

their

body

size.C.Losing

their

weight.D.Adapting

their

diet.答案

B解析

细节理解题。根据第一段“The

climate

crisis

may

lead

the

human

race

to

shrink

in

size,as

mammals

with

smaller

frames

appear

better

able

to

deal

with

rising

global

temperatures,a

leading

fossil

expert

has

said.”及第四段中“Brusatte

said

that

becoming

smaller

was‘a

common

way

that

mammals

deal

with

climate

change’.”可知,根据Brusatte的说法,哺乳动物减小体型来应对气候变化。2.What

does

the

underlined

word

“dissipation”

in

paragraph

3

mean?A.Exchange. B.Formation.C.Absorption. D.Emission.答案

D解析

词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Writing

in

The

Rise

and

Reign

of

the

Mammals,Brusatte

notes

that

animals

in

warmer

parts

of

the

world

today

are

often

smaller

than

those

in

colder

areas,an

ecological

principle

known

as

Bergmann’s

rule.”和画线词所在句中“The

reasons

are

not

entirely

understood,but

it

is

probably,in

part,because

smaller

animals

have

a

higher

surface

area

relative

to

their

volume

than

bigger

animals”可知,体型较小的动物比体型较大的动物更容易散热,从而推知画线单词意思是“散发”。3.What

is

Adrian

Lister’s

attitude

towards

the

recent

study?A.Worried.

B.Objective.C.Skeptical.

D.Approving.答案

C解析

推理判断题。根据最后一段中“However,not

all

experts

agree

that

rising

temperature

causes

mammals

to

shrink.Professor

Adrian

Lister,of

the

Natural

History

Museum

in

London,said

the

relationship

shown

by

the

recent

human

remains

study

is

weak.”以及“That

is

not

happening

in

today’s

world.”等内容可知,Adrian

Lister对最近的研究持怀疑态度。4.What

is

the

best

title

of

this

text?A.The

Threat

of

Climate

Change

to

Human

SurvivalB.The

Impact

of

Climate

Change

on

Mammal

Body

SizesC.The

Evolutionary

Trends

in

Mammal

Body

SizesD.The

Adaptive

Strategies

of

Mammals

to

Climate

Change答案

B解析

主旨大意题。本文探讨了气候变化对哺乳动物尤其是人类的体型的影响。B项“气候变化对哺乳动物体型的影响”符合主题。Passage

2

(2024广东韶关二模)主题:对生活的看法

词数:314难度:★★★☆☆Islifeastoryoragame?Answersmayvaryfromonetoanother.Overthecourseoflife,wefindthingstoloveandcommitto—ajob,apartneroracommunity.Attimes,westruggletolearnfromourmisfortunestogrowinwisdom,kindnessandgrace.WillStorr,awriterwhoseworkIadmire,saysthisstoryversionoflifeisamisunderstanding.InhisbookThe

Status

Game,hearguesthathumanbeingsaredeeplydrivenbystatus.Ratherthanaboutbeinglikedoraccepted,hewrites,it’saboutbeingbetterthanothers.“Whenpeopleareobedienttous,offerrespect,admirationorpraise,that’sstatus.Itfeelsgood.”Lifeisaseriesofgames,headds.There’sthehighschoolgameofcompetingtobethepopularkid.Thelawyergametomakepartner.Thefinancegametomakethemostmoney.Theacademicgameforfame.Thesportsgametoshowthatourteamisthebest.Evenwhenwearetryingtodogood,Storrclaims,we’replayingthe“virtuegame”toshowwearemorallysuperiortoothers.IthinkStorrisindangerofbecomingoneofthoseguyswhoignorethenobledesiresofthehumanheartandthecaringelementineveryfriendshipandfamily.Thestatus-madworldthatStorrdescribesissoloveless.Infact,gamingasawayoflifeisimmature.Maturitymeansrisingabovetheshallowdesire—forstatus—thatdoesn’treallynourishus.It’saboutcultivatingthehigherdesires:theloveoftruthandlearning;theinnerpleasurethecraftsmangetsinhiswork,whichisnotaboutpopularity,andthedesireforagoodandmeaningfullifethatinspirespeopletopractisedailyactsofgenerosity.Howdopeoplegraduallylearntocultivatethesehighermotivations?Toanswerthat,I’dhavetotellyouastory.【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。生活是一个故事还是一场游戏?作家Will

Storr认为生活就是一系列的游戏,人类深受地位的驱使,作者指出这种生活态度是不成熟的,成熟意味着追求更高的愿望。5.What

lies

in

the

core

of

Will

Storr’s

opinion

about

life?A.The

pride

in

one’s

virtue.B.The

pursuit

of

superiority.C.The

desire

for

acceptance.D.The

motivation

by

wealth.答案

B解析

细节理解题。根据第二段中“In

his

book

The

Status

Game,he

argues

that

human

beings

are

deeply

driven

by

status.Rather

than

about

being

liked

or

accepted,he

writes,it’s

about

being

better

than

others.‘When

people

are

obedient

to

us,offer

respect,admiration

or

praise,that’s

status.It

feels

good.’”可知,Will

Storr作品的核心在于追求更高的地位,要比别人更好,B项“追求卓越”符合题意。6.What

can

be

viewed

as

higher

motivations

in

the

text?A.Love

and

inspiration.B.Maturity

and

desire.C.Commitment

and

kindness.D.Friendship

and

popularity.答案

C解析

推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over

the

course

of

life,we

find

things

to

love

and

commit

to—a

job,a

partner

or

a

community.At

times,we

struggle

to

learn

from

our

misfortunes

to

grow

in

wisdom,kindness

and

grace.”和第四段中“It’s

about

cultivating

the

higher

desires:the

love

of

truth

and

learning;the

inner

pleasure

the

craftsman

gets

in

his

work,which

is

not

about

popularity,and

the

desire

for

a

good

and

meaningful

life

that

inspires

people

to

practise

daily

acts

of

generosity.”可知,C项“承诺和善良”可以被视为更高的动机。7.What’s

the

main

purpose

of

the

passage?A.To

correct

an

attitude.B.To

compare

two

values.C.To

explain

two

arguments.D.To

criticize

a

viewpoint.答案

A解析

推理判断题。文章首句“Is

life

a

story

or

a

game?”提出问题:生活是一个故事还是一场游戏?接着提到了作家Will

Storr对此问题的回答,Will

Storr认为生活就是一系列的游戏,人类深受地位的驱使,接着作者提到这种生活态度是不成熟的,故本文的目的是纠正一种态度。8.What

story

do

you

think

the

author

will

tell

next?A.A

king’s-comeback

story.B.A

rags-to-riches

story.C.A

Yuan

Longping-style

story.D.An

overnight-success

story.答案

C解析

推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“It’s

about

cultivating

the

higher

desires:the

love

of

truth

and

learning;the

inner

pleasure

the

craftsman

gets

in

his

work,which

is

not

about

popularity,and

the

desire

for

a

good

and

meaningful

life

that

inspires

people

to

practise

daily

acts

of

generosity.”和最后一段“How

do

people

gradually

learn

to

cultivate

these

higher

motivations?To

answer

that,I’d

have

to

tell

you

a

story.”可知,更高的愿望是对真理和学习的热爱和对美好而有意义的生活的渴望,作者接下来要讲述如何培养这些更高动机,C项“一个袁隆平式的故事”符合更高动机的内涵。Passage

3

(2024河北邯郸三模)主题:善意的谎言

词数:349

难度:★★★★★“Individualsofallageswhohaveempathy(共情)understandthatsometimestellinglittlewhiteliescanprotectotherpeoplefromgettinghurt,”saysBarbaraGreenberg,aclinicalpsychologistinConnecticut.“MostpeoplethatIhavecomeacrosstelltheselittlewhiteliesbecausetheyunderstandthat100percenthonestyallthetimeisnotbeneficial.Awhitelie,”sheexplains,“sparespeoplefromunnecessaryhurt.”Atthesametime,Dr.JuliaBreur,amarriageandfamilytherapistinFlorida,emphasizestheimportanceofpayingattentiontothewaywerespondtosomeone.Thefactisthatnottellingthetruthcanresultinsomethingunpleasantonyou;it’snotjustaboutthepersonthewhitelieisbeingtoldto.Forexample,shesayssomeonewhoalwaystellsothersthat“allisgood”whenitcomestoasickparentinanefforttoavoiddiscussionsabouthowserioustheirhealthissuereallyis,caneventuallyfacestressfulexperiences.Whenthatparenteventuallypassesaway,thepersonwhoalwaysgavean“allisgood”responseendsupemotionallybroken.Sometimes,tellingwhiteliesoftendependsonthesituation,Dr.Breursays.Forexample,considerawomanwhohasnotseenhermotherforseveralmonths.Thedaughterhasgainednoticeableweight,yetthemotherrespondsbyexcitedlydeclaringthatshelooksgreat.“Iemphasizeduringpsychotherapysessionswithmypatientsthatcontexthelpsdefinemeaning,”Dr.Breursays.“Sowhenwelookatthecontextofamothersayingyoulookgreatwhensheclearlyseesthatherdaughterhasgainedweight,itcanbeacceptable.Itreflectstheintentionofthewhiteliewhichiskindness,protectionandunconditionallove.Otherwise,whitelies—especiallywhentoldtoavoidpersonalaccountability—canstartacycleofmistrustbetweenpeople,ultimatelycompromisingintegrity,”sheadds.Therefore,it’simportanttoaskourselveswhenitisandisn’tappropriatetodeliverthehonesttruth,andwhenit’sbesttostepbackandofferamoredelicateresponse.Moreoftenthannot,it’saboutfindingabalancebetweenthetwo.【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要阐述了善意的谎言可以让人们免受不必要的伤害,但有时候,善意的谎言往往取决于具体情况。因此,重要的是要问问自己,什么时候说实话是合适的,什么时候不合适,什么时候最好退一步,做出更微妙的回应,要在两者之间找到平衡。9.What

can

be

learned

about

white

lies

according

to

Barbara

Greenberg?A.They

are

short-lived.B.They

are

unidentifiable.C.They

are

trouble-making.D.They

are

common.答案

D解析

细节理解题。根据第一段中的“‘Most

people

that

I

have

come

across

tell

these

little

white

lies

because

they

understand

that

100

percent

honesty

all

the

time

is

not

beneficial.A

white

lie,’she

explains,‘spares

people

from

unnecessary

hurt.’”可知,根据芭芭拉·格林伯格的说法,善意的谎言很常见。10.What

message

does

Dr.Breur

deliver

in

paragraph

2?A.White

lies

can

harm

both

the

liars

and

the

listeners.B.We

must

respond

to

our

family

members

truthfully.C.It’s

wrong

to

tell

white

lies

to

a

seriously

ill

parent.D.The

“all

is

good”

response

is

effective

in

dealing

with

patients.答案

A解析

细节理解题。根据第二段中的“At

the

same

time,Dr.Julia

Breur,a

marriage

and

family

therapist

in

Florida,emphasizes

the

importance

of

paying

attention

to

the

way

we

respond

to

someone.The

fact

is

that

not

telling

the

truth

can

result

in

something

unpleasant

on

you;it’s

not

just

about

the

person

the

white

lie

is

being

told

to.”可知,善