高考的三个意识、两个能力

高考必备的三个意识、两个能力高考总复习优化设计GAOKAOZONGFUXIYOUHUASHEJI2025一、高考阅读必备的三个意识(一)主旨意识阅读总原则:一定紧扣主旨!不管什么题型,与全文主旨和段落主旨(前者更重要)相关的选项一定是对的。文章中出现举例或引用时,如果不是考查例子/引用本身(如2023新课标Ⅱ卷第34题、2023浙江首考第34题),那么都是为了说明主旨,找出该主旨是答题关键。[典例](2023全国乙卷,D)Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan’t.Theclearestexampleofthisbetweenliterateandnon-literatehistoryisperhapsthefirstconflict,atBotanyBay,betweenCaptainCook’svoyageandtheAustralianAboriginals.FromtheEnglishside,wehavescientificreportsandthecaptain’srecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside,wehaveonlyawoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.Ifwewanttoreconstructwhatwasactuallygoingonthatday,theshieldmustbequestionedandinterpretedasdeeplyandstrictlyasthewrittenreports.33.WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningCaptainCookinparagraph2?A.Hisreportwasscientific.B.Herepresentedthelocalpeople.C.HeruledoverBotanyBay.D.Hisrecordwasone-sided.分析

第1句

but后的内容是主旨句:很多情况下我们无法做到(把文本和物品结合在一起),即很多情况下仅文本或物品是片面的→第2—4句举库克船长的例子(英方:文字记录;澳方:木盾)→第5句总结:想要还原冲突当天的实情,盾和文字记录都要参考→库克船长的记录是片面的(与主旨一致)。[自主解答]

D

完形填空和读后续写中也应具备主旨意识,解答完形填空时要善于利用主旨信息(常隐含在首段中或尾段的议论中)判断正确选项(具体见第二部分);续写部分的主旨升华要与原文主旨一致。(二)转述意识高考阅读理解的正确选项其实就是用英语解释英语,也就是说正确选项都是原文中的信息点(有时是某个关键词或某几个关键词)的同义转述。这种原文、题干和选项之间的同义转述有同义词、近义词、反义词和同源词的转述、语态变化和归纳替换等。1.同义、近义转述(2024新课标Ⅱ卷,C)Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.28.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood.B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance.D.Itreliesonfarmer’smarkets.分析

C项中的cut...distance和原文中的shorten同义。[自主解答]

C

2.反义转述(2023新课标Ⅱ卷,C)Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.Froma21st-centurypointofview,theprintedbookiscertainlyancient,butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader...31.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningthee-reader?A.Theprintedbookisnottotallyoutofdate.B.Technologyhaschangedthewayweread.C.Ourlivesinthe21stcenturyarenetworked.D.Peoplenowrarelyhavethepatiencetoread.分析

转折词

but

后的比较:印刷书籍和电子阅读器一样具有互动性→强调与之前看法“印刷书籍很古老”相反→纸质书不完全过时,not

totally

out

of

date是

ancient/outdated的反义转述。[自主解答]

A

3.同源词转述(2021新高考Ⅰ卷,A)Romecanbepriceyfortravelers,whichiswhymanychoosetostayinahostel(旅社).ThehostelsinRomeofferabedinadormroomforaround$25anight,andforthat,you’lloftengettostayinacentrallocation(位置)withsecurityandcomfort.21.Whatisprobablythemajorconcernoftravelerswhochoosetostayinahostel?A.Comfort.

B.Security.C.Price. D.Location.分析“Rome

can

be

pricey

for

travelers,which

is

why

many

choose

to

stay

in

a

hostel

(旅社).”中why引导的表语从句为“果”,主句为“因”:价格昂贵。pricey是price的派生词。[自主解答]

C

(三)衔接意识1.关注强转折词:强转折词后的内容是答题线索或主旨句,题目的设置往往与这些词、句相关。①A句+强转折词+B句:强转折词如but、however、yet、nevertheless、whereas、unfortunately、actually、infact、onthecontrary、ontheotherhand、evenso等,B句内容含答题关键;②while/though/although引导的让步状语从句中,主句内容是答题关键或主旨句。2.巧用时间顺序词串联文意:如2023新课标Ⅰ卷阅读理解B篇中有大量表示时间顺序的内容,如“whenJohnToddwasachild”“whenhegotolder”“afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege”“overtheyears”等,说明John从对大自然自我修复的好奇→利用该原理研发生态机器→投入使用取得成效(涉及人物性格判断题和写作意图题);文中表示时间顺序的词,如first、then、afterafewweeks、withinweeks等说明了John对生态机器的实验过程(涉及实验目的题)。[典例](2023全国乙卷,B)OnetimemyfriendsandIdrovethreehourstoDevil’sLake,Wisconsin,toclimbthepurplequartz(石英)rockaroundthelake.Afterwefoundacrazy-lookingroadthathungoverabunchofrocks,wedecidedtophotographthesceneatsunset.Thepositionenabledustolookoverthelakewiththesunsetinthebackground.Wemanagedtoleavethisspottoclimbhigherbecauseofthesparetimeuntilsunset.However,wedidnotmarktheroute(路线)soweendedupalmostmissingthesunsetentirely.Oncewefoundtheplace,itwasstressfulgettinglightsandcamerassetupinthelimitedtime.Still,lookingbackonthephotos,theyaresomeofmybestshotsthoughtheycouldhavebeensomuchbetterifIwouldhavebeenpreparedandmanagedmytimewisely.26.Whatcanweinferfromtheauthor’stripwithfriendstoDevil’sLake?A.Theywentcrazywiththepurplequartzrock.B.Theyfeltstressedwhilewaitingforthesunset.C.Theyreachedtheshootingspotlaterthanexpected.D.Theyhadproblemswiththeirequipment.分析

之前觉得时间充沛(spare

time),然而(However)后来几乎完全错过日落(almost

missing

the

sunset

entirely)、安置拍摄设备的时间就非常有限(limited

time)→比预想的时间到得晚。[自主解答]

C

27.HowdoestheauthorfindhisphotostakenatDevil’sLake?A.Amusing. B.Satisfying.C.Encouraging. D.Comforting.分析

though“尽管”能更好→主句中

best

shots

是作者强调的重点:这些照片是他拍过的最好的照片的一部分→令人满意。[自主解答]

B

二、阅读高效答题的两个能力(一)猜词能力阅读理解中的障碍词,尤其是文章中的一些关键词,会直接影响阅读的速度、理解的程度和做题的正确率。对于一些障碍词,不知道其精确含义也不会影响对基本句意的理解,所以不要过多纠缠,要大胆地“跳过去”;对于影响阅读的障碍词汇的词义,我们要猜出来。技法1熟词探源引生义,语境之中定含义高考语篇材料中生词的数量是有限制的,但是高考对课标词汇义项的考查是没有限制的。很多单词本身有很多释义,我们所熟知的通常是教材中给出的最常用的释义,而出题人在设计试题时,所给单词的含义不会局限于考生熟悉的含义。有时基于命题的需要或者有意考查考生对词汇的掌握能力,命题者会在试题中给出一些熟悉的单词但其含义却是考生较为陌生的。通常有两种情况。生义是熟义的引申义考生根据单词的熟义和语境很容易就能推测出生义生义与熟义大相径庭需要考生结合语境仔细推敲来确定单词的含义[典例](2024新课标Ⅰ卷,C)Iscomprehensionthesamewhetherapersonreadsatextonscreenoronpaper?Andarelisteningtoandviewingcontentaseffectiveasreadingthewrittenwordwhencoveringthesamematerial?Theanswerstobothquestionsareoften“no.”Thereasonsrelatetoavarietyoffactors,includingreducedconcentration,anentertainmentmindset(心态)andatendencytomultitaskwhileconsumingdigitalcontent.Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.

Thedifferencesbetweenprintanddigitalreadingresultsarepartlyrelatedtopaper’sphysicalproperties.Withpaper,thereisaliterallayingonofhands,alongwiththevisualgeographyofdistinctpages.Peopleoftenlinktheirmemoryofwhatthey’vereadtohowfarintothebookitwasorwhereitwasonthepage.Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(假说).”Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.Audio(音频)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies—say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.However,psychologistshavedemonstratedthatwhenadultsreadnewsstories,theyremembermoreofthecontentthaniftheylistentoorviewidenticalpieces.Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.分析

文章中出现了不少熟词生义1.cover 熟义:v.覆盖→生义:v.涉及2.print 熟义:v.印刷→生义:n.印刷品,出版物3.pose 熟义:vt.(为照相、画像等)摆好姿势→生义:vt.提出4.property 熟义:n.所有物,财产→生义:n.性质,特性5.geography 熟义:n.地理→生义:n.布局6.say 熟义:v.说→生义:v.比方说7.piece 熟义:n.块,张,片→生义:n.文章,报道技法2长难单词巧拆解,利用构词猜词义学会拆解单词,利用构词法猜测词义是考生必备的一项技能。英语中常见的构词法有三类:派生法、转化法和合成法。派生法由词缀(前缀和后缀)和词根相结合构成单词的方法转化法把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法合成法由两个或两个以上的单词组成一个新单词的方法[典例](2023新课标Ⅰ卷,D)OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.分析

利用构词法可以理解选段中的障碍词1.派生法①statistician

n.统计学家(statistic+-ian)②estimation

n.估算(estimate+-ion)③capitalize

v.把……大写;给……提供资金(capital+-ize)④independent

adj.依赖的,依靠的(in-+depend+-ent)⑤correlate

v.(使)相互关联(cor-+relate)⑥accuracy

n.准确性,精确度(accurate+-cy)2.转化法①average

adj.平均的;正常的,一般的→v.平均为;算出……的平均数②estimate

vt.估计,估算→n.估计,预测3.合成法①overestimate

v.&

n.高估(over-+estimate)②underestimate

v.&

n.低估(under-+estimate)③underlying

adj.潜在的,根本的(under-+lie+-ing)技法3全然陌生莫慌张

巧用逻辑判意义词汇是阅读理解的基础,只有扫除词汇障碍,考生才能准确理解文章内容。考生在考场上遇见完全陌生的词语时不要慌张,这类词中一部分是专有名词,不理解其含义往往对文意的理解影响不大;另一部分通常可以根据语法关系(如定语从句、同位语等)和逻辑关系(如递进、转折、因果等)推断出其含义。所以,考生要学会先从整体上把握语篇含义,再在语境中体会词语的含义。[典例](2022全国乙卷,C)Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.分析

名词

maintenance在本段中出现了三次,第一处maintenance

costs和后面的better

protection并列;第二处下文作定语的including...进一步提醒我们

maintenance具体包括什么,是对

maintenance的解释说明。第三处根据下文的inspect

and

repair可以推测出maintenance与“检查并修理”意思相近,结合语境可推测,maintenance表示“维护,保养”。(二)拆分长难句能力技法1据谓语,找主干一般情况下,一个谓语形式的动词会对应其动作的发出者(主语),我们可以根据谓语动词来确定主语。而且,如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语动词,则该句可能是并列句或复合句(并列谓语动词的情况除外)。例如:典例(2024新课标Ⅰ卷,C)Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.分析找谓语本句的谓语为approachanddevote。找主语本句的主语为people;本句的主干为peopleapproachdigitaltextsanddevotelessmentaleffort。析成分本句为主从复合句。主句使用并列谓语approachanddevote;suitedtosocialmedia为过去分词短语作后置定语;whichareoftennotsoserious为which引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词socialmedia;thanwhentheyarereadingprint是比较状语从句。句意根据这一理论,人们以适合社交媒体的心态来处理数字文本,而社交媒体通常不那么严肃,并且与阅读印刷品时相比,他们付出的精力更少。技法2提主干,去枝叶一般情况下,一个结构复杂的句子中主句所表达的信息为主要信息,从句、状语和定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来,就不能完全把握句子的核心意义,从而导致思维混乱,主次不分。因此,提炼句子主干是把握句子核心意义的关键。例如:典例(2024新课标Ⅱ卷,B)WewantedtodosomethingwherewedoacalltoartistsintheBayAreatosubmitstoriesforacontest...分析提主干句子主干为Wewantedtodosomething。去枝叶wherewedoaca